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Prenatal maternal anxiety and early childhood temperament
Open accessAbstract
The consequences of exposure to prenatal maternal anxiety for the development of child temperament were examined in a sample of 120 healthy, 2-year-old children. Prenatal maternal state and pregnancy-specific anxiety (PSA) were measured five times during pregnancy, and maternal state anxiety was measured again at 2 years post partum. Child temperament was measured at 2 years using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. The relationship between the trajectory of maternal anxiety across gestation and negative affectivity was evaluated using hierarchical linear growth curve modeling. Higher maternal PSA between 13 and 17 weeks of gestation was associated with increased negative temperament in the children. This association could not be explained by postnatal maternal anxiety, demographic, or obstetric factors. Prenatal maternal state anxiety was not associated with child temperament. These findings demonstrate that PSA early in gestation has a distinctive influence on the developing fetus.
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“High levels of maternal pregnancy-specific anxiety was associated with increased negative temperament in children [108].”
From Stress and the HPA Axis: Balancing Homeostasis and Fertility. (2017) · cites this paper as [108]
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“…report perinatal anxiety or depression during pregnancy tend to represent their infants as fussier, slower to adapt to novelty, and more difficult (Blair et al., 2011); conversely, an infant in this type of caregiving context may experience repeated failure within their affective regulation…”
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“Similarly, while 14 studies reported links between anxiety and children’s negative reactivity (e.g., McMahon et al. 2013), eight studies reported no association (e.g., Blair et al. 2011).”
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“Previous literature focused largely on noncancer patients, finding a significant link between maternal anxiety and childhood development.(7,8) Findings show anxious mothers as less responsive and interactive with infants.”
BackgroundPregnancy‐related anxiety: Re‐examining its distinctiveness†
Anderson, C., Brunton, R., & Dryer, R. (2018) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12365 · Cited by 24
Maternal Anxiety Related to Prenatal Diagnoses of Fetal Anomalies That Require Surgery
Wilpers, A. B., Kennedy, H. P., Wall, D., Funk, M., & Bahtiyar, M. O. (2017) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2017.02.001 · Cited by 24
Internalizing symptoms associate with the pace of epigenetic aging in childhood
Tollenaar, M. S., Beijers, R., Garg, E., Nguyen, T. T. T., Lin, D. T. S., MacIsaac, J. L., Shalev, I., Kobor, M. S., Meaney, M. J., O’Donnell, K. J., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108021 · Cited by 28
Lipton, L. R., Brunst, K. J., Kannan, S., Ni, Y.-M., Ganguri, H. B., Wright, R. J., & Enlow, M. B. (2017) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174417000411 · Cited by 23
Zhou, Q., Suzuki, A., Iinuma, M., Wang, K., Kubo, K., & Azuma, K. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21165627 · Cited by 22
The role of body dissatisfaction and self-compassion in pregnancy-related anxiety
Dryer, R., Chee, P., & Brunton, R. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.068 · Cited by 27
Maternal pregnancy-related anxiety and children’s physical growth: the Ma’anshan birth cohort study
Zhou, J., Zhang, S., Teng, Y., Lu, J., Guo, Y., Yan, S., Tao, F., & Huang, K. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05711-5 · Cited by 22
“It may also raise the likelihood of negative temperament [8], emotional and behavioral difficulties [9], and allergy disorders [10, 11] in offspring.”
BackgroundPerinatal Developmental Origins of Self-Regulation
Henrichs, J., & den Bergh, B. R. H. V. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1236-0_23 · Cited by 22
Dabb, C., Dryer, R., Brunton, R., Yap, K., & Roach, V. J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.092 · Cited by 23
Vismara, L., Sechi, C., & Lucarelli, L. (2020) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100147 · Cited by 22
Grande, L. A., Swales, D. A., Sandman, C. A., Glynn, L. M., & Davis, E. P. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000286 · Cited by 23
“…and stress) during pregnancy have poorer cognitive function and elevated negative emotionality during infancy, childhood, and adolescence (Blair, Glynn, Sandman, & Davis, 2011; Glynn et al., 2018; Korja, Nolvi, Grant, & McMahon, 2017; Madigan et al., 2018; Mahrer et al., 2019; Sandman &…”
Self-citationPlacental MAOA expression mediates prenatal stress effects on temperament in 12‐month‐olds
Pehme, P. M., Zhang, W., Finik, J. M., Pritchett, A., Buthmann, J. L., Dana, K., Hao, K., & Nomura, Y. (2018) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2094 · Cited by 20
Swales, D. A., Davis, E. P., Mahrer, N. E., Guardino, C. M., Shalowitz, M. U., Ramey, S. L., & Schetter, C. D. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001760 · Cited by 20
“…programming literature prospectively documenting the influence of prenatal depression on the processes of fetal development and subsequent child socioemotional outcomes (Blair et al., 2011; Davis et al., 2007; Erickson et al., 2017; Glynn et al., 2018; Letourneau et al., 2019; Werner et al., 2007).”
Self-citationMaternal–prenatal stress and depression predict infant temperament during the COVID-19 pandemic
Buthmann, J. L., Miller, J. G., & Gotlib, I. H. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422001055 · Cited by 26
“…to the pandemic of associations between poor prenatal maternal mental health, whether defined as stress (e.g., Buthmann, Finik, et al., 2019), depression (e.g., Borchers et al., 2021), or anxiety (e.g., Van den Bergh et al., 2008), and subsequent difficulties in off-springs ’ emotional development.”
BackgroundEarly Biomarkers and Intervention Programs for the Infant Exposed to Prenatal Stress
Antonelli, M. C., Frasch, M. G., Rumi, M. M., Sharma, R., Zimmermann, P., Molinet, M. S., & Lobmaier, S. M. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210125150955 · Cited by 20
“These pregnant women have infants that show: less affective reactivity at 5 months [5], higher temperamental reactivity at 6 months [6], positive association with high respiratory sinus arrhythmia at 8-10 months [7], higher negative affectivity at 24 months [8], higher reaction intensity at 24-30 months [9], and decre…”
BackgroundPrenatal Maternal Psychological Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Newborn Brain Development
Weiner, S. L., Wu, Y., Kapse, K. J., Vozar, T. M., Cheng, J. J., Murnick, J. G., Henderson, D., Teramoto, H., Limperopoulos, C., & Andescavage, N. N. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.17924 · Cited by 22
Sechi, C., Vismara, L., Rollè, L., Prino, L. E., & Lucarelli, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02066 · Cited by 18
Rajasilta, O., Häkkinen, S., Björnsdotter, M., Scheinin, N. M., Lehtola, S. J., Saunavaara, J., Parkkola, R., Lähdesmäki, T., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15882 · Cited by 15
Prenatal phthalate exposures and child temperament at 12 and 24 months
Singer, A. B., Wolff, M. S., Silva, M. J., Calafat, A. M., & Engel, S. M. (2017) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2017.08.002 · Cited by 17
“…al. 2016; Weiss et al. 2007; Richardson et al. 2008), prenatal binge drinking (Molteno et al. 2014; Alvik et al. 2011), maternal depression (Davis et al. 2007; Stroustrup et al. 2016; Sugawara et al. 1999; Melchior et al. 2012), and anxiety during pregnancy (Blair et al. 2011; Austin et al. 2005).”
BackgroundLequertier, B., Simcock, G. P., Cobham, V. E., Kildea, S. V., & King, S. (2019) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12286 · Cited by 15
The Stirling Antenatal Anxiety Scale (SAAS): development and initial psychometric validation
Sinesi, A., Cheyne, H., Maxwell, M., & O’Carroll, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100333 · Cited by 15
Maternal neural reactivity during pregnancy predicts infant temperament
Brooker, R. J., Kiel, E. J., MacNamara, A., Nyman, T., John‐Henderson, N. A., Schmidt, L. A., & Lieshout, R. J. V. (2019) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12316 · Cited by 15
Guo, J., Feng, Q., Chaemsaithong, P., Appiah, K., Sahota, D. S., Leung, B. W., Chung, J. P. W., Li, T. C., & Poon, L. C. (2023) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14618 · Cited by 14
“Exclusion criteria were: (1) multifetal gestations; (2) with known uterine anomaly and uterine pathology including fibroid, adenomyosis or endometrium polyp; (3) with vaginal bleeding and/or abdominal pain at the time of assessment.”
BackgroundMethodPrenatal stress affects viability, activation, and chemokine signaling in astroglial cultures
Sowa, J. E., Ślusarczyk, J., Trojan, E., Chamera, K., Leśkiewicz, M., Regulska, M., Kotarska, K., & Basta‐Kaim, A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.08.006 · Cited by 14
“…and they lead to cognitive dysfunction, emotional problems, increased negative temperament, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and neuro-immuno-endocrine disturbances in the offspring (Blair et al., 2011; King et al., 2012; Pereira and Ferreira, 2015; Schuurmans and Kurrasch, 2013).”
BackgroundLevel of awareness and treatment of anxiety and depression during pregnancy in southeast Nigeria
Sunday, E. M., Okoli, P. C., & Dinwoke, V. O. (2018) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v24i0.1192 · Cited by 14
Shao, S., Yan, S., Zhu, P., Hao, J., Zhu, B., & Tao, F. (2022) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2021.0346 · Cited by 13
Ojalehto, H. J., Hellberg, S. N., Butcher, M. W., Buchholz, J. L., Timpano, K. R., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.04.003 · Cited by 13
Pregnant people’s responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods, descriptive study
Bayrampour, H., Tamana, S. K., & Boutin, A. (2022) · CMAJ Open · doi:10.9778/cmajo.20210136 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Blair, M. M., Glynn, L. M., Sandman, C. A., & Davis, E. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Chapman University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Elysia Poggi
- Venue
- Stress
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-07-26
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 644-651
- ISSN
- 1025-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1607-8888
- PMC
- PMC10486312
- OpenAlex
- W2122743728
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Chapman University Digital Commons (Chapman University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS041298, R01NS041298)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD051852, R03HD052669, R01HD050662)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- pregnancy-specific anxiety, child temperament, negative affectivity, early childhood development, fetal development, prenatal stress, early pregnancy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Mothers, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Temperament
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