Haptic Guidance Can Enhance Motor Learning of a Steering Task
Abstract
Haptic guidance can improve the immediate performance of a motor task by enforcing a desired pattern of kinematics, but several studies have found that it impairs motor learning. In this study, we studied whether guidance from a robotic steering wheel can improve one's short-term learning of steering a simulated vehicle. We developed a computer algorithm that adapted the firmness of the guidance based on ongoing error. Training with "guidance-as-needed" or "fixed guidance" allowed participants to learn to steer without experiencing large errors and produced slightly better immediate retention than did training without guidance, apparently because participants were better able to learn when to initiate turns. Training with guidance-as-needed produced slightly better results than training with fixed guidance: the guidance-as-needed participants' errors were significantly smaller when guidance was removed. However, this difference quickly dissipated with more practice. We conclude that haptic guidance can benefit short-term learning of a steering-type task while also limiting performance errors during training.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Controller stiffness can be adapted in response to the user's current performance and need.
“for example, controller stiffness can be adapted in response to the user's current performance and need, which has already been done (see Krebs et al., 2003;Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008b).”
From Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review (2013) · cites this paper as Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008b
Haptic guidance enhanced motor learning in a steering task and motor adaptation in wheelchair driving.
“For instance, haptic guidance enhanced motor learning in a steering task (Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008b) and motor adaption in wheelchair driving (Marchal-Crespo et al., 2010).”
From Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review (2013) · cites this paper as Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008b
In the steering task, haptic guidance significantly outperformed the condition without haptic guidance in driving accuracy.
“In the steering task, haptic guidance was shown to outperform the condition without haptic guidance significantly in terms of driving accuracy.”
From Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review (2013) · cites this paper as Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008b
This hypothesis is further supported by results from the steering and wheelchair experiments.
“This hypothesis seems further to be supported by the results from the steering and the wheelchair experiments described above (Marchal-Crespo et al., 2010;Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008b).”
From Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review (2013) · cites this paper as Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008b
Cites
Schmidt, R. A., & Bjork, R. A. (1992) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00029.x · Cited by 1,582 · cited 2× · see citing works
“One possible reason for these negative results is that guidance disrupts motor learning because the user learns to rely on the guidance and fails to learn the motor commands required to perform the desired task unassisted (Schmidt & Bjork, 1992).”
BackgroundResultGuadagnoli, M. A., & Lee, T. D. (2004) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.3200/jmbr.36.2.212-224 · Cited by 1,534 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thus, it appears that the motor system requires a particular level of challenge to learn well (Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004), and haptic guidance, frequent KR, and blocked practice typically decrease challenge and thereby impair learning.”
BackgroundResultKnowledge of results and motor learning: A review and critical reappraisal.
Salmoni, A. W., Schmidt, R. A., & Walter, C. B. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.355 · Cited by 1,438 · see citing works
A review of the contextual interference effect in motor skill acquisition
Magill, R. A., & Hall, K. G. (1990) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/0167-9457(90)90005-x · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Haptic guidance: experimental evaluation of a haptic training method for a perceptual motor skill
Feygin, D., Keehner, M., & Tendick, R. (2003) · Proceedings 10th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems. HAPTICS 2002 · doi:10.1109/haptic.2002.998939 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Kahn, L. E., Zygman, M. L., Rymer, W. Z., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2006) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-3-12 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Self-citationWinstein, C. J., Pohl, P. S., & Lewthwaite, R. (1994) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1994.10607635 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Emken, J. L., Benitez, R., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2007) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-4-8 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationBrady, F. (1998) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.1998.10484285 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Shared Control in Haptic Systems for Performance Enhancement and Training
O’Malley, M. K., Gupta, A. K., Gen, M., & Li, Y. (2005) · Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control · doi:10.1115/1.2168160 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Effect of Bandwidth Knowledge of Results on Movement Consistency
Sherwood, D. E. (1988) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.535 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Predictive haptic guidance: intelligent user assistance for the control of dynamic tasks
Forsyth, B. A. C., & MacLean, K. E. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2006.11 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Learning a Partial-Weight-Bearing Skill: Effectiveness of Two Forms of Feedback
Winstein, C. J., Pohl, P. S., Cardinale, C., Green, A., Scholtz, L., & Waters, C. S. (1996) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/76.9.985 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Liu, J., Cramer, S. C., & Reinkensmeyer, D. (2006) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-3-20 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, T. D. (1988) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62557-1 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Wiseman, P. (1998) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Bandwidth Knowledge of Results and Motor Learning: More than Just a Relative Frequency Effect
Lee, T. D., & Carnahan, H. (1990) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749008401249 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Physical-Guidance Benefits in Learning a Complex Motor Skill
Wulf, G., Shea, C. H., & Whitacre, C. A. (1998) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222899809601351 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Gillespie, R. B., O'Modhrain, M. S., Tang, P., Zaretzky, D., & Pham, C. H. (1998) · Dynamic Systems and Control · doi:10.1115/imece1998-0250 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Effects of Relative Frequency of Knowledge of Results on Retention of a Motor Skill
Ho, L., & Shea, J. B. (1978) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1978.46.3.859 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Force feedback joystick control of a powered wheelchair: preliminary study
Fattouh, A., Sahnoun, M., & Bourhis, G. (2005) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2004.1400729 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Presentation- and test-trial effects on acquisition and retention of distance and location.
Hagman, J. D. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.9.2.334 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Presentation- and test-trial effects on acquisition and retention of distance and location.
Hagman, J. D. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.2.334 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
TheraDrive: a new stroke therapy concept for home-based, computer-assisted motivating rehabilitation
Johnson, M. J., Trickey, M., Bräuer, E., et al. (2005) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2004.1404340 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The effect of a fast bowling harness in cricket: an intervention study
Wallis, R., Elliott, B. C., & Koh, M. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410252925161 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effect of Manual Guidance on Acquiring a New Bimanual Coordination Pattern
Tsutsui, S., & Imanaka, K. (2003) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2003.10609069 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Hu T. Yang S. X. Wang F. & Mittal G. S. (2002 May). A neural network controller for a nonholomonic mobile robot with unknown robot parameters. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation Washington DC..
- Protho J. L. LoPresti E. F. & Brienza D. M. (2000). An evaluation of an obstacle avoidance force feedback joystick. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual RESNA Conference (pp. 447-449). Washington DC: RESNA Press..
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review
Sigrist, R., Rauter, G., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2013) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8 · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
“For instance, haptic guidance enhanced motor learning in a steering task (Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008b) and motor adaption in wheelchair driving (Marchal-Crespo et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialReview of control strategies for robotic movement training after neurologic injury
Marchal-Crespo, L., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2009) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-6-20 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
“Another rationale, valid for tasks like walking or driving in which poor performance could lead to injury, is that assistance allows people to practice a task more intensively by making the task safe [28,46].”
InfluentialSelf-citationIntention-Based EMG Control for Powered Exoskeletons
Lenzi, T., Rossi, S., Vitiello, N., & Carrozza, M. C. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2012.2198821 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Losey, D. P., McDonald, C. G., Battaglia, E., & O’Malley, M. K. (2018) · Applied Mechanics Reviews · doi:10.1115/1.4039145 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“Further, for applications such as haptic guidance for training, kinesthetic-based haptic feedback devices have been ineffective when it comes to demonstrating retention of skill or transfer to a similar task [57,80,81], despite their success at enhancing performance when the individual is coupled to the device [82].”
BackgroundDevelopment and pilot testing of HEXORR: Hand EXOskeleton Rehabilitation Robot
Schabowsky, C. N., Godfrey, S. B., Holley, R. J., & Lum, P. S. (2010) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-7-36 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
“This approach has proven successful in prompting both short-term and long-term motor learning while reducing performance error [53,54].”
BackgroundBDNF Val66Met Polymorphism Influences Motor System Function in the Human Brain
McHughen, S. A., Rodriguez, P. F., Kleim, J. A., Kleim, E., Marchal–Crespo, L., Procaccio, V., & Cramer, S. C. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp189 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Wenk, N., Penalver-Andres, J. A., Buetler, K. A., Nef, T., Müri, R. M., & Marchal–Crespo, L. (2021) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-021-00565-8 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“…3D movements are visualized in virtual environments that offer the possibility to simulate different real or imaginary activities of daily living that can be adapted to the patients’ needs, while providing a motivating (Lee et al. 2003) and safe environment (Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer 2008).”
BackgroundRML Glove—An Exoskeleton Glove Mechanism With Haptics Feedback
Ma, Z., & Ben‐Tzvi, P. (2014) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2014.2305842 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Sonification and haptic feedback in addition to visual feedback enhances complex motor task learning
Sigrist, R., Rauter, G., Marchal–Crespo, L., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-4167-7 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“As 1 3 concluded by others (Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer 2008a), it remains challenging to design effective and unambiguous haptic augmented feedback on top of rendered task forces in a virtual scenario.”
BackgroundCao, J., Xie, S. Q., Das, R., & Zhu, G. L. (2014) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.08.005 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“Literature has suggested that physically guiding may decrease motor learning [54,71].”
BackgroundMilot, M.-H., Marchal-Crespo, L., Green, C. S., Cramer, S. C., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-009-2014-z · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Furthermore, Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer (2008a) noted that, during learning of a timing-based task, haptic guidance limited generalization of performance, i.e. that individuals did not generalize the improvement of their timing error to untrained timing actions.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe effect of haptic guidance, aging, and initial skill level on motor learning of a steering task
Marchal-Crespo, L., McHughen, S., Cramer, S. C., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-009-2026-8 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“…complex tasks such as skiing (Wulf et al. 1998) and driving a vehicle learn to time their movement better with cues provided by haptic guidance, such as the moment to begin a turn when encountering a sharp curve or the moment to rectify after a curve (Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer 2008b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCan Robots Help the Learning of Skilled Actions?
Reinkensmeyer, D. J., & Patton, J. L. (2009) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3181912108 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, J., & Choi, S. (2010) · 2010 IEEE Haptics Symposium · doi:10.1109/haptic.2010.5444635 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“In [16], a haptic guidance group was better at learning when to initiate turns than a no guidance group, resulting in less steering error.”
BackgroundA portable three-degrees-of-freedom force feedback origami robot for human–robot interactions
Mintchev, S., Salerno, M., Cherpillod, A., Scaduto, S., & Paik, J. K. (2019) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0125-1 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“A first group of users trains without any haptic feedback (manual training, MT), while the second group receives guidance feedback towards the waypoints (haptic training, HT) 45 .”
BackgroundMethodSigrist, R., Rauter, G., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2013) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2013.826169 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Such a haptic guidance concept outperformed a control group without haptic guidance in terms of driving accuracy in a steering task (Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008) and in a wheelchair driving task (Marchal-Crespo, Furumasu, & Reinkensmeyer, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodThe Task-Dependent Efficacy of Shared-Control Haptic Guidance Paradigms
Powell, D., & O'Malley, M. K. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2012.40 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer [25] showed that there was a significant improvement of the GA groups over the practice groups in the very first stages of training, but that this improvement quickly diminished and became insignificant as training continued.”
BackgroundWu, C., Yang, C.-L., Chen, M., Lin, K., & Wu, L. (2013) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-10-35 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Studies of motor control suggested that physically assisting a movement may decrease motor learning [51,52] by changing the dynamics of the tasks, reducing the appropriate error signal of motor performance necessary to perform the task successfully, and decreasing motor output and attention during training [53,54].”
BackgroundBasalp, E., Wolf, P., & Marchal–Crespo, L. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2021.3104518 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Beets, I. A. M., Macé, M. J. ‐., Meesen, R., Cuypers, K., Levin, O., & Swinnen, S. P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037687 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Recent research has shown that delivering proprioceptive prescriptive information of circular hand movement trajectories with an elliptical velocity pattern (passive practice) leads to a significant improvement in the active reproduction of this new motor skill [28,29] and robots can assist in learning other motor tas…”
BackgroundA robotic wheelchair trainer: design overview and a feasibility study
Marchal-Crespo, L., Furumasu, J., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2010) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-7-40 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationPreparing drivers for dangerous situations: A critical reflection on continuous shared control
de Winter, J., & Dodou, D. (2011) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2011.6083813 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Klein, J., Spencer, S. J., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2012.2195202 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“For unimpaired people, haptic guidance can help in learning the timing of a complex trajectory [21] or steering or hitting task [22], [47], [48], but has provided little measurable benefit or a learning decrement, compared to visual demonstration [19], [20].”
BackgroundSelf-citationvan Breda, E., Verwulgen, S., Saeys, W., Wuyts, K., Peeters, T., & Truijen, S. (2017) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000216 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“These findings support the results of previous studies.(38) 39 Lastly, there is moderate evidence that VTFB instructions could support the athlete in practising and fine-tuning a previously learnt movement.”
ResultVedula, S. S., Ghazi, A., Collins, J. W., Pugh, C. M., Stefanidis, D., Meireles, O. R., Hung, A. J., Schwaitzberg, S. D., Levy, J. S., Sachdeva, A. K., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1097/xcs.0000000000000190 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Exploring shared control in automated driving
Johns, M., Mok, B. K.-J., Sirkin, D. M., Gowda, N., Smith, C., Talamonti, W. J., & Ju, W. G. (2016) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2016.7451738 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Haptic feedback on the steering wheel has been found to be effective in inducing faster obstacle evasion[14], and in enhancing motor learning on a steering task [15].”
BackgroundMotor Learning Perspectives on Haptic Training for the Upper Extremities
Williams, C. K., & Carnahan, H. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2013.2297102 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Enayati, N., Okamura, A. M., Mariani, A., Pellegrini, E., Coad, M. M., Ferrigno, G., & Momi, E. D. (2018) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra.2018.8463168 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Skill-based human–robot cooperation in tele-operated path tracking
Enayati, N., Ferrigno, G., & Momi, E. D. (2017) · Autonomous Robots · doi:10.1007/s10514-017-9675-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Buetler, K. A., Penalver-Andres, J. A., Özen, Ö., Ferriroli, L., Müri, R. M., Cazzoli, D., & Marchal–Crespo, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.787487 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Effects of robotically modulating kinematic variability on motor skill learning and motivation
Duarte, J. E., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00163.2014 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationRobot assistance of motor learning: A neuro-cognitive perspective
Heuer, H., & Lüttgen, J. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Jafari, N., Adams, K. D., & Tavakoli, M. (2016) · Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering · doi:10.1177/2055668316668147 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Some wheelchair studies have also shown the advantage of training maneuvering skills in VEs.(106) However, in manipulative and explorational activities for children with disabilities, the significance of direct physical manipulation of objects on development of perceptual, cognitive and social skills has been highligh…”
BackgroundInfluentialDeeply Supervised Subspace Learning for Cross-Modal Material Perception of Known and Unknown Objects
Xiong, P., Liao, J., Zhou, M., Song, A., & Liu, P. X. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3195171 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Theycanadoptappropriateperception strategies and effective interaction methods based on the objects’ attribute information [2].”
MethodTraining Toddlers Seated on Mobile Robots to Drive Indoors Amidst Obstacles
Chen, X., Ragonesi, C. B., Galloway, J. C., & Agrawal, S. K. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2011.2114370 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“shown positive results as [17], [19], [25], regardless of whether the participants were adults or children.”
MethodResultInfluentialChowdhury, A., Nishad, S. S., Meena, Y. K., Dutta, A., & Prasad, G. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2018.2878232 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“First of all, it is difficult to construct the patient specific model of human motor system [53], or predefine trajectory for each individual, which sometimes needs the involvement of a human therapist [54].”
BackgroundEffect of robotic guidance on motor learning of a timing task
Marchal–Crespo, L., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2008) · IEEE/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob) · doi:10.1109/biorob.2008.4762796 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationExpertise-Based Performance Measures in a Virtual Training Environment
Huegel, J. C., Çelik, Ö., Israr, A., & O’Malley, M. K. (2009) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.18.6.449 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“These findings were supported in later explo-450 rations of the effect of haptic guidance on training of a steering task (Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008).”
BackgroundRauter, G., Sigrist, R., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2015.2431686 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Maekawa, A., Takahashi, S., Saraiji, M. Y., Wakisaka, S., Iwata, H., & İnami, M. (2019) · Augmented Human International Conference · doi:10.1145/3311823.3311849 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Several studies have reported that haptic guidance can improve motor skills [2, 4]; however, there are also results showing that haptic guidance does not have a significant effect on learning motor skills [8, 30, 32].”
BackgroundA tendon-based parallel robot applied to motor learning in sports
Rauter, G., von Zitzewitz, J., Duschau-Wicke, A., Vallery, H., & Riener, R. (2010) · 2010 3rd IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics · doi:10.1109/biorob.2010.5627788 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“In these studies, it was often concluded that haptic guidance might not be effective in human motor learning [11] except in a few cases [12].”
BackgroundSqueri, V., Basteris, A., & Sanguineti, V. (2011) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2011.5975375 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation Therapy: Recovery Mechanisms and Their Implications for Machine Design
Bejarano, N. C., Maggioni, S., Rijcke, L. D., Cifuentes, C. A., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2015) · Biosystems & biorobotics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24901-8_8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationPérez‐Rodríguez, R., Rodriguez‐Guerrero, C., Costa, U. M., Cáceres, C. A., Tormos, J. M., Medina-Casanovas, J., & Aguilera, E. J. G. (2014) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2013.11.047 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“This fact will presumably cause a decrease in the amount of assistance with the course of the therapy, which makes this system to match the faded guidance principle [83], that is, less guidance is provided as practice progresses.”
BackgroundLee, H., & Choi, S. (2014) · IEEE Haptics Symposium · doi:10.1109/haptics.2014.6775449 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“showed that performance-based progressive guidance can lead to faster improvement of steering skill than can fixed-gain guidance [20].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialControl Strategies and Artificial Intelligence in Rehabilitation Robotics
Novak, D., & Riener, R. (2015) · AI Magazine · doi:10.1609/aimag.v36i4.2614 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Assistive control algorithms have been criticized by studies that suggest that physically guiding the motion during a task can actually reduce motor learning, a phenomenon referred to as the guidance hypothesis (Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer 2008).”
BackgroundAssisting Versus Repelling Force-Feedback for Learning of a Line Following Task in a Wheelchair
Chen, X., & Agrawal, S. K. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2013.2245917 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Or as in [23], [24], the control gain was set to adapt to the subjects’ performance to reduce error jump.”
BackgroundOdermatt, I., Buetler, K. A., Wenk, N., Özen, Ö., Penalver-Andres, J. A., Nef, T., Mast, F. W., & Marchal–Crespo, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.678909 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
AR3n: A Reinforcement Learning-Based Assist-as-Needed Controller for Robotic Rehabilitation
Pareek, S., Nisar, H., & Kesavadas, T. (2023) · IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine · doi:10.1109/mra.2023.3282434 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Crespo et al. [6] developed a wheelchair steering AAN controller.”
BackgroundObayashi, C., Tamei, T., & Shibata, T. (2014) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2014.01.012 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Efficacy of shared-control guidance paradigms for robot-mediated training
Powell, D. J., & O’Malley, M. K. (2011) · IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC) · doi:10.1109/whc.2011.5945524 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Crespo and Reinkensmeyer [16] showed that “fixed guidance” (GA) produced only “slightly better immediate retention than did training without guidance,” but did not show that this improvement was statistically significant.”
BackgroundCombining Full and Partial Haptic Guidance Improves Handwriting Skills Development
Teranishi, A., Κορρές, Γ., Park, W., & Eid, M. A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2018.2851511 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“erature [6], [7], we did not consider a control group that do”
BackgroundThe influence of haptic guidance on the production of spatio-temporal patterns
Lüttgen, J., & Heuer, H. (2011) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2011.07.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Spatially Separating Haptic Guidance From Task Dynamics Through Wearable Devices
Pezent, E., Fani, S., Clark, J. P., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2019.2919281 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“several studies have shown that such training can lead to misinterpretation of feedback [12], a dependence on guidance [13], and an inability to demonstrate skill transfer [14].”
Driving Skill Modeling Using Neural Networks for Performance-Based Haptic Assistance
Lee, H., Kim, H., & Choi, S. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2021.3061409 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“For steering, we compute e s ( = θ s − θ s,d ) as in the conventional predictive form of haptic steering guidance [16], [18].”
BackgroundMethodReview on Haptic Assistive Driving Systems Based on Drivers’ Steering-Wheel Operating Behaviour
Tientcheu, S. I. N., Du, S., & Djouani, K. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11132102 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Training Toddlers Seated on Mobile Robots to Steer Using Force-Feedback Joystick
Agrawal, S. K., Chen, X., Ragonesi, C. B., & Galloway, J. C. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2011.67 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Adaptation to novel visuo-motor transformations: further evidence of functional haptic neglect
Heuer, H., & Rapp, K. (2012) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3013-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…the overall mixed evidence of benefits of robot guidance for motor learning (e.g., Reinkensmeyer and Patton 2009), there is some indication that timing of movements might be susceptible to robot support (e.g., Lüttgen and Heuer, in press; Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer 2008; Milot et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialWilliams, C. K., Tremblay, L., & Carnahan, H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02010 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bernardoni, F., Özen, Ö., Buetler, K. A., et al. (2019) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2019.8779420 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Exploring the Capabilities of Harmony for Upper-Limb Stroke Therapy
de Oliveira, A. C., Rose, C. G., Warburton, K., et al. (2019) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2019.8779558 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Similarly, assist-as-needed (AAN) strategies attempt to reduce slacking by adapting robotic assistance according to the user’s performance via adjustment of either the controller [26, 27] or task parameters [28, 29] with a performancebased adaptive control law.”
BackgroundAwad, M. I., Hussain, I., Gan, D., et al. (2018) · Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics · doi:10.1115/1.4041640 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ivanova, E., Krüger, J., Steingräber, R., Schmid, S., Schmidt, H., & Hesse, S. (2015) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2015.7281277 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“There is evidence, that this kind of guidance from robotic device is effective for motor learning for healthy subjects [5].”
BackgroundAwad, M. I., Gan, D., Hussain, I., et al. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2876802 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Haptic Interfaces have a wide spectrum of applications, including navigation [5-8], tele-rehabilitation [9, 10], telesurgery [11, 12], as well as micro-manipulation [13, 14].”
BackgroundInvestigating Haptic Guidance Methods for Teaching Children Handwriting Skills
Park, W., Κορρές, Γ., Moonesinghe, T., & Eid, M. A. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2019.2922284 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“[13] concluded that haptic guidance can benefit short-term learning of a steering-type task of a simulated vehicle and improve performance during training.”
BackgroundRobotic guidance benefits the learning of dynamic, but not of spatial movement characteristics
Lüttgen, J., & Heuer, H. (2012) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3190-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Examples are when to turn a steering wheel (Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer 2008a; Marchal-Crespo et al. 2010) or when to hit a pinball (Milot et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialRobot-assisted intermanual transfer of handwriting skills
Basteris, A., Bracco, L., & Sanguineti, V. (2012) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2011.12.006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In a similar task, Marchal Crespo and Reinkensmeyer (2008) and Marchal-Crespo, McHughen, Cramer, and Reinkensmeyer (2010) reported both short-term and long-term benefits of haptic guidance.”
Arm-Wrist Haptic Sleeve for Drone Teleoperation
Ramachandran, V., Macchini, M., & Floreano, D. (2021) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2021.3122107 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Actuated haptic interfaces are often used for haptic guidance-based training for teleoperation, a method that has been demonstrated to help users learn motor tasks in previous studies [20], [21].”
MethodThe Influence of Robotic Guidance on Different Types of Motor Timing
Lüttgen, J., & Heuer, H. (2013) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2013.785926 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In view of the inconsistent findings, it is quite likely that tasks and task characteristics differ in their susceptibility to the effects of robotic guidance (Reinkensmeyer, Galvez, Marchal-Crespo, Wolbrecht, & Bobrow, 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZondervan, D. K., Secoli, R., Darling, A. M., Farris, J., Furumasu, J., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2015) · Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/10400435.2015.1012607 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…a robotic wheelchair training system that used a combination of line tracking and haptic feedback to provide an automated driver’s training program, which was motivated by a prior study that found haptic guidance can improve the learning of a steering task (Marchal Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008).”
Self-citationAssistance or challenge? Filling a gap in user-cooperative control
Rauter, G., Sigrist, R., Marchal-Crespo, L., Vallery, H., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2011) · 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems · doi:10.1109/iros.2011.6094832 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“in a wheelchair driving task where haptic guidance has been adapted as needed [17].”
BackgroundTask-based hybrid shared control for training through forceful interaction
Fitzsimons, K., Kalinowska, A., Dewald, J. P. A., & Murphey, T. D. (2020) · The International Journal of Robotics Research · doi:10.1177/0278364920933654 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Robotically assisting subjects to perform these normative movements has led to moderate improvements in training outcomes compared to unassisted practice (Kahn et al. 2006; Bluteau et al. 2008; Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer 2008).”
BackgroundDesign of a Haptic Guidance Solution for Assisted Power Wheelchair Navigation
Devigne, L., Pasteau, F., Marie Babel, A., et al. (2018) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2018.00547 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Moreover, as such a feedback can improve user understanding while performing a given task, haptic feedback could be seen as an effective rehabilitation tool to train severely disabled people to drive a powered wheelchair [15].”
BackgroundTani, G., Meira, C. M., Ugrinowitsch, H., Benda, R. N., Chiviacowsky, S., & Corrêa, U. C. (2010) · journal of physical education · doi:10.4025/reveducfis.v21i3.9254 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Herrnstadt, G., Alavi, N., Randhawa, B. K., Boyd, L. A., & Menon, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00169 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“, 2006; Vidoni and Boyd, 2008) and is linked to motor control learning (Rose et al., 2004; Crespo and Reinkensmeyer, 2008; Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer, 2009).”
BackgroundHaptic Guidance and Haptic Error Amplification in a Virtual Surgical Robotic Training Environment
Oquendo, Y. A., Coad, M. M., Wren, S. M., Lendvay, T. S., Nisky, I., Jarc, A., Okamura, A. M., & Chua, Z. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2024.3350128 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The path guidance methods have been shown to reduce spatial error in driving [13] and rowing tasks [9], with learners in the former task deriving part of the benefit from learning when to initiate turns [13].”
MethodResultNovel passive Discrete Variable Stiffness Joint (pDVSJ): Modeling, design, and characterization
Awad, M. I., Gan, D., Az-zu'bi, A., et al. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO) · doi:10.1109/robio.2016.7866591 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Haptic interfaces is currently applied in several applications and many fields such as tele-navigation [2-5], tele-rehabilitation [6, 7], tele-surgery [8.”
MethodToward improved surgical training: Delivering smoothness feedback using haptic cues
Jantscher, W. H., Pandey, S. K., Agarwal, P., Richardson, S. H., Lin, B. R., Byrne, M. D., & O’Malley, M. K. (2018) · IEEE Haptics Symposium · doi:10.1109/haptics.2018.8357183 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Further, some types of kinesthetic haptic assistance, while beneficial for enhancing performance, have been ineffective when it comes to demonstrating retention of skill or transfer to a similar task [18,19].”
BackgroundAnalysis of Haptic Feedback and its Influences in Virtual Reality Learning Environments
Lontschar, S., Deegan, D., Humer, I., et al. (2020) · International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) · doi:10.23919/ilrn47897.2020.9155087 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Earlier works suggest that haptics in a VLE contribute positively to the users’ learning outcome [13] and perception of virtual object shapes [14].”
BackgroundRowing Simulator Modulates Water Density to Foster Motor Learning
Basalp, E., Marchal–Crespo, L., Rauter, G., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2019.00074 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bouchard, A. E., Corriveau, H., & Milot, M.-H. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00052 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…that used HG or EA robotic trainings, where faster execution times (Feygin et al., 2002; Bluteau et al., 2008) and improved timed movement for the task (Marchal Crespo and Reinkensmeyer, 2008; Luttgen and Heuer, 2013; Marchal-Crespo et al., 2013, 2014) were noted following HG or EA training.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialYoon, H. U., Wang, R. F., Hutchinson, S., & Hur, P. (2017) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/j.robot.2017.01.015 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“These aspects initiated techniques to adapt the assistance policy and the assistance level based on user’s skill level, such as ‘‘assistance-as-needed’’ [22] followed by ‘‘guidance-as-needed’’ [3,4], ‘‘virtual teacher’’ [12,23], ‘‘progressive guiding torque’’ [24], etc.”
BackgroundOptimal Action-based or User Prediction-based Haptic Guidance: Can You Do Even Better?
Moon, H.-S., & Seo, J. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445115 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In the context of a steering task such as when driving, a number of studies have implemented OAHG in the form of a guiding force directed toward the center of the path [9, 15, 21, 35, 53].”
BackgroundStiffness control of a pneumatic rehabilitation robot for exercise therapy with multiple stages
Tsuji, T., Momiki, C., & Sakaino, S. (2013) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2013.6696544 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“jp for individual stages have been proposed by now [10], [11].”
BackgroundTrust in haptic assistance: weighting visual and haptic cues based on error history
Gibo, T. L., Mugge, W., & Abbink, D. A. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-017-4986-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“With advancements in augmented reality for assistance systems, such as superimposed visualizations (Yeh and Wickens 2001) or haptic assistance (Rosenberg 1993; Abbott et al. 2007; Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer 2008; Abbink et al. 2012; Passenberg et al. 2013), humans must learn to rely on additional cues generated…”
BackgroundInfluentialHaptic Feedback Based on Movement Smoothness Improves Performance in a Perceptual-Motor Task
Sullivan, J. L., Pandey, S., Byrne, M. D., & O'Malley, M. K. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2021.3126017 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Further, some types of kinesthetic haptic guidance, while beneficial for enhancing performance, have been ineffective when it comes to demonstrating retention of skill or transfer to a similar task [21], [22].”
BackgroundMotor learning with fading and growing haptic guidance
Heuer, H., & Lüttgen, J. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3914-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Duarte, J. E., Gebrekristos, B., Pérez, S. M., Rowe, J. B., Sharp, K., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2013) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2013.6650461 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSimon, C., Hacene, M. B., Otmane, S., & Chellali, A. (2023) · Computers & Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.cag.2023.09.011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This is in line 61 with a previous work suggesting that haptic guidance produces 62 better learning performance in immediate retention tests and 63 that this performance decreases over time [50].”
Bouchard, A. E., Corriveau, H., & Milot, M.-H. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1205151 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The fact that a single session of HG helped improve the timing errors of the current survivors post-chronic stroke supports other studies that used HG robotic training interventions for a timing task among healthy individuals,[5,25,34,39], especially for the seniors in Bouchard et al.”
ResultChallenge Accepted: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Applications of the Challenge Point Framework
Thomas, A., Paul, L., Rasenyalo, S., Jones, B. L., & Hendricks, S. (2025) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2025.2508283 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Naaris, M., Bekteshi, S., Aufheimer, M., Gerling, K., Hallez, H., Ortibus, E., Konings, M. J., & Monbaliu, E. (2023) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15597 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Acquiring a Novel Coordination Skill without Practicing the Correct Motor Commands
Feijen, L., Hodges, N. J., & Beek, P. J. (2010) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2010.504760 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Indeed, there has been considerable evidence to show that guidance conditions that do not require any active input from the learner, as seen when participants are passively moved throughout practice, either with manual guidance or with the help of a mechanical or robotic device, fail to result in positive motor outcom…”
Separating haptic guidance from task dynamics: A practical solution via cutaneous devices
Pezent, E., Fani, S., Bradley, J., Bianchi, M., & O’Malley, M. K. (2018) · IEEE Haptics Symposium · doi:10.1109/haptics.2018.8357147 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“haptic assistance, although performance enhancing, have been ineffective when it comes to demonstrating retention of skill or transfer to a similar task [6], [14], [15].”
Background(1995) · Series in medical physics and biomedical engineering · doi:10.1201/9781420050325.ch12 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yoon, H. U., Kumar, N. A., & Hur, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2017.00031 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…commonly-used interfaces providing a force feedback to attract the user toward the safer or the desired directions while driving a power-wheelchair (Crespo and Reinkensmeyer, 2008; Marchal-Crespo et al., 2010a; Yoon et al., 2017) or assisting target-pointing/hitting tasks (Powell and O’Malley,…”
BackgroundThe influence of robotic guidance on error detection and correction mechanisms
Bested, S. R., de Grosbois, J. P., Crainic, V. A., & Tremblay, L. (2019) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2019.03.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Langenskiöld, C., Berg, A., & Yang, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20186741 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Concurrent vibrotactile feedback is considered more suitable for shorter training sessions, as concurrent corrective feedback might lead to a dependency on external feedback, which complicates the learning process [13,14,18].”
BackgroundFeeling of control of an action after supra and subliminal haptic distortions
Weibel, S., Poncelet, P. E., Delevoye, Y., Capobianco, A., Dufour, A., Brochard, R., Ott, L., & Giersch, A. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Indeed, it has been suggested that the timing of movement is indeed especially sensitive to haptic information (Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008; Milot, Marchal-Crespo, Green, Cramer, & Reinkensmeyer, 2010).”
The effect of haptic cues on motor and perceptual based implicit sequence learning
Kim, D.-W., Johnson, B. J., Gillespie, R. B., & Seidler, R. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00130 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…the role of haptic stimuli in motor learning (Armstrong, 1970; Rosenberg, 1992; Gillespie et al., 1998; Feygin et al., 2002; O’Malley and Gupta, 2003; Tsutsui and Imanaka, 2003; Kahn et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2006; Grindlay, 2008; Marchal-Crespo and Reinkensmeyer, 2008; Lee and Choi, 2010).”
BackgroundResult
- Authors
- Crespo, L. M., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-Irvine
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Motor Behavior
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 545-557
- ISSN
- 0022-2895 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-1027
- OpenAlex
- W1965806846
- Semantic Scholar
- 9fcdff228b0a03694d8c5f1a124218a9de44d749
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Motor Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Teleoperation and Haptic Systems
- Keywords
- haptic guidance, motor learning, steering, error feedback, retention, turn initiation, kinematic control
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Association Learning, Automobile Driving, Computer Simulation, Humans, Kinesthesis, Motor Skills, Reference Values, Touch, Feedback, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
