Invited review: Effects of milk ration on solid feed intake, weaning, and performance in dairy heifers

Khan, M.A.; Weary, D.M.; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G.

doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3733

Cited by 494Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnimal health and immunologyAnimal Nutrition and Physiology

Invited review: Effects of milk ration on solid feed intake, weaning, and performance in dairy heifers

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Khan, M.A., Weary, D.M., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G.·2011·Journal of Dairy Science

DOI 10.3168/jds.2010-3733

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Abstract

A feeding regimen that allows a smooth transition from milk to solid feed is vital for successful heifer-rearing programs. In the past, research efforts have focused on the development of feeding methods that allow early weaning, perhaps because the risk of disease is highest during the milk feeding stage. To encourage early intake of calf starter, conventional feeding programs have limited the supply of milk (often to 10% of BW at birth). However, dairy calves provided free access to milk will typically consume more than twice this amount. We critically review the available literature examining the relationship between milk feeding method, solid feed consumption, and rumen development in young dairy calves and identify areas where new work is required. We conclude that milk-fed dairy calves can safely ingest milk at approximately 20% of body weight (BW)/d, and greater milk consumption supports greater BW gain, improved feed efficiency, reduced incidence of disease, and greater opportunity to express natural behaviors, which in combination suggest improved welfare. Method of weaning greatly influences feed consumption, rumen development, and growth check in calves provided higher amounts of milk. Gradual weaning encourages starter intake during the preweaning period, and both weaning age and duration of weaning influence this consumption. Increased solid feed consumption during the weaning process contributes to rumen development, permitting higher starter intake and BW gain after weaning. Growth factors in milk may also enhance the growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract, but more research is required to understand the role of these factors. Greater nutrient supply through increased amount of milk appears to improve immune function and long-term performance of heifer calves; for example, reducing the age at first breeding and increasing first-lactation milk yield, but more research is needed to confirm these effects.

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Unweaned calves should receive approximately 20% of their body weight in milk or milk replacer per day to meet their metabolic needs.
“should receive approximately 20% of their BW in milk or milk replacer (MR) per day to meet their metabolic needs (Khan et al., 2011).”
From Effects of pre- and post-transport feeding protocols on the metabolism and physiological status of veal calves. (2025) · cites this paper as Khan et al., 2011
The Control of Milk Intake section says calves offered milk ad libitum typically consume about 20% of body weight per day. It does not recommend that amount as necessary to meet metabolic needs. The Preweaning section instead gives a maintenance example of 2.6 kg of whole milk per day for a 45-kg calf and notes that milk replacers differ in energy content. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Estimación lineal de los requerimientos nutricionales del NRC para ganado de leche.
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Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Boussingault, J. B. 1845. Rural Economy. G. Law, transl. Orange Judd, New York, NY. 1079 INVITED REVIEW: FEEDING CALVES MORE MILK Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 94 No. 3, 2011
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Sorted by citations

From pre- to postweaning: transformation of the young calf's gastrointestinal tract
Meale, S. J., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Berends, H., Guan, L. L., & Steele, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2016-12474 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Symposium Review: Precision Technologies for Dairy Calves and Management Applications
Costa, J. H. C., Cantor, M. C., & Neave, H. W. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17885 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Invited review: The welfare of young calves transported by road
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Authors: Khan, M. A., Weary, D. M., & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
ORCID: Khan, M.A.
Weary, D.M.
Venue: Journal of Dairy Science
Publisher: American Dairy Science Association
Published: 2011-03
Volume: 94
Issue: 3
Pages: 1071-1081
ISSN: 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3733
OpenAlex: W2068805760
Cited by: 494
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 3.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2872 d)
Locations: Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canada's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Keywords: dairy heifers, weaning, rumen development, calf growth, feed efficiency, calf welfare, immune function, age at first reproduction, first lactation milk yield
MeSH terms: Animals, Animal Feed, Cattle, Feeding Methods, Female, Milk, Rumen, Weaning

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Invited review: Effects of milk ration on solid feed intake, weaning, and performance in dairy heifers

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