C-Reactive Protein, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Events: An 8-Year Follow-Up of 14 719 Initially Healthy American Women
Abstract
Background— The metabolic syndrome describes a high-risk population having 3 or more of the following clinical characteristics: upper-body obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, hypertension, and abnormal glucose. All of these attributes, however, are associated with increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Methods and Results— We evaluated interrelationships between CRP, the metabolic syndrome, and incident cardiovascular events among 14 719 apparently healthy women who were followed up for an 8-year period for myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or cardiovascular death; 24% of the cohort had the metabolic syndrome at study entry. At baseline, median CRP levels for those with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 characteristics of the metabolic syndrome were 0.68, 1.09, 1.93, 3.01, 3.88, and 5.75 mg/L, respectively ( P trend <0.0001). Over the 8-year follow-up, cardiovascular event-free survival rates based on CRP levels above or below 3.0 mg/L were similar to survival rates based on having 3 or more characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. At all levels of severity of the metabolic syndrome, however, CRP added prognostic information on subsequent risk. For example, among those with the metabolic syndrome at study entry, age-adjusted incidence rates of future cardiovascular events were 3.4 and 5.9 per 1000 person-years of exposure for those with baseline CRP levels less than or greater than 3.0 mg/L, respectively. Additive effects for CRP were also observed for those with 4 or 5 characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. The use of different definitions of the metabolic syndrome had minimal impact on these findings. Conclusions— These prospective data suggest that measurement of CRP adds clinically important prognostic information to the metabolic syndrome.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The MS may increase cardiovascular event risk through prothrombotic or inflammatory mechanisms rather than by accelerating atherosclerotic progression.
“Whereas the MS may play a limited role in accelerating atherosclerotic progression, it may significantly increase the risk of vascular events through prothrombotic or inflammatory mechanisms.29 -31”
From Diabetes, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Angiographic Progression of Coronary Arterial Disease in Postmenopausal Women (2006) · cites this paper as [30]
Many reports show that a proinflammatory state, as revealed by increased inflammatory markers, denotes higher risk for acute cardiovascular syndromes.
“Many reports also show that the presence of a proinflammatory state, as revealed by increased inflammatory markers, 95,96 denotes a higher risk for acute cardiovascular syndromes.”
From Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement (2005) · cites this paper as [96]
Individuals with metabolic syndrome often exhibit a proinflammatory state, evidenced by increased cytokines such as TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 and acute-phase reactants such as CRP and fibrinogen.
“People with the metabolic syndrome frequently have a proinflammatory state as shown by elevated cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factor-␣ and interleukin-6) and acute-phase reactants (eg, CRP, fibrinogen).96,184”
From Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement (2005) · cites this paper as [96]
Elevated inflammatory proteins in obese individuals suggest that inflammation may play a determinant role in connecting obesity to metabolic, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases, and to some cancers.
“Elevated inflammatory proteins in obese individuals [1] suggest that inflammation may play a determinant role in connecting obesity to metabolic, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases [2], and to some cancers [3].”
From Adipose tissue transcriptomic signature highlights the pathological relevance of extracellular matrix in human obesity (2008) · cites this paper as [1]
Cites
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944 · see citing works
Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., & Dietz, W. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.3.356 · Cited by 6,698 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., & Rifai, N. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200003233421202 · Cited by 5,850 · see citing works
Self-citationInflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men
Ridker, P. M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M. J., Tracy, R. P., & Hennekens, C. H. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199704033361401 · Cited by 5,504 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome
Isomaa, B., Almgren, P., Tuomi, T., Forsén, B., Lahti, K., Nissén, M., Taskinen, M.-R., & Groop, L. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.4.683 · Cited by 4,760 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pradhan, A. D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.3.327 · Cited by 4,433 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Rose, L., Buring, J. E., & Cook, N. R. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021993 · Cited by 3,604 · see citing works
Self-citationYudkin, J. S., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Emeis, J. J., & Coppack, S. W. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.4.972 · Cited by 2,465 · see citing works
Chronic Subclinical Inflammation as Part of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome
Festa, A., D’Agostino, R., Howard, G., Mykkänen, L. M., Tracy, R. P., & Haffner, S. M. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.1.42 · Cited by 2,363 · see citing works
Köenig, W., Sund, M., Fröhlich, M., Fischer, H.-G., Löwel, H., Döring, A., Hutchinson, W. L., & Pepys, M. B. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.2.237 · Cited by 1,952 · see citing works
Direct Proinflammatory Effect of C-Reactive Protein on Human Endothelial Cells
Pasceri, V., Willerson, J. T., & Yeh, E. T. H. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.18.2165 · Cited by 1,941 · see citing works
Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses
Danesh, J. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7255.199 · Cited by 1,692 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Clearfield, M., Downs, J. R., Weis, S. E., Miles, J. S., & Gotto, A. M. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200106283442601 · Cited by 1,557 · see citing works
Self-citationRidker, P. M., Rifai, N., Pfeffer, M. A., Sacks, F. M., Moye, L. A., Goldman, S., Flaker, G. C., & Braunwald, E. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.98.9.839 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel Risk Factors for Systemic Atherosclerosis
Ridker, P. M., Stampfer, M. J., & Rifai, N. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2481 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Self-citationProspective Analysis of The Insulin-Resistance Syndrome (Syndrome X)
Haffner, S. M., Valdez, R. A., Hazuda, H. P., Mitchell, B. D., Morales, P. A., & D, M. P. S. M. (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.41.6.715 · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
Festa, A., D’Agostino, R., Tracy, R. P., & Haffner, S. M. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1131 · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
Is Type II diabetes mellitus a disease of the innate immune system?
Pickup, J. C., & Crook, M. A. (1998) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051058 · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
Haffner, S. M., Greenberg, A. S., Weston, W. M., Chen, H., Williams, K., & Freed, M. I. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000025403.20953.23 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Mendall, M. A., Patel, P., Ballam, L., Strachan, D. P., & Northfield, T. C. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7038.1061 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Tracy, R. P., Lemaitre, R. N., Psaty, B. M., Ives, D. G., Evans, R. W., Cushman, M., Meilahn, E. N., & Kuller, L. H. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.6.1121 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Freeman, D. J., Norrie, J. D., CASLAKE, M. J., Gaw, A., Ford, I., Lowe, G. D. O., O’Reilly, D. S. J., Packard, C. J., Sattar, N. A., & for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1596 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Fröhlich, M., Imhof, A., Berg‐Beckhoff, G., Hutchinson, W. L., Pepys, M. B., Boeing, H., Muche, R., Brenner, H., & Köenig, W. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.12.1835 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Stehouwer, C. D. A., Gall, M.-A., Twisk, J. W. R., Knudsen, E., Emeis, J. J., & Parving, H.-H. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1157 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Syndrome X and Mortality: A Population-based Study
Trevisan, M., Liu, J., Bahsas, F. B., & Menotti, A. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009572 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Festa, A., D'agostino, R., Howard, G., Mykkänen, L. M., Tracy, R. P., & Haffner, S. M. (2000) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00331.x · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Fernández‐Real, J. M., & Ricart, W. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051451 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Do atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes share a common inflammatory basis?
Pradhan, A. (2002) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.2001.3052 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Pasceri, V., Chang, J., Willerson, J. T., & Yeh, E. T. H. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.21.2531 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Alberti (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199807)15:7
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.169404 · Cited by 11,961 · see citing works
Tonetti, M. S., Greenwell, H., & Kornman, K. S. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.18-0006 · Cited by 3,239 · see citing works
DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan
Lu, A. T., Quach, A., Wilson, J. G., Reiner, A. P., Aviv, A., Raj, K., Hou, L., Baccarelli, A. A., Li, Y., Stewart, J. D., et al. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101684 · Cited by 2,540 · see citing works
Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention
Ridker, P. M. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000053730.47739.3c · Cited by 2,513 · see citing works
Self-citationEsposito, K., Marfella, R., Ciotola, M., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, F., Giugliano, G., D'Armiento, M., D'Andrea, F., & Giugliano, D. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.12.1440 · Cited by 2,126 · see citing works
Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., & Carroll, J. E. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.014 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works
Cornier, M.-A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N. R., Van Pelt, R. E., Wang, H., & Eckel, R. H. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0024 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes
Esser, N., Legrand-Poels, S., Piette, J., Scheen, A. J., & Paquot, N. (2014) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.006 · Cited by 1,981 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Events and Death
Gami, A. S., Witt, B. J., Howard, D. E., Erwin, P. J., Gami, L. A., Somers, V. K., & Montori, V. M. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.032 · Cited by 1,888 · see citing works
A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome
Kaur, J. (2014) · Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2014/943162 · Cited by 1,889 · see citing works
RetractedMiller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0024768 · Cited by 1,785 · see citing works
Sattar, N., Gaw, A., Scherbakova, O., Ford, I., O’Reilly, D. S. J., Haffner, S. M., Isles, C., Macfarlane, P. W., Packard, C. J., Cobbe, S. M., et al. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000080897.52664.94 · Cited by 1,506 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline
Yaffe, K. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.18.2237 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Tonetti, M. S., Greenwell, H., & Kornman, K. S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12945 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Kelly, A. S., Barlow, S. E., Rao, G., Inge, T. H., Hayman, L. L., Steinberger, J., Urbina, E. M., Ewing, L. J., & Daniels, S. R. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182a5cfb3 · Cited by 980 · see citing works
Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., & Shapira, I. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.327 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: From Vascular Biology to Biomarker Discovery and Risk Prediction
Packard, R. R. S., & Libby, P. (2008) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.097360 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Epigenetic clock analysis of diet, exercise, education, and lifestyle factors
Quach, A., Levine, M. E., Tanaka, T., Lu, A. T., Chen, B. H., Ferrucci, L., Ritz, B., Bandinelli, S., Neuhouser, M. L., Beasley, J. M., et al. (2017) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101168 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Rutter, M. K., Meigs, J. B., Sullivan, L. M., D’Agostino, R. B., & Wilson, P. W. F. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000136581.59584.0e · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M., Wilson, P. W. F., & Grundy, S. M. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000132467.45278.59 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Self-citationBiomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Meigs, J. B. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.1978 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity
Irwin, M. R., & Opp, M. R. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.148 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Myers, J., Lee, M., & Kiratli, J. (2007) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e31802f0247 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis: Implications for Insulin-Sensitizing Agents
Di Pino, A., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00141 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease
Roberts, C. K., & Barnard, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00852.2004 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
The effect of including C-reactive protein in cardiovascular risk prediction models for women
Cook, N. R., Buring, J. E., & Ridker, P. M. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00128 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Henegar, C., Tordjman, J., Achard, V., Lacasa, D., Cremer, I., Guerre-Millo, M., Poitou, C., Basdevant, A., Stich, V., Viguerie, N., et al. (2008) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-1-r14 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein: A Simple Test to Help Predict Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke
Ridker, P. M. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000093381.57779.67 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Self-citationKohut, M. L., McCann, D. A., Russell, D. W., Konopka, D. N., Cunnick, J. E., Franke, W. D., Castillo, M. C., Reighard, A. E., & Vanderah, E. (2006) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.12.002 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Watanabe, H., Tanabe, N., Watanabe, T., Darbar, D., Roden, D. M., Sasaki, S., & Aizawa, Y. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.744466 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Treatment-resistant depression and peripheral C-reactive protein.
Chamberlain, S. R., Cavanagh, J., de Boer, P., Mondelli, V., Jones, D. N. C., Drevets, W. C., Cowen, P. J., Harrison, N. A., Pointon, L., Pariante, C. M., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.66 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance
Geer, E. B., Islam, J., & Buettner, C. (2014) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.10.005 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, and Mortality
Katzmarzyk, P. T., Church, T. S., Janssen, I., Ross, R., & Blair, S. N. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.2.391 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Everett, B. M., Pradhan, A. D., Solomon, D. H., Paynter, N., MacFadyen, J., Zaharris, E., Gupta, M., Clearfield, M., Libby, P., Hasan, A. A. K., et al. (2013) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2013.03.018 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise training modulates cytokines activity in coronary heart disease patients
Goldhammer, E., Tanchilevitch, A., Maor, I., Beniamini, Y., Rosenschein, U., & Sagiv, M. (2005) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.08.073 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Toker, S., Shirom, A., Shapira, I., Berliner, S., & Melamed, S. (2005) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.344 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Bariatric surgery and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review
Vest, A. R., Heneghan, H. M., Agarwal, S., Schauer, P. R., & Young, J. B. (2012) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-301778 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Is PCOS an inflammatory process?
Duleba, A. J., & Dokras, A. (2012) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.11.023 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Timpson, N. J., Nordestgaard, B. G., Harbord, R. M., Zacho, J., Frayling, T. M., Tybjærg-Hansen, A., & Davey Smith, G. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.137 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., Carrillo, C., Sadeghi, N., Breen, E. C., Witarama, T., Yokomizo, M., Lavretsky, H., Carroll, J. E., Motivala, S. J., et al. (2014) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.4008 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Childhood bullying involvement predicts low-grade systemic inflammation into adulthood
Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Lereya, S. T., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C., & Costello, E. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1323641111 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M. (2004) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.04.028 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential Role of Endotoxin as a Proinflammatory Mediator of Atherosclerosis
Stoll, L. L., Denning, G. M., & Weintraub, N. L. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000147534.69062.dc · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Whole-Grain, Bran, and Cereal Fiber Intakes and Markers of Systemic Inflammation in Diabetic Women
Qi, L., van Dam, R. M., Liu, S., Franz, M., Mantzoros, C., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1903 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Cumulative Depression Episodes Predict Later C-Reactive Protein Levels: A Prospective Analysis
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.023 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Prevalence and Polysomnographic Correlates of Insomnia Comorbid with Medical Disorders
Budhiraja, R., Roth, T., Hudgel, D. W., Budhiraja, P., & Drake, C. L. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1114 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Marroquin, O. C., Kip, K. E., Kelley, D. E., Johnson, B. D., Shaw, L. J., Bairey Merz, C. N., Sharaf, B. L., Pepine, C. J., Sopko, G., & Reis, S. E. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000115517.26897.a7 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Effect of a high-fiber diet vs a fiber-supplemented diet on C-reactive protein level
King, D. E. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.5.502 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Prevalence of Body Iron Excess in the Metabolic Syndrome
Bozzini, C., Girelli, D., Olivieri, O., Martinelli, N., Bassi, A., De Matteis, G., Tenuti, I., Lotto, V., Friso, S., Pizzolo, F., et al. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.8.2061 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., Breen, E. C., Witarama, T., Carrillo, C., Sadeghi, N., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., Nicassio, P., Bootzin, R., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.010 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Moreno-Navarrete, J. M., Ortega, F., Serino, M., Luche, E., Waget, A., Pardo, G., Salvador, J., Ricart, W., Frühbeck, G., Burcelin, R., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.256 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Early environments and the ecology of inflammation
McDade, T. W. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1202244109 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Neale, E. P., Batterham, M. J., & Tapsell, L. C. (2016) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2016.02.009 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Gorter, P. M., Olijhoek, J. K., van der Graaf, Y., Algra, A., Rabelink, T. J., & Visseren, F. L. J. (2004) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.033 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Lakka, T. A., Lakka, H.-M., Rankinen, T., Leon, A. S., Rao, D. C., Skinner, J. S., Wilmore, J. H., & Bouchard, C. (2005) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi394 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Metabolic and Inflammation Variable Clusters and Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes
Hanley, A. J. G., Festa, A., D’Agostino, R. B., Wagenknecht, L. E., Savage, P. J., Tracy, R. P., Saad, M. F., & Haffner, S. M. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1773 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Reilly, M. P., Wolfe, M. L., Rhodes, T., Girman, C., Mehta, N., & Rader, D. J. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000138740.84883.9c · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Raison, C. L., Borisov, A. S., Woolwine, B. J., Massung, B., Vogt, G., & Miller, A. H. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.58 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein and Incident Cardiovascular Events Among Men With Diabetes
Schulze, M. B., Rimm, E. B., Li, T., Rifai, N., Stampfer, M. J., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.4.889 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationInflammation, Hypertension, and the Metabolic Syndrome
Grundy, S. M. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.22.3000 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Hutchins, A. M., Brown, B. D., Cunnane, S. C., Domitrovich, S. G., Adams, E. R., & Bobowiec, C. E. (2013) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.02.012 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Is Hypertension an Inflammatory Process?
Boos, C., & Lip, G. (2006) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161206776843313 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Gao, X., Bermudez, O. I., & Tucker, K. L. (2004) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.4.913 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Petersen, J. L., & McGuire, D. K. (2005) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.3132/dvdr.2005.007 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
McDade, T. W., Rutherford, J., Adair, L., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1795 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Banaszewska, B., Pawelczyk, L., Spaczynski, R. Z., Dziura, J., & Duleba, A. J. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1988 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Nesto, R. (2004) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01296.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Dietary Intake, Eating Habits, and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Men
Shin, A., Lim, S.-Y., Sung, J., Shin, H.-R., & Kim, J. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.015 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Dregan, A., Rayner, L., Davis, K. A. S., Bakolis, I., Arias de la Torre, J., Das-Munshi, J., Hatch, S. L., Stewart, R., & Hotopf, M. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4712 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Generalized anxiety and C-reactive protein levels: a prospective, longitudinal analysis
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000554 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Chandalia, M., Cabo-Chan, A. V., Devaraj, S., Jialal, I., Grundy, S. M., & Abate, N. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030301 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Bemelmans, W. J. E., Lefrandt, J. D., Feskens, E. J. M., Haelst, P. L. V., Broer, J., Meyboom-de Jong, B., May, J. F., Tervaert, J. W. C., & Smit, A. J. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601938 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Mcdade, T. W., Tallman, P. S., Madimenos, F. C., Liebert, M. A., Cepon, T. J., Sugiyama, L. S., & Snodgrass, J. J. (2012) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22296 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Effects of exercise on adipokines and the metabolic syndrome
You, T., & Nicklas, B. J. (2008) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-008-0003-4 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Indices of low-grade inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome
DIAMANTI‐KANDARAKIS, E., PATERAKIS, T., & KANDARAKIS, H. A. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1365.015 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Low sex hormone-binding globulin is associated with the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women
Weinberg, M. E., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., Cook, N. R., Seely, E. W., Ridker, P. M., & Rexrode, K. M. (2006) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.06.017 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationSattar, N., McConnachie, A., O’Reilly, D., Upton, M. N., Greer, I. A., Smith, G. D., & Watt, G. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000118277.41584.63 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Relations between plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and risk factors for coronary disease
Wang, J., Sim, A. S., Wang, X. L., Salonikas, C., Naidoo, D., & Wilcken, D. E. L. (2006) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.05.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Nakamura, T., Takano, H., Umetani, K., Kawabata, K.-I., Obata, J.-E., Kitta, Y., Kodama, Y., Mende, A., Ichigi, Y., Fujioka, D., et al. (2005) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.012 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Aronson, D., Sella, R., Sheikh-Ahmad, M., Kerner, A., Avizohar, O., Rispler, S., Bartha, P., Markiewicz, W., Levy, Y., & Brook, G. J. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.030 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Vahit, D., Akboga, M. K., Samet, Y., & Hüseyin, E. (2017) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2016-0380 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Women With Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Are Protected Against Metabolic Syndrome
Tanaka, M., Fuku, N., Nishigaki, Y., Matsuo, H., Segawa, T., Watanabe, S., Kato, K., Yoko, K., Ito, M., Nozawa, Y., et al. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1105 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Blum, S., Aviram, M., Ben-Amotz, A., & Levy, Y. (2006) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000089560 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Adipokines and Aging: Findings From Centenarians and the Very Old
Arai, Y., Kamide, K., & Hirose, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00142 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Estimating cardiovascular disease risk and the metabolic syndrome: a Framingham view
Wilson, P. W. F. (2004) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.012 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mulero, J., Bernabé, J., Cerdá, B., García-Viguera, C., Moreno, D. A., Albaladejo, M. D., Avilés, F., Parra, S., Abellán, J., & Zafrilla, P. (2012) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.11.014 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Brevetti, G., Schiano, V., Sirico, G., Giugliano, G., Laurenzano, E., & Chiariello, M. (2006) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2006.02.048 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Association of fear of terror with low-grade inflammation among apparently healthy employed adults
Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., & Shapira, I. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000130963.52755.b9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pitsavos, C., Panagiotakos, D. B., Tzima, N., Lentzas, Y., Chrysohoou, C., Das, U. N., & Stefanadis, C. (2007) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/0003319707300014 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
C-reactive protein: a surrogate risk marker or mediator of atherothrombosis?
Blake, G. J., & Ridker, P. M. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00227.2003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiometabolic Risk Factors Assessed by a Finger Stick Dried Blood Spot Method
Kapur, S., Kapur, S., & Zava, D. (2008) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680800200210 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Plasma Cytokines, Metabolic Syndrome, and Atherosclerosis in Humans
Reilly, M. P., Rohatgi, A., McMahon, K., Wolfe, M. L., Pinto, S. C., Rhodes, T., Girman, C., & Rader, D. J. (2007) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.2310/6650.2007.06013 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Girman, C. J., Dekker, J. M., Rhodes, T., Nijpels, G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Bouter, L. M., & Heine, R. J. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwi229 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gurkan, E., Tarkun, I., Sahin, T., Cetinarslan, B., & Canturk, Z. (2014) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.046 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mellen, P. B., Cefalu, W. T., & Herrington, D. M. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000191656.71812.7c · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Inflammation and iron status in bariatric surgery candidates
Careaga, M., Moizé, V., Flores, L., Deulofeu, R., Andreu, A., & Vidal, J. (2015) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2014.09.028 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kaliora, A. C., Gioxari, A., Kalafati, I. P., Diolintzi, A., Kokkinos, A., & Dedoussis, G. V. (2019) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2018.0020 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking worsens systemic inflammation in persons with metabolic syndrome
Jamal, O., Aneni, E. C., Shaharyar, S., Ali, S. S., Parris, D., McEvoy, J. W., Veledar, E., Blaha, M. J., Blumenthal, R. S., Agatston, A. S., et al. (2014) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-6-79 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Villablanca, A. C., Warford, C., & Wheeler, K. (2016) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.5109 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mcdade, T. W., Adair, L., Feranil, A. B., & Kuzawa, C. (2011) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.21128 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ridker, P. M., Buring, J. E., Cook, N. R., & Rifai, N.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2003-01-28
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 391-397
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2142179136
- Cited by
- 2,292
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 114
- FWCI
- 142.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl043851-10)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL058755, HL43851, HL 63293, HL-58755, R01HL063293)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- C-reactive protein, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular events, cardiovascular risk prediction, women, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular mortality, inflammation, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Aged, C-Reactive Protein, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Diseases, Humans, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, United States, Incidence, Prevalence, Disease-Free Survival, Metabolic Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
