Toxicological evaluation of proteins introduced into food crops
Open accessAbstract
This manuscript focuses on the toxicological evaluation of proteins introduced into GM crops to impart desired traits. In many cases, introduced proteins can be shown to have a history of safe use. Where modifications have been made to proteins, experience has shown that it is highly unlikely that modification of amino acid sequences can make a non-toxic protein toxic. Moreover, if the modified protein still retains its biological function, and this function is found in related proteins that have a history of safe use (HOSU) in food, and the exposure level is similar to functionally related proteins, then the modified protein could also be considered to be "as-safe-as" those that have a HOSU. Within nature, there can be considerable evolutionary changes in the amino acid sequence of proteins within the same family, yet these proteins share the same biological function. In general, food crops such as maize, soy, rice, canola etc. are subjected to a variety of processing conditions to generate different food products. Processing conditions such as cooking, modification of pH conditions, and mechanical shearing can often denature proteins in these crops resulting in a loss of functional activity. These same processing conditions can also markedly lower human dietary exposure to (functionally active) proteins. Safety testing of an introduced protein could be indicated if its biological function was not adequately characterized and/or it was shown to be structurally/functionally related to proteins that are known to be toxic to mammals.
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Several groups reviewing the evidence for health hazards of genetic modification have found no evidence for harms, but methods for such evaluation remain heterogeneous.
“Several groups reviewing the evidence for health hazards of genetic modification have found no evidence for harms;130-134 however, methods for such evaluation remain heterogeneous.135-139”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [136]
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- Authors
- Hammond, B., Kough, J., Herouet-Guicheney, C., Jez, J. M., & on behalf of the ILSI International Food Biotechnology Committee Task Force on the Use of Mammalian Toxicology Studies in the Safety Assessment of GM Foods
- Affiliations
- Monsanto (United States) (US)
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hammond, Bruce
- ORCID
- Jez, Joseph M.
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Toxicology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-10-28
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- sup2
- Pages
- 25-42
- ISSN
- 0045-6446 (ISSN-L)
- 1040-8444
- 1547-6898
- PMC
- PMC3835160
- OpenAlex
- W2101621051
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 0.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- PepsiCo
- Daegu Haany University
- Universität Wien
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Medizinische Universität Wien
- Novus International
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Keywords
- genetically modified crops, food safety, protein modification, protein denaturation, food processing, dietary exposure, toxicological evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Humans, Plant Proteins, Proteins, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Plants, Genetically Modified, Food, Genetically Modified, Food Safety
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