Verification Method of Direct Air Capture by Cementitious Material Using Carbon Isotopes
Open accessAbstract
Capturing atmospheric CO2 into cement-based materials is a way to set off the CO2 emissions of concrete production. This study proposes an experimental method to track the origin of cement paste that fixes CO2 directly from the air under natural conditions. By exposing powders of well-hydrated cement paste to air, carbonated cement paste powders are obtained with different carbonation degrees. The inorganic carbon of these carbonated samples is extracted by dissolution in phosphoric acid, and the isotopic characteristics related to 13C and 14C are measured. The experimental results show that the 14C value of carbonated cement paste can be used as an indicator for tracing the origin of carbon.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Both δ13C and δ14C have been proposed as tracers for CO2 origin in carbonated construction materials.
“Both 𝛿 ¹³C and 𝛿 ¹⁴C have been proposed as tracers f or CO2 origin in carbonated construction materials [33, 34].”
From Isotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
The Conclusion states that ¹⁴C can trace the origin of carbon in naturally carbonated cement paste. Section 3.2 reports δ¹³C measurements but explains that carbonation changes them through isotope fractionation; it identifies ¹⁴C, rather than δ¹³C, as useful for tracking carbon origin. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCalcite formed through natural carbonation has a δ13C value of -34‰.
“A first estimate of the 𝛿 ¹³C value of newly formed carbonates by air exposure can be derived from a recent study where values for 𝛿 ¹³C of -34 ‰ for calcite formed through natural carbonation were measured [33].”
From Isotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Section 3.2 reports that δ13C decreased as the cement paste captured carbon from air and says natural carbonation depletes 13C. Section 3.1 identifies calcite as the main carbonation product. Our copy does not give a measured δ13C value of −34‰ for calcite, so the specific value is not verified. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCombination with 14C analysis or clumped 13C18O isotope analysis may enable correction for the ensemble of carbon fractionation processes.
“Alternatively, a combination with analysis of other isotope abundance, e.g. 14 C [33], or so-called clumped 13 C18 O isotope analysis may enable to correct for the ensemble of carbon fractionation processes.”
From Isotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
The Introduction and §2.4 describe ^14C analysis and correcting its measured activity for isotopic fractionation using the ^13C/^12C ratio. They do not establish that combining isotope analyses can correct the ensemble of carbon fractionation processes. The citation is attached to the ^14C example, not the separate clumped-isotope example. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIsotope methods allow for a fair and transparent assessment of the carbonation degree of recycled concrete when limestone was included as an aggregate or filler.
“In this case, isotope methods allow for a fair and transparent assessment of the carbonation degree of recycled concrete [33, 34].”
From Isotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Section 4, “Direct air capture validation” (page not provided), reports that radiocarbon measurements can trace carbon’s origin in cement paste and, with initial values known, estimate air-captured CO₂. But it says further investigation is needed before applying the method to real concrete containing calcite-rock aggregate. The paper therefore does not establish a fair and transparent assessment of the carbonation degree of recycled concrete containing limestone aggregate or filler. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe recycled concrete contains a remarkably high proportion of carbonate formed through natural carbonation, almost 40% of the calcite in the sample.
“Based on this relationship, it can be inferred that the recycled concrete contains a remarkably high proportion of carbonate formed through natural carbonation (almost 40% of the calcite in the sample).”
From Isotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Section 3.1 identifies calcite as the main carbonation product in cement-paste samples, supporting the general link between carbonation and calcite. The paper studies cement paste, not a recycled-concrete sample, and does not report that natural carbonation accounts for almost 40% of its calcite. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Accelerated aqueous carbonation at high CO2 concentrations in closed systems leads to an enrichment of the heavier 13C isotope in the solid phase.
“While accelerated aqueous carbonation at high CO2 concentrations in closed systems leads to an enrichment of the heavier ¹³C isotope in the solid phase, during natural carbonation in ambient air and open systems, the heavier ¹³C isotopes are depleted in the solid phase [33, 34, 41].”
From Isotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Section 3.2 (page unavailable) reports that carbonation under high CO₂ concentrations resulted in ¹³C enrichment. It does not specify that the carbonation was accelerated, aqueous, or conducted in a closed system. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIt is not always the case that δ13C values of carbonates formed during carbonation increase; some studies report that the δ13C value of the carbonated material decreases if carbonation occurs in ambient air.
“It is also not always the case that 𝛿 ¹³C values of carbonates formed during carbonation increase as shown in our experiments [38]. Instead, some studies report that the 𝛿 ¹³C value of the carbonated material decreases if the carbonation occurs in ambient air [33, 34, 41].”
From Isotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
During natural carbonation in ambient air and open systems, the heavier 13C isotopes are depleted in the solid phase.
“While accelerated aqueous carbonation at high CO2 concentrations in closed systems leads to an enrichment of the heavier ¹³C isotope in the solid phase, during natural carbonation in ambient air and open systems, the heavier ¹³C isotopes are depleted in the solid phase [33, 34, 41].”
From Isotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Discussion Reporting of <sup>14</sup> C Data
Stuiver, M., & Polach, H. A. (1977) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200003672 · Cited by 5,640 · see citing works
Scrivener, K. L., John, V. M., & Gartner, E. M. (2018) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.015 · Cited by 3,620 · see citing works
The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances
Urey, H. C. (1947) · Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) · doi:10.1039/jr9470000562 · Cited by 2,544 · see citing works
Romanek, C. S., Grossman, E. L., & Morse, J. W. (1992) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(92)90142-6 · Cited by 1,215 · see citing works
Young, E., Galy, Α., & Nagahara, H. (2002) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00832-8 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
von Greve-Dierfeld, S., Lothenbach, B., Vollpracht, A., Wu, B., Huet, B., Andrade, C., Medina, C., Thiel, C., Gruyaert, E., Vanoutrive, H., et al. (2020) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1617/s11527-020-01558-w · Cited by 508 · see citing works
The Relative Reaction Velocities of Isotopic Molecules
Bigeleisen, J. (1949) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1747368 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Mechanisms of hydrothermal crystallization of quartz at 250°C and 15 kbar
Matsuhisa, Y., Goldsmith, J. R., & Clayton, R. N. (1978) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(78)90130-8 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Lamont Radiocarbon Measurements VI
Broecker, W. S., & Olson, E. A. (1959) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200020427 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Changes to Carbon Isotopes in Atmospheric CO2 Over the Industrial Era and Into the Future
Graven, H., Keeling, R. F., & Rogelj, J. (2020) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2019gb006170 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Tachibana, Y., Masuda, T., Funabashi, M., & Kunioka, M. (2010) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/bm100820y · Cited by 158 · see citing works
An Overview of 14C Analysis in the Study of Groundwater
Geyh, M. A. (2000) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200053078 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The HVEE Tandetron AMS system at Nagoya University
Nakamura, T., Niu, E., Oda, H., Ikeda, A., Minami, M., Takahashi, H. A., Adachi, M., Pals, L., Gottdang, A., & Suya, N. (2000) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(00)00398-0 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationCement Reaction and Resultant Physical Properties of Cement Paste
Maruyama, I., & Igarashi, G. (2014) · Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology · doi:10.3151/jact.12.200 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationSixty years of radiocarbon dioxide measurements at Wellington, New Zealand: 1954–2014
Turnbull, J. C., Fletcher, S. E. M., Ansell, I., Brailsford, G., Moss, R., Norris, M. W., & Steinkamp, K. (2017) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-17-14771-2017 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Quantitative Determination by 14C Analysis of the Biological Component in Fuels
Dijs, I. J., van der Windt, E., Kaihola, L., & van der Borg, K. (2006) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200038777 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Isotopic Fractionation of Oxygen and Carbon in Lime Mortar Under Natural Environmental Conditions
Strydonck, M. J. Y. V., Dupas, M., & Keppens, E. (1989) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200012200 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Stutzman, P. E., & Leigh, S. D. (2002) · doi:10.6028/nist.tn.1441 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Measurements of the Oxalic Acid II/Oxalic Acid I Ratio as a Quality Control Parameter at NOSAMS
Schneider, R. J., McNichol, A. P., Nadeau, M., & REDEN, K. F. V. (1995) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200031210 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ambers, J. (1987) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/0305-4403(87)90076-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Létolle, R., Gégout, P., Rafai, N., & Revertegat, E. (1992) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(92)90061-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Létolle, R., Gégout, P., Moranville‐Regourd, M., & Gaveau, B. (1990) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb04267.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Measurement Methods of Biobased Carbon Content for Biomass-Based Chemicals and Plastics
Kunioka, M. (2013) · RADIOISOTOPES · doi:10.3769/radioisotopes.62.901 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Minami, M., Kato, T., Horikawa, K., & Nakamura, T. (2015) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2015.05.020 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Z., He, Y. L., & Chen, Q. (2018) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.06.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Determination of Bio Content in Polymers used in the Packaging of food Products
Telloli, C., Rizzo, A., Canducci, C., & Bartolomei, P. (2019) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/rdc.2019.141 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Libby, W. F. (1972) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar50057a001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- White, W. M., (2015). "Isotope geochemistry." West Sussex UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Saeki, N., Kurihara, R., & Maruyama, I. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology · doi:10.3151/jact.22.602 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationCold-sintered Carbonated Concrete Waste Fines: A Calcium Carbonate Concrete Block
Maruyama, I., Bui, N. K., Meawad, A., Kurihara, R., Mitani, Y., Hyodo, H., Kanematsu, M., & Noguchi, T. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology · doi:10.3151/jact.22.406 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationKurihara, R., Cheng, L., Igami, R., Wang, Z., Aili, A., Noto, K., Tanaka, M., Takahashi, H., & Maruyama, I. (2025) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2025.103266 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationFujimura, T., Matsui, K., & Maruyama, I. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c06456 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMaruyama, I., Takahashi, H., Asahara, Y., Yoshida, H., Aili, A., & Minami, M. (2026) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2025.108129 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationIgami, R., Igarashi, G., Aili, A., Kurihara, R., & Maruyama, I. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology · doi:10.3151/jact.23.507 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationMaruyama, I., Igami, R., Kurihara, R., Minami, M., Takahashi, H. A., & Aili, A. (2026) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2026.108290 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationIsotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials
Jansen, D., Matschei, T., Van Geldern, R., Barth, J., & Snellings, R. (2026) · RILEM Technical Letters · doi:10.21809/rilemtechlett.2026.232
Circular concrete: Sustainable practices through recycling and CO2 mineralization
Skoček, J., Dienemann, W., & Zając, M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26566-2.00015-5
Maruyama, I., KOJIMA, M., Sakai, G., Suzuki, Y., & Hyodo, H. (2026) · RILEM Technical Letters · doi:10.21809/rilemtechlett.2026.234
Self-citationFundamental Study on Methods for Carbon Origin Analysis in Hardened Cement Paste Mixtures
Yano, K., Yoda, Y., Kitagaki, R., & Itoh, S. (2025) · Concrete Journal · doi:10.3151/coj.63.8_604
- Authors
- Wang, Z., Aili, A., Minami, M., & Maruyama, I.
- Affiliations
- Nagoya University (JP)
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University (JP)
- Venue
- Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology
- Publisher
- Japan Concrete Institute
- Published
- 2023-11-22
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 934-940
- ISSN
- 1346-8014 (ISSN-L)
- 1347-3913
- OpenAlex
- W4388851957
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Keywords
- direct air capture, cementitious materials, carbon isotopes, carbon-14, carbon-13, carbonation, cement paste, phosphoric acid extraction, inorganic carbon
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
