Invited review: The welfare of young calves transported by road

Roadknight, Natalie; Mansell, Peter; Jongman, Ellen; Courtman, Natalie; Fisher, Andrew

doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19346

Cited by 69Animal Behavior and Welfare StudiesAnimal health and immunologyEffects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock

Invited review: The welfare of young calves transported by road

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Roadknight, Natalie, Mansell, Peter, Jongman, Ellen, Courtman, Natalie, Fisher, Andrew·2021·Journal of Dairy Science

DOI 10.3168/jds.2020-19346

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Abstract

The transport of young calves is a welfare concern. Young calves aged ≤3 mo are particularly vulnerable to compromised welfare, and are at a relatively high risk of morbidity and mortality compared with adult cattle. Calves face several potential challenges to welfare during and after transport, including food and water deprivation, disease, injury, and stress from handling, social mixing, and new environments. The key risk factors identified for poor calf welfare associated with transport include long transport and fasting durations, young age at transport, poor colostral immunity, timing within the calving season, lack of bedding in trucks, and high stocking density. Maximizing calf welfare thus requires a multifaceted approach, such as minimizing transport and fasting durations, transporting at an appropriate stocking density with comfortable bedding, only transporting calves that are healthy and fit, and optimizing pre-transport calf management. More research is needed to understand the effect of transport on the mental or affective state of calves.

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The risks of severe hunger and thirst, metabolic exhaustion, and dehydration increase with time without feed and water.
“However, the risks of severe hunger and thirst, metabolic exhaustion, and dehydration increase with time without feed and water (Roadknight et al., 2021).”
From Relative merits of offering a milk replacer, glucose-electrolyte, or whey-based diet on the blood composition and health of unweaned calves after transport. (2024) · cites this paper as Roadknight et al., 2021
The Fasting section reports that glucose declines as time off feed increases, that longer fasting can lead to hypoglycemia, and that calves fasted for 24–30 hours are likely hungry. The Dehydration section reports an association between time off feed and a hydration measure, but characterizes dehydration during fasting and transport as generally mild to moderate and says calves may be thirsty. These passages do not establish increasing risks of *severe* hunger or thirst, or of metabolic exhaustion. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Calves that do not receive adequate nutritional support to mitigate the effects of fasting and low body fat reserves are likely to have an increased risk of morbidity.
“Calves that are not healthy before and during transport have reduced resilience, and those that do not receive adequate nutritional support to mitigate the effects of fasting and low body fat reserves are likely to have an increased risk of morbidity (Roadknight et al., 2021).”
From Relative merits of offering a milk replacer, glucose-electrolyte, or whey-based diet on the blood composition and health of unweaned calves after transport. (2024) · cites this paper as Roadknight et al., 2021
The Disease section (page unavailable) reports that longer fasting and transport were linked to higher posttransport morbidity in preweaned veal calves. The Fasting section (page unavailable) notes calves’ low body fat reserves and says nutritional deficiencies may harm health and immune function. The review does not establish that inadequate nutritional support specifically increases morbidity by failing to offset fasting and low fat reserves; it identifies the effect of longer-term nutrition during transport as a research gap. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Dehydration, weight loss, energy depletion, and exhaustion are commonly reported outcomes of long-distance transport and are accompanied by negative affective states such as hunger and thirst.
“Dehydration, weight loss, energy depletion, and exhaustion are commonly reported outcomes of long-distance transport (reviewed by [5, 8]) and are accompanied by negative affective states such as hunger and thirst [9, 10].”
From Effects of age and feeding protocols on the metabolic and physiological condition of unweaned calves during and after long-distance transport (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The Dehydration section says mild-to-moderate dehydration and weight loss may be reasonably common during fasting and transport, and calves may be thirsty. The Fasting and Duration and Distance of Transport sections describe negative energy balance, possible hunger, and increased muscle fatigue with longer journeys. They do not establish exhaustion as a commonly reported outcome, and they qualify hunger and thirst as possible rather than confirmed states; the review also notes that weight loss may be due primarily to fasting. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
When young, unweaned calves are transported from dairy farms to calf-raising facilities, especially if the journey includes an auction market, dealer, or collection center, they can be exposed to a range of interrelated potential welfare issues.
“When young, unweaned calves are transported from dairy farms to calf-raising facilities (especially if the journey includes an auction market, dealer, or collection center), the calves can be exposed to a range of interrelated potential welfare issues (Roadknight et al., 2021).”
From Relative merits of offering a milk replacer, glucose-electrolyte, or whey-based diet on the blood composition and health of unweaned calves after transport. (2024) · cites this paper as Roadknight et al., 2021
The concentrations of blood metabolites sampled from the calves after transport to the sorting center were indicative of the effects of fasting during transport and at a market or collection center on the energy status of the calves.
“The concentrations of blood metabolites sampled from the calves after transport to the sorting center were indicative of the effects of fasting during transport and at a market or collection center on the energy status of the calves (Roadknight et al., 2021).”
From Relative merits of offering a milk replacer, glucose-electrolyte, or whey-based diet on the blood composition and health of unweaned calves after transport. (2024) · cites this paper as Roadknight et al., 2021

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Welfare of cattle during transport
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Rumen microbiota-associated stress alleviation by creatine pyruvate in newly received cattle: a multi-omics study
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“In fact, BHB (> 0.15 mmol/L) [43] and NEFA concentrations (> 0.29 mmol/L) [42] were elevated above upper reference limits throughout transport in all treatments, indicating the mobilisation of body fat for energy gain in the absence of food [5].”
Influential
Relative merits of offering a milk replacer, glucose-electrolyte, or whey-based diet on the blood composition and health of unweaned calves after transport.
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Alkaline Mineral Complex Water Attenuates Transportation-Induced Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Dysregulation by AMPKα-SREBP-1c/PPARα Pathways
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Livestock welfare issues
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Growth rate, carcass characteristics and meat quality of German Holstein and Jersey bull calves grazed on two different swards
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Preweaning calf transportation practices in the United States: A cross-sectional survey of dairies, haulers, and calf raisers
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Marcato, F., Schokker, D., Stockhofe-Zurwieden, N., Gort, G., Jansen, C. A., Wolthuis-Fillerup, M., John, J. O., Strappini, A. C., Gilbert, M. S., Gerrits, W. J. J., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2026.1715667 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Behavior, Welfare, and Meat Quality of Japanese Black Cattle Under Different Transportation Methods
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Bovine Welfare During Transport
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Health and growth of weaned Holstein and crossbred calves fed bovine plasma proteins in grower feed
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Evaluation bruises incidence in cattle slaughtered in a slaughterhouse located in São Paulo, Brazil
Silva, M., de Oliveira, J. S., Miranda, C. R., Manini, D. L., Costa, I. M., Benites, F. A. F., Gomes, J. E. G., & de Souza, B. M. S. (2025) · Boletim de Indústria Animal · doi:10.17523/bia.2025.v82.e1943
Additional file 8 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690638
Additional file 12 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690650
Additional file 1 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25367343
Additional file 6 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690632
Additional file 4 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690626
Additional file 10 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690644
Additional file 7 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690635
Additional file 9 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690641
Additional file 5 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690629
Additional file 2 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25367518
Additional file 11 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690647
Additional file 3 of Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves
Qi, J., Gan, L., Huang, F., Xie, Y., Guo, H., Cui, H., Deng, J., Gou, L., Cai, D., Pan, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690623
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Authors: Roadknight, N., Mansell, P., Jongman, E., Courtman, N., & Fisher, A.
Affiliations: The University of Melbourne (AU)
Corresponding author: Roadknight, Natalie
ORCID: Roadknight, Natalie
Mansell, Peter
Jongman, Ellen
Courtman, Natalie
Fisher, Andrew
Venue: Journal of Dairy Science
Publisher: American Dairy Science Association
Published: 2021-06
Volume: 104
Issue: 6
Pages: 6343-6357
ISSN: 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19346
OpenAlex: W3136726205
Cited by: 63
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1
FWCI: 2.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 416 d)
Locations: Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Australian Government
Meat and Livestock Australia
Massey University
Topics: Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
Keywords: calf welfare, road transport, young calves, transport stress, fasting duration, colostral immunity, stocking density, bedding, morbidity and mortality, social mixing, affective states
MeSH terms: Animals, Animal Welfare, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Colostrum, Female, Morbidity, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Seasons

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