The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dopamine reward prediction error coding
Open accessAbstract
Reward prediction errors consist of the differences between received and predicted rewards. They are crucial for basic forms of learning about rewards and make us strive for more rewards-an evolutionary beneficial trait. Most dopamine neurons in the midbrain of humans, monkeys, and rodents signal a reward prediction error; they are activated by more reward than predicted (positive prediction error), remain at baseline activity for fully predicted rewards, and show depressed activity with less reward than predicted (negative prediction error). The dopamine signal increases nonlinearly with reward value and codes formal economic utility. Drugs of addiction generate, hijack, and amplify the dopamine reward signal and induce exaggerated, uncontrolled dopamine effects on neuronal plasticity. The striatum, amygdala, and frontal cortex also show reward prediction error coding, but only in subpopulations of neurons. Thus, the important concept of reward prediction errors is implemented in neuronal hardware.
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In the citing paper
“This facilitates the formation of LTM cause/effect relations between particular needs and their adequate aims and objects, which in turn yields the iterative “reward prediction error” cycle that codes ongoing learning from experience (see Schultz, 2016).”
From The Hard Problem of Consciousness and the Free Energy Principle (2019) · cites this paper as Schultz, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The reward prediction error, in which changes in dopamine firing encode differences between an expected vs. actual reward outcome, allows for dynamic learning from experience and updates in reward expectations (Gradin et al., 2011; Schultz, 2016).”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Schultz, 2016
In the citing paper
“Dopamine signaling to the basal ganglia, including the nucleus accumbens, also plays a role in what is known as the reward prediction error, a subconstruct of approach motivation.”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Schultz, 2016
In the citing paper
“It was thus shown that dopaminergic neurons increase the firing rate for unpredicted reward outcomes only, whereas expected rewards provoke no change in dopamine firing rate.”
From Circuit Mechanisms of Reward, Anhedonia, and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Schultz, 2016
In the citing paper
“This is also true for aversive stimuli, with decreased firing rates of dopaminergic neurons below baseline.”
From Circuit Mechanisms of Reward, Anhedonia, and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Schultz, 2016
In the citing paper
“The increase of firing rate is affected in a size-dependent manner (Schultz, 2016).”
From Circuit Mechanisms of Reward, Anhedonia, and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Schultz, 2016
In the citing paper
“given that, according to reinforcement learning theory, the US response is a driver of learning, while the CS response is considered a consequence of learning6,18–20.”
From Dopamine dynamics as a regulatory mechanism for shifting between defensive and reward-seeking behaviors (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
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Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schultz, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Schultz, Wolfram
- ORCID
- Schultz, Wolfram
- Venue
- Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-03-31
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-32
- ISSN
- 1294-8322 (ISSN-L)
- 1958-5969
- PMC
- PMC4826767
- OpenAlex
- W2419438565
- Cited by
- 597
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 24.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (093875)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- dopamine, reward prediction error, midbrain dopaminergic neurons, reward learning, drug addiction, neuroplasticity, striatum, amygdala, frontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Dopamine, Forecasting, Humans, Learning, Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Reward
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