The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On the quantum and tempo of fertility
Open accessAbstract
Demographers have known since the 1940s that standard measures of period fertility, such as the widely used total fertility rate, are distorted by changes in the timing of childbearing. Period fertility rates are depressed during years in which women delay childbearing and inflated in years when childbearing is accelerated. This problem is usually ignored because there has been no generally accepted method for solving it. This study proposes a method for removing the tempo distortions from the total fertility rate. The key assumption of the method is that period effects, rather than cohorts effects, are the primary force in fertility change, an assumption supported by past research. An application of the adjustment procedure to fertility trends in United States shows that concern over below-replacement fertility in the past 25 years has been largely misplaced. Without the distortion induced by the rising age at childbearing, the underlying level of fertility was essentially constant at very close to two children per woman throughout this period. Below-replacement fertility in Taiwan since the mid-1980s is also largely attributable to tempo effects.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Social Interactions and Contemporary Fertility Transitions
Bongaarts, J., & Watkins, S. C. (1996) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137804 · Cited by 1,028
Self-citationDeterminants of Fertility in Developing Countries.
Campbell, A. A., Bulatao, R. A., & Lee, R. D. (1984) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/1973091 · Cited by 512
Absent and Problematic Men: Demographic Accounts of Male Reproductive Roles
Greene, M. E., & Biddlecom, A. E. (2000) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00081.x · Cited by 447
Trends in Unwanted Childbearing in the Developing World
Bongaarts, J. (1997) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/2137858 · Cited by 198
Self-citationCovert contraceptive use: Prevalence, motivations, and consequences
Biddlecom, A., & Fapohunda, B. (1998) · doi:10.31899/pgy6.1009 · Cited by 196
Period Paramount? A Critique of the Cohort Approach to Fertility
Bhrolchain, M. N. (1992) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/1973757 · Cited by 190
The process of demographic translation
Ryder, N. B. (1964) · Demography · doi:10.1007/bf03208446 · Cited by 180
Mensch, B., & Lloyd, C. B. (1998) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/172157 · Cited by 177
Covert Contraceptive Use: Prevalence, Motivations, and Consequences
Biddlecom, A. E., & Fapohunda, B. M. (1998) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/172249 · Cited by 176
Factors Underlying Unmet Need for Family Planning in the Philippines
Casterline, J. B., Perez, A. E., & Biddlecom, A. E. (1997) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/2137886 · Cited by 174
Cited by
The Unfolding Story of the Second Demographic Transition
Lesthaeghe, R. (2010) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00328.x · Cited by 1,794
The Emergence of Lowest‐Low Fertility in Europe During the 1990s
Kohler, H., Billari, F. C., & Ortega, J. A. (2002) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00641.x · Cited by 1,451
Why do people postpone parenthood? Reasons and social policy incentives
Mills, M., Rindfuss, R. R., McDonald, P., te Velde, E., & on behalf of the ESHRE Reproduction and Society Task Force (2011) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr026 · Cited by 1,082
Economic Recession and Fertility in the Developed World
Sobotka, T., Skirbekk, V., & Philipov, D. (2011) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00411.x · Cited by 863
Advances in development reverse fertility declines
Myrskylä, M., Kohler, H.-P., & Billari, F. C. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08230 · Cited by 782
Metadata
- Authors
- Bongaarts, J., & Feeney, G.
- Publisher
- Population Council
- Published
- 1998
- OpenAlex
- W2113247037
- Cited by
- 580
- References
- 45
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: On the quantum and tempo of fertility. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.31899/pgy6.1010
- The paper
- Bongaarts, J., & Feeney, G. (1998). On the quantum and tempo of fertility. https://doi.org/10.31899/pgy6.1010
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.