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Cited by 159Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Treatment and ManagementDiabetes Management and Research

Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose — a review of diagnosis, clinical implications and management

Petersen, John L, McGuire, Darren K·2005·Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research
DOI 10.3132/dvdr.2005.007
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Abstract

The diagnostic categories of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were established in an effort to identify populations at risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both IGT and IFG are associated with increased risk of developing T2DM, but recent analyses found that the thresholds of risk vary among different populations and an even lower diagnostic threshold of IFG may be appropriate. IGT has been linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and some analyses have demonstrated an increased mortality risk compared with patients with normal glucose tolerance. In contrast, a continuum of increased risk of microvascular manifestations of T2DM has been demonstrated with IFG but an association of IFG with cardiovascular events has not been well established. Although both IGT and IFG are associated with resistance to insulin and increased insulin secretion, they do not identify the identical patient populations and are not equivalent in predicting development of T2DM or cardiovascular events. IFG and IGT have been associated with other features of insulin resistance, including dyslipidaemia, hypertension, abdominal obesity, microalbuminuria, endothelial dysfunction, and markers of inflammation and hypercoagulability, traits collectively referred to as the metabolic syndrome. Analyses of combinations of these components have also been associated with progression to T2DM, cardiovascular disease and increased mortality. The foundation of treatment for IGT, IFG, and the metabolic syndrome is lifestyle modification, including both dietary change and routine exercise. To date, several clinical trials have found that lifestyle modification is the most efficacious strategy to prevent progression to T2DM. Alternative treatments include pharmacotherapy with metformin or acarbose, both of which have been demonstrated to decrease the development of T2DM. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating newer pharmacotherapies, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, metglitinides and thiazolidinediones, to prevent both T2DM and cardiovascular events. In combination with lifestyle modification, these therapies offer hope for effective prevention of T2DM and its consequences in high-risk patients.

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Crossref · 10.3132/dvdr.2005.007

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  • The association of impaired fasting glucose with cardiovascular events has not been well established.

    “The association of IFG with cardiovascular events, however, has not been well established [6].”

    From Metformin: An Old But Still the Best Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [6]

  • Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and may determine increased mortality risk.

    “IGT has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and may determine an increased mortality risk.”

    From Metformin: An Old But Still the Best Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [6]

  • Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose are associated with increased and varying risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    “Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) statuses are associated with increased and varying risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.”

    From Metformin: An Old But Still the Best Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [6]

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Authors
Petersen, J. L., & McGuire, D. K.
Affiliations
  • Duke Medical Center (US)
  • The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
ORCID
McGuire, Darren K
Venue
Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2005-02
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
9-15
ISSN
  • 1479-1641 (ISSN-L)
  • 1752-8984
DOI
10.3132/dvdr.2005.007
OpenAlex
W2111432346
Cited by
159
References
74
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
FWCI
5.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, type 2 diabetes, diabetes prevention, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk, microvascular complications, lifestyle modification, metformin, acarbose, thiazolidinediones, angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, diagnostic thresholds
MeSH terms
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet Therapy, Exercise Therapy, Fasting, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Life Style, Risk Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Glucose Intolerance, Metabolic Syndrome, Risk Reduction Behavior, Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers

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