The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Coliform Mastitis – A Review
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Rates of coliform mastitis are greater during the transitional phases of the nonlactating period than during lactation.
“Rates of coliform mastitis are greater during the transitional phases of the nonlactating period than during lactation.”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [12]
The review’s “Time of Infection” section reports coliform infections arising during the dry period and a high proportion of peracute cases around parturition. It does not establish that rates during the transitional phases of the nonlactating period exceed rates during lactation; several figures instead describe cases in early lactation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 120
- Barnes, 1954, Four cases of cow mastitis by Klebsiella pneumoniae, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 125, 50
- Bellani, 1956, Acute bovine (E. coli) mastitis, Profilass, 29, 59
- Biancardi, 1965, Bovine mastitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Nuova Vet., 41, 276
- Braman, 1973, Capsular types of Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with bovine mastitis, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assn., 162, 109, 10.2460/javma.1973.162.02.109 · DOI
- Bramley, A. J. 1974. The aetiology and control of coliform mastitis in dairy cattle. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Reading.
- Bramley, 1976, Variations in the susceptibility of lactating and non-lactating bovine udders to infection when infused with Escherichia coli, J. Dairy Res., 43, 205, 10.1017/S0022029900015752 · DOI
- Bramley, 1976, Controlling coliform mastitis, Vet. Rec., 98, 244, 10.1136/vr.98.12.244-a · DOI
- Bramley, 1975, Studies on the control of coliform mastitis in dairy cows, Br. Vet. J., 131, 160, 10.1016/S0007-1935(17)35336-8 · DOI
- Brander, 1973, Dairy herd environment and the control of mastitis, Vet. Rec., 92, 501, 10.1136/vr.92.19.501 · DOI
- Bullen, 1972, Iron-binding proteins in milk and resistance to E. coli infection in infants, Brit. Med. J., 1, 69, 10.1136/bmj.1.5792.69 · DOI
- Buntain, 1953, An outbreak of mastitis in cattle due to infection with an organism of the Friedlander group, Vet. Rec., 65, 91
- Campbell, 1975, Methyl violet: A selective agent for differentiation of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Enterobacter aerogenes and gram-negative organisms, Appl. Microbiol., 30, 258, 10.1128/am.30.2.258-261.1975 · DOI
- Carroll, 1969, Bactericidal activity of normal milk, mastitic milk and colostrum against Aerobacter aerogenes, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 30, 1123
- Carroll, 1971, Bactericidal activity of bovine serums against coliform organisms isolated from milk of mastitic udders, udder skin and environment, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 32, 689, 10.2460/ajvr.1971.32.05.689 · DOI · Paper page
- Carroll, 1974, In vitro bactericidal reactions of serums and milks obtained from cows inoculated with selected serum-resistant and serum-sensitive coliform bacteria, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 35, 205, 10.2460/ajvr.1974.35.02.205 · DOI
- Carroll, 1973, Experimentally induced coliform mastitis: Inoculation of udders with serumsensitive and serum-resistant organisms, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 34, 1143, 10.2460/ajvr.1973.34.09.1143 · DOI
- Carroll, 1964, Experimental coliform (Aerobacter aerogenes) mastitis: Characteristics of the endotoxin and its role in pathogenesis, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 25, 720
- Carroll, 1969, Experimental coliform (A. aerogenes) mastitis: Bacteria and host factors in virulence and resistance, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 30, 1795
- Closs, 1971, Two tube test for the rapid identification of prompt lactose fermenting genera within the family Enterobacteriaceae, Appl. Microbiol., 22, 325, 10.1128/am.22.3.325-328.1971 · DOI
- Closs, 1971, Rapid identification of prompt lactose fermenting genera within the family Enterobacteriaceae, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand., 79[B], 673
- Collins, 1969, Studies on the in vitro bactericidal activity of bovine sera against selected udder pathogens, Res. Vet. Sci., 10, 540, 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)34390-X · DOI
- DeHart, 1976, Effect of coliform challenge at milking time on new udder infection, J. Dairy Sci., 59, 1124, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84332-9 · DOI
- Duncan, 1972, Klebsiella biotypes among coliforms isolated from forest environment and farm produce, Appl. Microbiol., 24, 933, 10.1128/am.24.6.933-938.1972 · DOI
- Duncan, 1975, Antibiotic resistance patterns in the epidemiology of hospital Klebsiella infections, Can. J. Publ. Health, 66, 39
- Dunker-Voet, 1966, Bovine mastitis caused by A. aerogenes, Tijdschr. Diergeneesk., 91, 1288
- Easterbrooks, 1956, Acute Klebsiella (capsulated coliform) mastitis, J. Amer. Med. Ass., 128, 502
- Eberhart, 1975, Control of coliform mastitis. Proc. Seminar on Mastitis Control, Intern. Dairy Fed. Bull. Doc., 85, 371
- Eberhart, 1977, Coliform mastitis, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 170, 1160, 10.2460/javma.1977.170.10.1160 · DOI
- Eberhart, 1972, Evaluation of a hygiene and dry period therapy program for mastitis control, J. Dairy Sci., 55, 1683, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(72)85745-X · DOI
- Eberhart, 1977, Intramammary infections in a dairy herd with a low incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus infections, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 171, 630, 10.2460/javma.1977.171.07.630 · DOI
- El-Gindy, 1964, Treatment of an unusual case of mastitis in a cow caused by Escherichia coli, Dtsch. Tieraertzl. Wochenschr., 71, 42
- Farray, 1969, Mastitis in cows due to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mag. Allatorv., 24, 406
- Fay, 1972, Rapid ornithine decarboxylase test for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae, Appl. Microbiol., 23, 710, 10.1128/am.23.4.710-713.1972 · DOI
- Fell, 1970, The effect on California mastitis test scores of milking machine adjustments which cause slow milking, Aust. J. Dairy Tech., 91
- Fey, 1952, Isolation of strain of Bact. coli type 55:35 from mastitis cows, Schweiz. Z. Allg. Pathol., 15, 444
- Fey, 1955, Research on Klebsiella and Bact. coli strains isolated from cows with mastitis and their relation to enteritis in infants, Ergebn. Hyg. Bakt., 29, 394
- Frost, 1975, Selective adhesion of microorganisms to the ductular epithelium of the bovine mammary gland, Inf. and Immun., 12, 1154, 10.1128/iai.12.5.1154-1156.1975 · DOI
- Galanos, 1975, Physical state and serological activity of lipopolysaccharides. Toxicity and immunogenicity of Lipid A component, Z. Immunitats-forsch. Exp. Klin. Immunol., 149, 214
- Griel, 1975, Clinical and clinico-pathological effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin in mature cattle, Can. J. Comp. Med., 39, 1
- Hall, 1971, Bacteriocin typing of Klebsiella species, J. Clin. Pathol., 24, 712, 10.1136/jcp.24.8.712 · DOI
- Harmon, 1975, Concentration of lactoferrin in milk of normal lactating cows and changes occurring during mastitis, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 36, 1001, 10.2460/ajvr.1975.36.07.1001 · DOI
- Howell, 1972, Survey on mastitis caused by environmental bacteria, Vet. Rec., 90, 654, 10.1136/vr.90.23.654 · DOI
- Jain, 1966, An in vitro evaluation of the influence of humoral and cellular factors in cow's milk on the growth of Aerobacter aerogenes, Diss. Abstr., 27B, 684
- Jain, 1968, Influence of antiserum to bovine leukocytes on circulating leukocytes of the cow, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 29, 2081
- Janickova, 1971, Antibiograms of microorganisms most frequently causing bovine mastitis determined by the disk method, Veterinarstvi, 24, 164
- Jasper, 1976, Coliform mastitis in pastured herds, Theriogenology, 6, 175, 10.1016/0093-691X(76)90012-1 · DOI
- Jasper, 1975, Teat apex coliform populations and coliform mastitis – a herd study, Cornell Vet., 65, 380
- Jasper, 1975, Herd studies on coliform mastitis, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 166, 778, 10.2460/javma.1975.166.08.778 · DOI
- Jasper, 1976, Movement of infection between milk tubes, teat cups, and teats milked with a jacketed air-flow cushion in a single chamber teat cup, J. Dairy Sci., 59, 2077, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84490-6 · DOI
- Johnson, 1965, A herd problem of acute coliform mastitis, Vet. Med/Small Anim. Clin., 60, 940
- Johnson, 1966, Biochemical differentiation of Enterobacteriaeceae with the aid of lysine-iron agar, Appl. Microbiol., 14, 212, 10.1128/am.14.2.212-217.1966 · DOI
- Katsube, 1964, In vitro phagocytic activities of leukocytes isolated from the mammary secretions of a cow, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 25, 1090
- Lindberg, 1974, Identification of gram-negative aerobic fermenters in a clinical bacteriological laboratory, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.), 189, 201, 10.1007/BF02121336 · DOI
- Lotan, 1970, Observations on the aetiology, course and management of acute bovine mastitis in the Jordan Valley, Ref. Vet., 27, 101
- Masson, 1966, Studies on lactoferrin, the iron-binding protein of secretions, Prot. Biol. Fluids., 14, 115
- Mastitis Treatment Committee, Nat. Mast. Council, Inc. 1975. Mastitis therapy: Effective treatment or double trouble? The Bovine Practitioner 10:66. · DOI
- McDonald, 1975, Radiographic method for anatomic study of the teat canal: Changes between milking periods, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 36, 1241, 10.2460/ajvr.1975.36.08.1241 · DOI
- McDonald, 1977, Antimicrobial sensitivity of aerobic gram-negative rods isolated from bovine udder infections, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 38, 1503, 10.2460/ajvr.1977.38.10.1503 · DOI
- McDonald, 1970, Aerobic gram-negative rods isolated from bovine udder infections, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 31, 1937, 10.2460/ajvr.1970.31.11.1937 · DOI
- McDonald, 1968, Incidence of intramammary infections during lactation in dairy cattle repeatedly exposed to Streptococcus agalactiae and Aerobacter aerogenes, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 29, 1525
- Mercer, 1977, Special considerations for the development of drugs for acute clinical mastitis, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 170, 1190, 10.2460/javma.1977.170.10.1190 · DOI
- Michael, 1962, Studies on natural antibodies to gram-negative bacteria, J. Exp. Med., 115, 131, 10.1084/jem.115.1.131 · DOI
- Mills, 1971, Corticosteroids in endotoxic shock, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 138, 507, 10.3181/00379727-138-35928 · DOI
- Mittal, 1975, Factors involved in bactericidal activity of sheep serum, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 36, 1183, 10.2460/ajvr.1975.36.08.1183 · DOI
- Morinaga, 1970, Necrotic mastitis in cows caused by Escherichia coli, J. Hokkaido Vet. Med. Ass., 14, 78
- Murphy, 1943, Infection of the bovine udder with coliform bacteria, Cornell Vet., 33, 61
- Natzke, R. P., and R. W. Everett. The elimination of mastitis by culling. Proc. Seminar on Mastitis Control. Intern. Dairy Fed. Bull. Doc. 85:303.
- Natzke, 1972, Mastitis control program: Effect on milk production, J. Dairy Sci., 55, 1256, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(72)85658-3 · DOI
- Natzke, 1974, Change in mastitis by teat dip and dry cow therapy for six years, J. Dairy Sci., 57, 644
- Natzke, 1976, Coliform contaminated bedding and new infections, J. Dairy Sci., 59, 2152, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84502-X · DOI
- Newbould, 1964, Factors affecting bacterial invasion of the bovine udder via the teat duct, Dairy Sci. Abstr., 26, 245
- Newbould, 1965, The recovery of small numbers of Staph. aureus infused into the bovine teat cistern, J. Dairy Res., 32, 157, 10.1017/S0022029900018483 · DOI
- Newman, 1973, Fresh sawdust bedding – a possible source of Klebsiella organisms, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 34, 979, 10.2460/ajvr.1973.34.07.979 · DOI · Paper page
- Nonnecke, B. 1976. A study of mastitis in a research dairy herd during the years 1972-1975. M.S. thesis, University of Guelph.
- Nord, 1974, Evaluation of five test kits – API, AUXOTAB, ENTEROTUBE, PATHOTEC and R/B for identification of Enterobacteriaceae, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.), 159, 211, 10.1007/BF02121337 · DOI
- Oram, 1968, Inhibition of bacteria by lactoferrin and other iron chelating agents, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 170, 351, 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90015-9 · DOI · Paper page
- Paape, 1974, Plasma corticosteroid, circulating leukocyte and milk somatic cell responses to Escherichia coli endotoxin induced mastitis, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 145, 553, 10.3181/00379727-145-37850 · DOI
- Paape, 1977, The leukocyte as a defense mechanism, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 170, 1214, 10.2460/javma.1977.170.10.1214 · DOI
- Parr, 1939, Coliform bacteria, Bact. Rev., 3, 1, 10.1128/br.3.1.1-48.1939 · DOI
- Peterson, 1964, Mammary tissue injury resulting from improper machine milking, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 25, 1002
- Philpot, 1975, Prevention of infection; hygiene. Proc. Seminar on Mastitis Control, Intern. Dairy Fed. Bull. Doc., 85, 155
- Popisil, 1968, Pathogenesis of coliform mastitis in cattle. III. A comparison of morphological findings in coliform mastitis in cattle and in the experimentally induced Arthus phenomenon in the mammary gland of rabbits, Zentralbl. Veterinaermed., 15B, 631
- Radostitis, 1961, Coliform mastitis, Can. Vet. J., 2, 401
- Reiter, 1975, The defense mechanisms of the udder and their relevance to mastitis control. Proc. Seminar on Mastitis Control, Intern. Dairy Fed. Bull. Doc., 85, 210
- Reiter, 1975, Inhibition of Escherchia coli by bovine colostrum and postcolostral milk, Immunology, 28, 171
- Reiter, 1975, Inhibition of Escherichia coli by bovine colostrum and post-colostral milk. II. The bacteriostatic effect of lactoferrin on a serum-susceptible and a serum-resistant strain of E. coli, Immunology, 28, 83
- Rendos, 1975, Microbial populations of teat ends of dairy cows and bedding materials, J. Dairy Sci., 58, 1492, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84740-0 · DOI
- Renk, 1962, Bovine mastitis caused by E. coli, A. aerogenes, and Klebsiella species, Zentralbl. Veterinaermed., 9, 264, 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1962.tb00312.x · DOI
- Rennie, 1974, Combined biochemical and serological typing of clinical isolates of Klebsiella, Appl. Microbiol., 28, 534, 10.1128/am.28.4.534-539.1974 · DOI
- Rosner, 1973, Evaluation of the PATHOTEC “Rapid I.D. System” and two additional experimental reagent-impregnated paper strips, Appl. Microbiol., 26, 890, 10.1128/am.26.6.890-893.1973 · DOI
- Said, 1973, Experimental E. coli mastitis in cattle, its pathogenesis and treatment, Tijdschr. Diergeneesk., 98, 387
- Salajka, 1968, Pathogenesis of coliform mastitis in cattle. I. Classification of the etiologic agent (Aerobacter aerogenes) and “natural immune response” to its antigen in cattle, Zentralbl. Veterinaermed., 15, 607, 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1968.tb00335.x · DOI
- Salajka, 1966, On coli mastitis in cows, Veterinarstvi, 16, 120
- Saran-Rosenzuaig, 1972, Escherichia coli serotypes isolated from cases of acute bovine mastitis in two Israeli dairy herds, Ref. Vet., 29, 117
- Schalm, 1964, Pathogenesis of experimental coliform (A. aerogenes) mastitis in cattle, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 25, 75
- Schalm, 1964, Effects of pre-existing leukocytosis on experimental coliform (A. aerogenes) mastitis in cattle, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 25, 90
- Schalm, 1967, Effects of humoral and cellular phases of acute inflammation in the bovine mammary gland on A. aerogenes introduced en masse and on leukocytes existing in milk, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 28, 1251
- Schalm, 1952, Characteristics of coliform mastitis and treatment with dihydrostreptomycin, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 120, 385
- Schalm, 1968, Reactions following intramammary infusion of E. coli endotoxin, Vet. Rec., 82, 100
- Schultze, 1976, Nonlactating – cow therapy with a formulation of penicillin and novobiocin: Therapeutic and prophylactic effects, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 37, 1275, 10.2460/ajvr.1976.37.11.1275 · DOI
- Schultze, 1972, Effectiveness of post-milking teat dips, J. Dairy Sci., 55, 426, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(72)85511-5 · DOI
- Simesen, 1974, Relationship between weather and incidence of parturient paresis and mastitis in dairy cows, Nord. Vet. Med., 26, 382
- Slopek, 1967, A working scheme for typing Klebsiella bacilli by means of pneumocins, Arch. Immunol, et Therap. Exper., 15, 525
- Smith, 1971, Lactoferrin and IgG immunoglobulins from involuted bovine mammary glands, J. Dairy Sci., 54, 1427, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(71)86043-5 · DOI
- Smith, 1971, Evaluation of the modified R/B system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae, Appl. Microbiol., 22, 928, 10.1128/am.22.5.928-929.1971 · DOI
- Sneath, 1974, Test reproductibility in relation to identification, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 24, 508, 10.1099/00207713-24-4-508 · DOI
- Steel, 1975, Adsorption in vitro to Escherichia coli of antibodies and other proteins in bovine serum and its effects on the production of E. coli agglutinins, Immunology, 29, 31
- Tomfohrde, 1973, Evaluation of the redesigned Enterotube – a system for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae, Appl. Microbiol., 25, 301, 10.1128/am.25.2.301-304.1973 · DOI
- Turner, 1973, The effect of relative humidity on the survival of three serotypes of Klebsiella, J. Appl. Bact., 36, 497, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1973.tb04132.x · DOI
- Vergho, H. 1971. Studies of acute bovine mastitis in practice in lower Bavaria. Tieraztl. Fak., Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians University.
- Walser, 1972, Clinical contributions to the knowledge of acute mastitis. II. Predisposing factors, Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 85, 305
- Washington, 1973, An assessment of new techniques in the identification of Enterobacteriaceae, Vol. 2, 59
- Weight, 1967, Zur verbreitung perakut verlaufender euterentzundungen durch ungenugend gereinigte Melkmaschinen, Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 74, 610
- Welty, 1976, Lactoferrin concentration during involution of the bovine mammary gland, J. Dairy Sci., 59, 224, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84188-4 · DOI
- Wesen, 1970, Effectiveness of a post-milking teat dip in preventing new udder infections, J. Dairy Sci., 53, 1391, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(70)86406-2 · DOI
- Wilson, 1975, A practical mastitis control routine. Proc. Seminar on Mastitis Control, Intern. Dairy Fed. Bull. Doc., 85, 422
- Wolfe, 1968, New diagnostic system for the identification of lactose fermenting gram-negative rods, Appl. Microbiol., 15, 1528, 10.1128/am.16.10.1528-1531.1968 · DOI
- Zarkower, 1977, Teat apex microflora: Influence of washing and dipping procedures, Cornell Vet., 67, 404
- Zinner, 1976, Effects of IgM and IgG antibody in patients with bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli, J. Inf. Dis., 33, 37, 10.1093/infdis/133.1.37 · DOI
- Ziv, 1976, Endotoxin in blood and milk and enzymes in the milk of cows during experimental Escherichia coli endotoxin mastitis, Theriogenology, 6, 343, 10.1016/0093-691X(76)90026-1 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Environmental Mastitis: Cause, Prevalence, Prevention
Smith, K. L., Todhunter, D. A., & Schoenberger, P. S. (1985) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80993-0 · Cited by 475
Environmental Pathogens and Intramammary Infection During the Dry Period
Larry Smith, K., Todhunter, D. A., & Schoenberger, P. S. (1985) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80838-9 · Cited by 246
Hogan, J., & Larry Smith, K. (2003) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1051/vetres:2003022 · Cited by 245
Suppression of Milk Production During Endotoxin-Induced Mastitis
Shuster, D. E., Harmon, R. J., Jackson, J. A., & Hemken, R. W. (1991) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78568-8 · Cited by 143
Acute Phase Response in Dairy Cows with Experimentally Induced Escherichia coli Mastitis
Hirvonen, J., Eklund, K., Teppo, A. M., Huszenicza, G., Kulcsar, M., Saloniemi, H., & Pyörälä, S. (1999) · Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica · doi:10.1186/bf03547039 · Cited by 137
Effects of an Escherichia coli J5 Vaccine on Mild Clinical Coliform Mastitis
Hogan, J. S., Weiss, W. P., Smith, K. L., Todhunter, D. A., Schoenberger, P. S., & Sordillo, L. M. (1995) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76636-x · Cited by 75
Todhunter, D. A., Smith, K. L., Hogan, J. S., & Nelson, L. (1991) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78230-1 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 1979-01
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-22
- ISSN
- 0022-0302
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review