Intramuscular Abdominal Wall Endometriosis Treated by Ultrasound-Guided Ethanol Injection
Open accessAbstract
Case ReportEndomet riosis is described as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity.Endometriosis is most commonly located in the ovaries, bowel, or the tissue lining in the pelvis.It may develop in virtually every organ in extrapelvic sites.The abdominal wall is an uncommon site of the extrapelvic location, where it mostly occurs in an old surgical scar.Abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE) appears following the implantation of endometrial cells into the soft tissues of the abdominal wall after open uterine surgeries like Caesarean sections.The incidence rate is reported at 0.4% to 0.1%. 1 The disease is characterized with the triad of mass in the abdominal wall, periodic pain associated with menses, and history of abdominal surgery.Its treatment is recognized to be broad surgical excision.There are reports suggesting that successful results can be achieved in patients with pelvic endometriosis by injecting ultrasound-guided alcohol into the lesion and performing sclerotherapy as well as surgical treatment.2,3 However, to the best of our knowledge, the literature contains no cases of intramuscular AWE treated by injecting ultrasoundguided alcohol.This case report describes the clinical and radiological findings of a patient who had intramuscular AWE following Caesarean section and received sclerotherapy by injecting ultrasound-guided alcohol. Case ReportWe report a 25-year-old female patient (G2 P2 A0 C0) who underwent a Caesarean section 7 years ago for post-term pregnancy with no response to induction.The patient, who underwent a second Caesarean section 4 years ago, was admitted to another clinic 26 months after this operation with complaints of
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This case report describes a 25-year-old woman with intramuscular abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE) in the rectus abdominis muscle following two Caesarean sections, treated with ultrasound-guided injection of 95% ethanol rather than surgical excision. The authors report complete resolution of pain and no recurrence over a 9-month follow-up, claiming this is the first reported case of intramuscular AWE treated by ethanol sclerotherapy.
Key findings
- The patient, a 25-year-old female (G2 P2 A0 C0) with two prior Caesarean sections, presented with cyclic pain in the Caesarean scar and a palpable mass measuring approximately 3 cm × 1.5 cm on the right side of the scar; the interval between the previous Caesarean section and clinical symptoms was 2.1 years.
- Imaging showed a heterogeneous hypoechoic, irregularly marginated lesion (30 mm × 14 mm) in the rectus abdominis muscle on ultrasound, a weakly contrasting mass with heterogeneous hypo-hyperintense areas on MRI, and restricted diffusion with ADC values of 0.95×10⁻³ mm²/s; diagnosis was confirmed by fine needle aspiration showing endometrial glands, stroma, and smooth muscle cells.
- After ultrasound-guided injection of 1 cc 95% ethanol (22-gauge needle) plus 3 months of oral contraceptives, the patient reported complete disappearance of pain and no recurrence was observed during the 9-month follow-up.
- The authors cite prior literature: AWE incidence reported at 0.4% to 0.1%; a 445-patient study found palpable mass in 96% and pain in 86% (cyclic in 57%); a 33-patient retrospective study reported Caesarean scar endometriosis incidence of 0.29% and episiotomy scar incidence of 0.01%; previous Caesarean section increased relative risk of AWE by 27 times; recurrence rate after surgery reported at 4.3%.
Methods
- Design: single case report describing clinical and radiological findings of one patient with intramuscular AWE.
- Data/sample: one 25-year-old woman with a history of two Caesarean sections, evaluated with ultrasound (LOGIQ 9, linear 12–14 MHz and convex 2–5 MHz transducers), contrast-enhanced abdominal CT, and 1.5-Tesla MRI (including diffusion-weighted sequences), followed by ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy.
- Intervention/analysis: ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy with 1 cc 95% ethanol injected into various parts of the lesion, followed by pelvic ultrasound and MRI to check for complications, 3 months of oral contraceptives, and an additional 3-month follow-up (9 months total).
Limitations
- Stated by the authors: no prospective studies are available on prevention of AWE; literature review revealed no studies reporting the incidence of recurrence in AWE patients treated with ethanol injection; further investigations of large series are needed to compare surgical operation with ethanol injection treatment.
- Evident from the text: this is a single case report with only a 9-month follow-up, so no generalizable efficacy or recurrence data can be drawn; the authors themselves note that intralesional ethanol may cause difficult-to-repair necrosis in large lesions and chemical peritonitis or severe pain if the focus extends intraperitoneally, and that such patients may require multiple sessions rather than a single injection.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 12 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
The patient's pain completely disappeared during the 9-month follow-up.
“The patient reported that her pain completely disappeared during the 9-month follow-up, and no recurrence was observed.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The patient's pain completely disappeared after the treatment, and there was no recurrence during the 9-month follow-up.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
MRI showed a weakly contrasting mass, 3 cm x 1.5 cm, containing heterogeneous hypo-hyperintense areas in the suprapubic region on the right rectus abdominis muscle in T1 and T2A sequences, causing asymmetric thickening.
“MRI imaging showed a weakly contrasting mass, 3 cm x 1.5 cm, containing heterogeneous hypo-hyperintense areas in the suprapubic region on the right rectus abdominis muscle in the T1 and T2A sequences, causing asymmetric thickening (figure 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The ADC value of the mass was 0.95×10 -3 mm 2 /sn.
“Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were found to be 0.95×10 -3 mm 2 /sn.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Diffusion-weighted MRI showed a slight signal increase secondary to restricted diffusion in the mass.
“Diffusion-weighted images showed a slight signal increase secondary to restricted diffusion in the mass.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Ultrasound showed a heterogeneous hypoechoic, irregularly marginated lesion, 30 mm x14 mm, in the lower right quadrant in the rectus abdominis muscle.
“Superficial ultrasound scan showed a heterogeneous hypoechoic, irregularly marginated lesion, 30 mm x14 mm, in the lower right quadrant in the rectus abdominis muscle (figure 1A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
The patient was diagnosed with intramuscular abdominal wall endometriosis after biopsy showed endometrial glands, stroma, and smooth muscle cells.
“The patient was diagnosed with intramuscular AWE after observing the endometrial glands, stroma, and smooth muscle cells following post-biopsy microscopic analysis.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Fine needle aspiration cytology confirmed the endometriosis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
No recurrence was observed during the 9-month follow-up.
“The patient reported that her pain completely disappeared during the 9-month follow-up, and no recurrence was observed.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The patient's pain completely disappeared after the treatment, and there was no recurrence during the 9-month follow-up.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
The patient had a hard, partially mobile, painful, palpable mass about 3 cm x 1.5 cm located in the right side of the Caesarean scar.
“Abdominal examination showed a hard and partially mobile, painful, and palpable mass lesion, about 3 cm x 1.5 cm, located in the right side of the Caesarean scar.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Fine needle aspiration cytology showed epithelial clusters with orderly spaced nuclei arranged in a honeycomb pattern.
“In the cytology, the epithelial clusters showed orderly spaced nuclei arranged in a honeycomb pattern (figure 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The patient's complaints were not resolved with medical treatment.
“The patient's complaints were not resolved with medical treatment, and she was admitted to the Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universal Malatya Hospital with complaints of increased pain and increase in mass size.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Injection of 95% ethanol into intra-abdominal endometriosis may be an alternative method to surgery.
“Injection of 95% ethanol into the intra-abdominal endometriosis may be an alternative method to surgery.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The patient's pain relief and absence of recurrence were attributable to the ultrasound-guided ethanol injection rather than to the concomitant oral contraceptive treatment or natural course.
- Premisecitation
The recurrence rate after surgery reported in previous studies is 4.3%.
“The recurrence rate after surgery reported in the previous studies is 4.3%.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The size of the lesion and extent of the mass, especially when it involves the rectus abdominis muscle or peritoneum, have shown to be risk factors for recurrence.
“The size of the lesion and extent of the mass, especially when it involves the rectus abdominis muscle or peritoneum, have shown to be risk factors for recurrence.14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The absence of a large endometriosis focus (3x1.5 cm) was a major factor in the successful treatment.
“We believe that the major factors in such a successful treatment were the absence of a large endometriosis focus (3x1.5 cm), its occurrence only in the muscles, and lack of an intraperitoneal extension.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The lack of intraperitoneal extension was a major factor in the successful treatment.
“We believe that the major factors in such a successful treatment were the absence of a large endometriosis focus (3x1.5 cm), its occurrence only in the muscles, and lack of an intraperitoneal extension.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The occurrence of the lesion only in the muscles was a major factor in the successful treatment.
“We believe that the major factors in such a successful treatment were the absence of a large endometriosis focus (3x1.5 cm), its occurrence only in the muscles, and lack of an intraperitoneal extension.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A review of literature revealed several studies that reported positive findings after injecting 95% ethanol into the endometrioma in patients with pelvic endometriosis.
“A review of the literature revealed several studies that reported positive findings after injecting 95% ethanol into the endometrioma in patients with pelvic endometriosis.15,16”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [15]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [16]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
In endometriosis foci extending into the intraperitoneal region, ethanol injection may cause complications including chemical peritonitis and severe pain as a result of alcohol penetration into the peritoneum.
“Also, in endometriosis foci extending into the intraperitoneal region, it may cause complications including chemical peritonitis and severe pain as a result of alcohol penetration into the peritoneum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
This is the first case in the literature to report the success of intramuscular AWE treated by ultrasound-guided ethanol injection.
“To our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature to report the success of this condition.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“However, to the best of our knowledge, the literature contains no cases of intramuscular AWE treated by injecting ultrasoundguided alcohol.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
- Premisecitation
In the literature, ultrasound-guided aspiration and sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol provides a valid alternative to surgery in treating endometrial cysts.
“In the literature ultrasound-guided aspiration and sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol provides a valid alternative to surgery in treating endometrial cysts.17”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
Intralesional ethanol injection may result in difficult-to-repair necrosis on the anterior muscles of the abdominal wall in large lesions.
“Intralesional ethanol injection may result in difficult-to-repair necrosis on the anterior muscles of the abdominal wall in large lesions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The sample from fine needle aspiration may show tubular structures indicative of endometrial tissue and stromal cells to confirm the diagnosis of endometriosis.
“The sample may show tubular structures that are indicative of endometrial tissue and stromal cells to confirm the diagnosis of the endometriosis.9”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9]
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 7
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataContrast-enhanced abdominal CT showed asymmetrical thickening at the inferior portion of the left rectus abdominis muscle and a hyper-intense mass suggestive of hematoma.
“The patient's contrast enhanced abdominal computed tomography scan taken at another hospital showed an asymmetrical thickening at the inferior portion of the left rectus abdominis muscle and a hyper-intense mass, suggestive of hematoma (figure 1B).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe time between the previous Caesarean section and clinical symptoms was 2.1 years.
“The time between previous Cesarean section and clinical symptoms was 2.1 years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe patient's pain was cyclic, intensified particularly in the first 2 days of menstruation, and significantly restricted her daily activities.
“The patient stated that the pain was cyclic, intensified particularly in the first 2 days of menstruation, and it significantly restricted her daily activities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenLiterature review revealed no studies reporting the incidence of recurrence in AWE patients treated with ethanol injection.
“Literature review revealed no studies reporting the incidence of recurrence in AWE patients treated with ethanol injection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenApproval was obtained from the patient and the hospital's ethics committee.
“Approval was obtained from the patient and the hospital's ethics committee.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThere are reports suggesting successful results can be achieved in patients with pelvic endometriosis by injecting ultrasound-guided alcohol into the lesion and performing sclerotherapy as well as surgical treatment.
“There are reports suggesting that successful results can be achieved in patients with pelvic endometriosis by injecting ultrasound-guided alcohol into the lesion and performing sclerotherapy as well as surgical treatment.2,3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [3]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHormonal treatment offers temporary alleviation of symptoms, but recurrence is common after cessation of treatment.
“Hormonal treatment offers temporary alleviation of symptoms, but recurrence is common after cessation of treatment.13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataSclerotherapy with ultrasound-guided ethanol injection into the lesion, with short-term hormonal treatment, eliminates patients' complaints and results in no recurrence in the short term.
“Contrary to conventional treatments, the patients' complaints are eliminated by sclerotherapy with ultrasound-guided ethanol injection into the lesion, a minimally invasive method, and an accompanying short-term hormonal treatment, and no recurrence in the short term.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The patient's pain relief and absence of recurrence were attributable to the ultrasound-guided ethanol injection rather than to the concomitant oral contraceptive treatment or natural course.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationUltrasound-guided fine needle aspiration can be a useful and less invasive method to confirm abdominal wall endometriosis.
“Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration can be a useful and less invasive method to confirm abdominal wall endometriosis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9]
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenUltrasound-guided ethanol injection is a minimally invasive method.
“Contrary to conventional treatments, the patients' complaints are eliminated by sclerotherapy with ultrasound-guided ethanol injection into the lesion, a minimally invasive method, and an accompanying short-term hormonal treatment, and no recurrence in the short term.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCaesarean section has been reported to be the major risk factor in abdominal wall endometriosis, and a previous Caesarean section increased the relative risk of AWE by 27 times.
“Caesarean section has been reported to be the major risk factor in abdominal wall endometriosis, and it has been observed that a previous Caesarean section increased the relative risk of AWE by 27 times.6,7”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [6]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7]
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
The patient's pain relief and absence of recurrence were attributable to the ultrasound-guided ethanol injection rather than to the concomitant oral contraceptive treatment or natural course.
“The patient's pain completely disappeared after the treatment, and there was no recurrence during the 9-month follow-up.”
“Oral contraceptives were started for 3 months to reduce the risk of recurrence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ultrasound-guided ethanol injection did not cause significant complications.
“After the procedure, pelvic ultrasound and pelvic MRI were performed to check for any complications.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The patient's self-reported pain disappearance is a valid measure of treatment success.
“The patient reported that her pain completely disappeared during the 9-month follow-up, and no recurrence was observed.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ultrasound typically reveals hypoechoic masses, while MRI detects hemorrhagic foci (T1 hypointensity, T2 hyperintensity) and defines lesion depth.
“Ultrasound typically reveals hypoechoic masses, while MRI detects hemorrhagic foci (T1 hypointensity, T2 hyperintensity) and defines lesion depth [4, 20].”
From Abdominal wall endometriosis in a cesarean scar: a case report (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
The case description reports a heterogeneous hypoechoic lesion on ultrasound, and the Discussion describes MRI findings consistent with hemorrhage and fibrosis in the rectus abdominis muscle (page not provided). But this single case does not establish what ultrasound typically shows; MRI findings were heterogeneous on both T1- and T2-weighted images, not the specified T1-hypointense/T2-hyperintense pattern. MRI located the lesion within the muscle, but the paper does not explicitly say it defines lesion depth. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
CT places the lesion on the opposite side
MinorThe CT description places the mass in the left rectus abdominis muscle, while the ultrasound and MRI descriptions place it in the right rectus abdominis muscle.
“The patient's contrast enhanced abdominal computed tomography scan taken at another hospital showed an asymmetrical thickening at the inferior portion of the left rectus abdominis muscle and a hyper-intense mass, suggestive of hematoma (figure 1B).”
“MRI imaging showed a weakly contrasting mass, 3 cm x 1.5 cm, containing heterogeneous hypo-hyperintense areas in the suprapubic region on the right rectus abdominis muscle in the T1 and T2A sequences, causing asymmetric thickening (figure 2).”
Cites
Endometriosis: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation
Woodward, P. J., Sohaey, R., & Mezzetti, T. P. (2001) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.1.g01ja14193 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Abdominal wall endometriosis: a surgeon's perspective and review of 445 cases
Horton, J. D., DeZee, K. J., Ahnfeldt, E. P., & Wagner, M. (2008) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.07.035 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Abdominal wall endometrioma; a 10-year experience and brief review of the literature.
Bektaş, H., Bilsel, Y., Sarı, Y. S., Ersöz, F., Koç, O., Deniz, M., Boran, B., & Huq, G. E. (2010) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2010.07.043 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Hsieh, C.-L., Shiau, C.-S., Lo, L., Hsieh, T., & Chang, M. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.056 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Abdominal Wall and Surgical Scar Endometriosis: Results of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Balleyguier, C., Chapron, C., Chopin, N., Hélénon, O., & Menu, Y. (2003) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000072078 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Efficacy of ethanol sclerotherapy for ovarian endometriomas
Noma, J., & Yoshida, N. (2001) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/s0020-7292(00)00307-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Invited. Ultrafast MR imaging of the abdomen: Echo planar imaging and diffusion‐weighted imaging
Yamashita, Y., Tang, Y., & Takahashi, M. (1998) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.1880080216 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Miller, W., & Melson, G. (1979) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.132.3.467 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Appearance of abdominal wall endometriosis on MR imaging
Busard, M. P. H., Mijatovic, V., van Kuijk, C., Hompes, P. G. A., & van Waesberghe, J. H. T. M. (2010) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-009-1658-1 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Bats, A. S., Zafrani, Y., Pautier, P., Duvillard, P., & Morice, P. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.080 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Leite, G. K. C., Carvalho, L. F. P. D., Korkes, H., Guazzelli, T. F., Kenj, G., & Viana, A. D. T. (2009) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/s1516-31802009000500005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cytomorphological spectrum in scar endometriosis: a study of eight cases
Pathan, S. K., Kapila, K., Haji, B. E., Mallik, M. K., Alansary, T. A., George, S. S., Das, D. K., & Francis, I. M. (2005) · Cytopathology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2303.2004.00218.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Chene, G., Darcha, C., DECHELOTTE, P., Mage, G., & Canis, M. J. (2007) · International Journal of Gynecological Cancer · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.00822.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ultrasound-guided aspiration and ethanol sclerotherapy for treating endometrial cysts
Gatta, G., Parlato, V., Grezia, G. D., Porto, A., Cappabianca, S., Grassi, R., & Rotondò, A. (2010) · La radiologia medica · doi:10.1007/s11547-010-0586-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Matter, M., Schneider, N., & McKee, T. (2003) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.07.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Nodular endometriosis: dynamic MR imaging
Onbas, O., Kantarci, M., Alper, F., Kumtepe, Y., Durur, I., Ingec, M., Gursan, N., & Okur, A. (2007) · Abdominal Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00261-006-9038-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ultrasound and MR-imaging in preoperative evaluation of two rare cases of scar endometriosis
Pados, G., Tympanidis, J., Zafrakas, M., Athanatos, D., & Bontis, J. N. (2008) · Cases Journal · doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-97 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Matter, M. (2003) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/s0090-8258(03)00510-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chene, G., Darcha, C., Déchelotte, P., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Gynecological Cancer · doi:10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200705000-00022 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 20 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Collins AM, Power KT, Gaughan B, Hill AD, Kneafsey B. Abdominal wall reconstruction for a large caesarean scar endometrioma. Surgeon 2009;7:252-253.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Abdominal wall endometriosis (a narrative review)
Carsote, M., Terzea, D. C., Valea, A., & Gheorghisan-Galateanu, A.-A. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.38679 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Rindos, N. B., & Mansuria, S. (2017) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/ogx.0000000000000399 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“All rights reserved. lead to discontinuation of therapy.3 Even if there is improvement of symptoms with medical therapy, the risk of recurrence following discontinuation is high.8 The use of leuprolide has been described for treatment of AWE.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCutaneous endometriosis: presentation of 33 cases and literature review.
Lopez-Soto, A., Sanchez-Zapata, M. I., Martinez-Cendan, J. P., Ortiz Reina, S., Bernal Mañas, C. M., & Remezal Solano, M. (2018) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.11.024 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Zhao, L., Deng, Y., Wei, Q., Chen, J., & Zhao, C.-Q. (2018) · International Journal of Hyperthermia · doi:10.1080/02656736.2018.1511836 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Management tools include medication and ethanol injection under ultrasound guidance [12], but surgery remains the first option [1,2].”
BackgroundAbdominal wall sonography: a pictorial review
Draghi, F., Cocco, G., Richelmi, F. M., & Schiavone, C. (2020) · Journal of Ultrasound · doi:10.1007/s40477-020-00435-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ultrasound Imaging of Abdominal Wall Endometriosis: A Pictorial Review
Cocco, G., Delli Pizzi, A., Scioscia, M., Ricci, V., Boccatonda, A., Candeloro, M., Tana, M., Balconi, G., Romano, M., & Schiavone, C. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11040609 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Sclerotherapy with ultrasound guided ethanol injection into the scar endometriosis has been reported to be effective in some cases [50].”
BackgroundArkoudis, N., Moschovaki-Zeiger, O., Prountzos, S., Spiliopoulos, S., & Kelekis, N. (2023) · Clinical Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.crad.2023.05.020 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hasan, A., Deyab, A., Monazea, K., Salem, A., Futooh, Z., Mostafa, M. A., Youssef, A., Nasr, M., Omar, N., Rabaan, A. A., et al. (2021) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.01.029 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“However, no available prospective studies on the subject of surgical behaviors associated with increasing AWE risk, minimizing contact of swabs used for cleaning the endometrial cavity within the scar site, removing them quickly from the operation area and avoiding use of the same suture material that was used for clo…”
BackgroundAbdominal Wall Endometriosis: Two Case Reports and Literature Review
Doroftei, B., Armeanu, T., Maftei, R., Ilie, O.-D., Dabuleanu, A.-M., & Condac, C. (2020) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina56120727 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“[36] applied this technique to a 25-year-old woman with two previous caesarean sections diagnosed with a 3-cm abdominal wall endometrioma in the rectus muscle.”
MethodWu, S., Wang, X., Liu, H., & Zheng, W. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000032433 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“[2] Endometriosis, the extra pelvic disease is most prevalently developing in the abdominal wall and by the name, and it is so-called abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE).[3] The incidence rate of AWE was recorded to be 0.”
BackgroundA rare cause of abdominal pain: scar endometriosis
Karapolat, B., & Kucuk, H. (2019) · Emergency Medicine International · doi:10.1155/2019/2584652 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Scar endometriosis (SE) is a relatively uncommon entity that usually develops in the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and abdominal and pelvic wall musculature at the site of a surgical scar that occurs after various obstetric or gynecologic surgeries and particularly after a cesarean section [1, 2].”
BackgroundCocco, G., Ricci, V., Boccatonda, A., & Schiavone, C. (2020) · Journal of Ultrasound · doi:10.1007/s40477-019-00425-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Abdominal wall endometriosis versus desmoid tumor – a challenging differential diagnosis
Cărăuleanu, A., Popovici, R. M., Costea, C. F., Mogoş, R. A., Scripcariu, D. V., Florea, I. D., Cheaito, A. M., Tănase, A. E., Haba, R. M., & Grigore, M. (2020) · Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology · doi:10.47162/rjme.61.1.05 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Another study, published by Bozkurt et al. (2014) on a group of 445 patients with previous C-section, showed that the main clinical sign was a solid tumor mass at the level of the scar, palpable in 96% of cases [9].”
BackgroundCope, A. G., Narasimhulu, D. M., Khan, Z., VanBuren, W. M., Welch, B. T., & Burnett, T. L. (2020) · Journal of Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain Disorders · doi:10.1177/2284026520906060 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Abdominal wall endometrioma: Our experience in Vladimir, Russia
Gachabayov, M., Horta, R., Afanasyev, D., & Gilyazov, T. (2016) · Nigerian Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0300-1652.193858 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rectus Abdominis Muscle Endometriosis: A Unique Case Report with a Literature Review
Turčić, M., Matušan Ilijaš, K., Rajković Molek, K., & Valković Zujić, P. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47010047 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Funding: This research received no external funding.”
Reátegui, C., & Grubbs, D. (2020) · International Journal of Surgery Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.11.143 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“After 9 months of follow-up the patient was symptom-free without recurrence [7].”
BackgroundAmong the fibers: A multimodality imaging review of intramuscular mass lesions
Shyam, K., Cicilet, S., & Philip, B. (2018) · Indian journal of radiology and imaging - new series/Indian journal of radiology and imaging/Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging · doi:10.4103/ijri.ijri_299_17 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“1%.[14] US [Figure 31A] reveals a heterogeneous hypoechoic, irregularly marginated lesion within the affected muscle (commonly the abdominal recti).”
Abdominal wall endometriosis in a cesarean scar: a case report
Aljbawi, M., Redan, L., Al-Bitar, A., & Saghier, E. (2025) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/s13256-025-05301-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Parietal Endometriosis: A Challenge for the General Surgeon
Cojocari, N., Ciutacu, L., Lupescu, I. G., Herlea, V., Vasilescu, M., & Boeți, M. P. S. (2018) · Chirurgia · doi:10.21614/chirurgia.113.5.695 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“However, less invasive, in situ destructive methods like cryoablation (38), high intensity focus ultrasound (39) or ethanol injection (40) have been reported, but more time should pass to decide upon their safety and efficacy.”
BackgroundEndometriosis beyond the Pelvis: A Case Series of Cutaneous Endometriosis and Literature Review
Isidore, T., Nkoro, G. A., Menye, C. R. M., Belinga, É., Cyrille, N. N. C., & Foumane, P. (2024) · Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.4236/ojog.2024.141009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Abdominal wall endometriosis occurring after cesarean section: an underestimated complication
Wang, W. Y., Wei, B., Cao, Y., Xie, X., Li, C. Q., & Xu, Y. (2016) · Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.12891/ceog3118.2016 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Recognizing abdominal wall endometriosis
Huber, M., Grosel, J., & Showen, C. (2019) · JAAPA · doi:10.1097/01.jaa.0000558237.67863.aa · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Qi, Y., & Huang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2022.12.009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Endometriosis of the Rectus Muscle: A Single-Center Experience and a Novel Laparoscopic Approach
Melnyk, A. I., Foley, C. E., & Lee, T. T. (2020) · Journal of Gynecologic Surgery · doi:10.1089/gyn.2020.0131 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Scar endometriosis: an uncommon surgical aftermath
Pathade, S. S., Panchbudhe, S. A., Deshmukh, P. Y., & Nayak, A. H. (2022) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20220584 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An unusual case of laparoscopic appendicectomy scar site endometriosis
Kala, P. G., Elumalai, N., Sridharan, S., & Bupathy, A. (2022) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20221953 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A rare case of postmenopausal inguinal endometriosis
Pandiaraja, J., Shalini, A., & Vidhya, S. (2021) · Current Medicine Research and Practice · doi:10.4103/cmrp.cmrp_45_21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rupture of a Giant Caesarean Scar Endometriosis Nodule - A Case Report and Literature Review
Arora, B. K. (2017) · JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS AND STUDIES · doi:10.15744/2348-9820.5.101
Scar endometriosis: not a rarity now a day
Mangla, M., Nautiyal, R., Deepmala, D., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181371
Correa-López, L. E. (2018) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana · doi:10.25176/rfmh.v18.n4.1731
Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of abdominal wall endometriosis: a review
Wang, D. Y., & Lam, M. W. (2020) · Hong Kong Journal of Gynaecology Obstetrics and Midwifery · doi:10.12809/hkjgom.20.1.07
Abdominal Wall Endometriosis: Purpose of a Case and Review of Literature
Oliva, S., López, D. C., & Molano, B. (2020) · Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.11648/j.jgo.20200806.16
“This theory would explain the distant and histologically documented endometriotic lesions such as in the lung, brain and bones [14, 18, 26].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAbdominal wall endometriosis from general surgeon perspective
Mladenović, A., Jovančević, M., & Milošević, Z. (2020) · PONS - medicinski casopis · doi:10.5937/pomc17-27441
Cystic “Chocolate” Abdominal Wall Endometriosis
McCaffrey, C., & Kroft, J. (2021) · Journal of Gynecologic Surgery · doi:10.1089/gyn.2021.0123
Seyit, M., Sönmez, Y., Yılmaz, A., & Özen, M. (2021) · Romanian Journal of Emergency Surgery · doi:10.33695/rojes.v2i2.25
“[6] reported a 25-years-old female who was diagnosed with intramuscular abdominal wall endometriosis through history,”
BackgroundAbdominal wall endometriosis with round ligament connection
Pais, R. (2019) · Radiopaedia.org · doi:10.53347/rid-71012
Abdominal Wall Endometrioma: A Rare Case Report
Kapote, D. S., Chavan, N. N., Kamble, D. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10006-2038
Place des nouvelles techniques mini-invasives
Philip, C., & Dubernard, G. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-77427-0.00004-7
Excision of anterior abdominal wall endometriotic nodule and reconstruction—A video vignette
Grove, T., Bainton, T., Celentano, V., et al. (2022) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1111/codi.16390
Outcomes of Using Hormonal Therapy after Surgical Excision of Abdominal Wall Endometriomas
Saadi, R. K., Naiem, N. I., & Habash, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results · doi:10.47750/pnr.2022.13.03.161
Endometrioma parietal. Rol del cirujano general. Reporte de casos y revisión de la literatura
(2023) · Sociedad Ginecotocologica del Uruguay · doi:10.54638/61.1.2
Cutaneous Endometriosis: a rare medical entity
Pereira, M. G. T. A., Santana, A. L. C. M., Lima, G. C., Santos, G. M. S., Souza, L. G., Maia, M. C., de Sá, N. L., Guedes, S. K. N., & Borges, G. F. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv6n4-423
Rectus Abdominis Endometriosis Following Cesarean Section: A Case Report
Kalfoutzou, A., Restemi, A., Mylonakis, A., Papadimitropoulos, K., Matsaridis, D., Peraki, A., Tsantopoulos, M., & Chaleplidis, N. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.55462
Abdominal wall endometriosis: A rare case report
Mulkipatil, S. Y. (2024) · Karnataka Medical Journal · doi:10.25259/kmj_16_2024
Dymanowska-Dyjak, I., Frankowska, K., Abramiuk, M., Popławska, M., Przeniosło, K., & Polak, G. (2025) · Journal of Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain Disorders · doi:10.1177/22840265251324105
“14 However, these cases did not involve deep infiltrating endometriosis.”
Extrapelvic Location: Abdominal Wall Endometriosis. Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging
Razakamanantsoa, L., & Najdawi, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82750-1_13
- Authors
- Bozkurt, M., Cil, A. S., & Bozkurt, D. K.
- Affiliations
- Kafkas University (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Bozkurt, M.
- Venue
- Clinical Medicine & Research
- Publisher
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute
- Published
- 2014-03-25
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 160-165
- ISSN
- 1539-4182 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-6179
- PMC
- PMC4317157
- OpenAlex
- W2101422671
- Semantic Scholar
- ac130e098c4ae03eaa32fc7294604a6c10e09959
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Medicine & Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
- Keywords
- abdominal wall endometriosis, sclerotherapy, cesarean section, extrapelvic endometriosis, postoperative endometriosis, abdominal wall mass
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ethanol, Endometriosis, Female, Humans, Muscular Diseases, Solvents, Injections, Intralesional, Sclerotherapy, Ultrasonography, Interventional, Abdominal Wall
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
