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Cited by 1,416Motor Control and AdaptationSports and Physical Education ResearchSport Psychology and Performance

Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review

Open access
Sigrist, Roland, Rauter, Georg, Riener, Robert, Wolf, Peter·2013·Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
DOI 10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8
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Abstract

It is generally accepted that augmented feedback, provided by a human expert or a technical display, effectively enhances motor learning. However, discussion of the way to most effectively provide augmented feedback has been controversial. Related studies have focused primarily on simple or artificial tasks enhanced by visual feedback. Recently, technical advances have made it possible also to investigate more complex, realistic motor tasks and to implement not only visual, but also auditory, haptic, or multimodal augmented feedback. The aim of this review is to address the potential of augmented unimodal and multimodal feedback in the framework of motor learning theories. The review addresses the reasons for the different impacts of feedback strategies within or between the visual, auditory, and haptic modalities and the challenges that need to be overcome to provide appropriate feedback in these modalities, either in isolation or in combination. Accordingly, the design criteria for successful visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback are elaborated.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review synthesizes evidence on augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback for motor learning, emphasizing that effectiveness depends on task complexity, learning phase, and feedback design. It concludes that concurrent feedback can aid complex tasks early but may create dependency, and that systematic comparisons across modalities and designs are still lacking.

Key findings

  • For simple tasks, concurrent visual feedback often improves acquisition but harms retention, consistent with the guidance and specificity-of-learning hypotheses; for complex tasks, concurrent visual feedback more often helps, especially in early learning, and may reduce cognitive load.
  • Haptic position control is generally not advantageous; one cited study found that preventing errors prolonged learning by about 15 times. Error augmentation/amplification can outperform guidance, and one walking study reported 26% faster adaptation to a transiently amplified force field.
  • Auditory feedback through alarms, sonification, and error sonification can support learning; a shooting study using error sonification in 50% of 440 shots across 11 sessions over 4 weeks found retention benefits at 2, 10, and 40 days. Multimodal feedback is promising, but concurrent audio-haptic or audio-visuo-haptic feedback for motor learning had not been investigated.
  • Design matters: abstract visualizations suit tasks with few relevant variables; natural or virtual-teacher displays may help but can overwhelm; feedback frequency should fade or be self-controlled; feedback should target key features and avoid task-irrelevant errors.

Methods

  • Narrative review of motor learning literature on augmented feedback, covering visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal modalities, with definitions and theoretical framing.
  • Mainly reviews studies with healthy participants; patient studies are included only partly for broader design discussion.
  • Organizes evidence by modality and task complexity, discusses design criteria, and proposes future directions; no primary experiment or meta-analysis is reported.

Limitations

  • The paper states that general conclusions cannot be drawn because movement tasks are diverse and lack systematic evaluation within classes; comparisons between concurrent and other feedback strategies are often missing; feedback designs within a modality are rarely evaluated before cross-modal comparisons; and multimodal feedback research is still early.
  • The review is limited to mainly healthy subjects; patient rehabilitation effects are beyond its scope and only partly considered.
  • Evident from the text: many studies did not assess retention or learning, especially auditory alarms, vibrotactile sports feedback, and some simulator or haptic studies; haptic feedback has rarely been compared against other modalities; and auditory display design and interpretability are not systematically evaluated.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8

Cites

340 of 340 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

60 of 320 cited sources checked · 41 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Trials without feedback are necessary for developing a durable internal movement representation that can be recalled in retention when feedback is removed.

    “No-feedback trials are needed to develop a persistent internal movement representation, which can be recalled in retention tests when augmented feedback is withdrawn (Crowell & Davis, 2011;Kovacs & Shea, 2011;Winstein, 1991).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Crowell & Davis, 2011 source

      The Introduction says gradually removing feedback helps runners rely on internal cues and may improve persistence of a motor pattern. The Discussion reports that reduced loading persisted at one month and proposes faded feedback as the reason. The paper does not establish that no-feedback trials are necessary or demonstrate the development and recall of an internal movement representation. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Kovacs & Shea, 2011 source
    • cites Winstein, 1991 source
  • Premisecitation

    For spatial information, vision dominates the other senses.

    “At least for perceiving spatial information, vision dominates other senses (Nesbitt, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nesbitt, 2003
  • Premisecitation

    In early learning, concurrent feedback can prevent cognitive overload and thereby improve learning of complex motor tasks.

    “Another reason might be that in an early learning phase, concurrent feedback can prevent cognitive overload and, therefore, enhance learning of complex motor tasks (Wulf & Shea, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wulf & Shea, 2002 source
  • Premisecitation

    Fading feedback, meaning reduced feedback frequency over time, has been shown to be effective.

    “Fading feedback-that is, reduced feedback frequency over time-has been shown to be effective (Crowell & Davis, 2011;Kovacs & Shea, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Crowell & Davis, 2011 source
    • cites Kovacs & Shea, 2011 source
  • Interpretationreasoning

    Feedback frequency should be reduced as skill increases and functional task complexity decreases, in order to support motor learning.

    “Thus, the frequency of feedback should decrease with increasing skill level-that is, with decreasing functional task complexityto further facilitate motor learning (Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004;Timmermans, Seelen, Willmann, & Kingma, 2009;Wulf & Shea, 2002;Wulf, Shea, & Matschiner, 1998).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004 source
    • cites Timmermans, Seelen, Willmann, & Kingma, 2009 source

      The Results section, under “Nature and timing of feedback addresses different stages of motor learning” (page unavailable), recommends tailoring feedback to skill level and says progressively reducing its frequency might improve retention and transfer. It relates task complexity to the performer’s skill, but does not state that functional task complexity necessarily decreases as skill increases; it also presents the learning benefit as tentative. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Wulf & Shea, 2002 source

      The paper says functional task complexity decreases as expertise develops, and its Feedback frequency section reports that reduced feedback can benefit simpler tasks. But its section on complex skills late in practice treats reducing feedback with increasing experience as a possibility requiring further study, not an established recommendation that it should be reduced to facilitate learning. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 62
  • May combine two claims. 118

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Optimal motor control theory proposes that task-irrelevant errors or variability from sensory-motor noise should be left uncorrected to maximize performance.

    “This matches with a theory of optimal motor control, stating that task-irrelevant errors or variability coming from sensory-motor noise should be left untreated to maximize performance (Liu & Todorov, 2007;Todorov, 2004;Todorov & Jordan, 2002;Wei & Körding, 2009;Wolpert et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Liu & Todorov, 2007 source
    • cites Todorov, 2004 source
    • cites Todorov & Jordan, 2002 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bandwidth feedback has been shown effective, but choosing the error threshold is difficult.

    “Bandwidth feedback has been shown to be effective (Timmermans et al., 2009); however, setting the error threshold is not trivial (Ribeiro et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Timmermans et al., 2009 source

      The Results section, under “Nature and timing of feedback,” calls bandwidth feedback a useful way to tailor feedback frequency to an individual patient. It does not say that bandwidth feedback has been shown effective, so the cited sentence states the evidence more strongly than this source does. The difficulty of setting the error threshold is attributed to Ribeiro et al., not to Timmermans et al. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Ribeiro et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reduced or fading feedback frequency appears beneficial for both terminal and concurrent feedback.

    “Reduced feedback frequency-that is, fading feedbackseems beneficial for both terminal feedback and concurrent feedback, as was shown in studies on training running technique (Crowell & Davis, 2011) and interlimb out-ofphase coordination (Kovacs & Shea, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Crowell & Davis, 2011 source
    • cites Kovacs & Shea, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Concurrent and very frequent feedback harms simple task learning, but this may not hold for complex sport-related tasks.

    “Concurrent, as well as very frequent, feedback was found to be detrimental for simple task learning, but this might not be true for complex, sport-related task learning, which is promoted by a meta-analysis (Marschall, Bund, & Wiemeyer, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marschall, Bund, & Wiemeyer, 2007

      The Type of task results (page unavailable) find that reduced-frequency feedback improved retention performance on simple laboratory tasks, while sport tasks showed no systematic pattern. The Discussion (page unavailable) likewise says feedback frequency had no influence on learning sport tasks. These passages support the frequency and task-context distinction, but the copy does not establish the separate claim that concurrent feedback harms simple-task learning. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Point lights can provide effective feedback, as shown for dancing, because humans can recognize complex biological motion from a few point lights.

    “Since humans can recognize complex biological motions by observing only a few point lights placed on a moving body (Giese & Poggio, 2003), point lights can also provide effective feedback, as has been shown for dancing (Eaves et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Giese & Poggio, 2003 source
    • cites Eaves et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Too many superimposed parts may overwhelm the learner with excessive information, preventing focus on the most relevant parts.

    “Too many superimposed parts may overwhelm the learner with too much information; as a consequence, he/she cannot focus on the most relevant ones (Eaves et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Eaves et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Auditory feedback may reallocate perceptual and cognitive workload and reduce distraction because auditory perception requires neither specific athlete orientation nor a focus of attention.

    “Auditory feedback may not only reallocate perceptual and cognitive workload, but also reduce distraction, since, unlike visual perception, auditory perception requires neither specific athlete orientation nor a focus of attention (Eldridge, 2006;Grond, Hermann, Verfaille, & Wanderley, 2010;Secoli, Milot, Rosati, & Reinkensmeyer, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Eldridge, 2006 source
    • cites Grond et al., 2010 source
    • cites Secoli et al., 2011 source

      The Results > Testing and Validation and Conclusions passages discuss ankle-foot orthoses and gait biomechanics, not auditory feedback. Searches for auditory feedback, workload, distraction, orientation, and attention found no passage in our copy addressing the claim; no page numbers are available. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In simple tasks, the guidance hypothesis and specificity-of-learning hypothesis were confirmed because concurrent visual feedback improved acquisition performance but not retention.

    “In simple tasks, the guidance hypothesis as well as the specificity-of-learning hypothesis were confirmed, since concurrent visual feedback increased performance during acquisition, but not during retention tests (Blandin et al., 2008;Proteau, 2005;Proteau & Isabelle, 2002;Ranganathan & Newell, 2009;Robin et al., 2005;Schmidt & Wulf, 1997;Van der Linden et al., 1993).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Blandin et al., 2008 source
    • cites Proteau, 2005 source
    • cites Proteau & Isabelle, 2002 source

      Semantic Scholar returned no full-text snippets for Proteau and Isabelle (2002) on either the acquisition–retention claim or a broader visual-aiming query. Its title concerns visual information in aiming movements, but the available evidence does not establish that it tested the stated feedback effect. An unscoped search found related discussion in other motor-learning papers, with a highest score of 0.485; that is not strong evidence of misattribution, especially because the citing sentence attributes the generalization to several studies. (LLM, conf=0.65)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Learners seem to benefit from concurrent feedback especially in very early learning phases because it seems to reduce cognitive load.

    “Especially in very early learning phases, learners seem to benefit from concurrent feedback (Todorov et al., 1997) because it seems to decrease cognitive load (Wulf & Shea, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Todorov et al., 1997 source
    • cites Wulf & Shea, 2002 source

      The Summary (page unavailable) says that frequent feedback can facilitate learning complex skills with high attentional and memory demands, and reports that concurrent feedback on every trial was most effective for a complex ski-simulator task. It does not establish that concurrent feedback itself decreases cognitive load; the citing sentence attributes the early-learning benefit to Todorov et al., not to Wulf and Shea. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Different pitch heights have been used to display obstacle clearance, and participants could benefit from this mapping.

    “different pitch heights were used to display obstacle clearance (and subjects could benefit from it) (Erni & Dietz, 2001;Wellner, Schaufelberger, Zitewitz, &R i e n e r ,2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Erni & Dietz, 2001 source
    • cites Wellner et al., 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Haptic guidance enhanced motor learning in a steering task and motor adaptation in wheelchair driving.

    “For instance, haptic guidance enhanced motor learning in a steering task (Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008b) and motor adaption in wheelchair driving (Marchal-Crespo et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008b source
    • cites Marchal-Crespo et al., 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In visuo-manual writing tasks, neither position control nor force control facilitated learning of shape aspects.

    “Neither of the controllers facilitated learning of shape aspects of the writing task.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bluteau et al., 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Results of robot-assisted therapy are controversial: some studies reported patients profit more from conventional therapy than robot-aided therapy, while others reported the opposite.

    “However, the results are controversial: Some studies reported that patients profit more from conventional therapy than from robotaided therapy (Hidler et al., 2009;Hornby et al., 2008), whereas others reported the opposite (Husemann, Muller, Krewer, Heller, & Koenig, 2007;Lo et al., 2010;Mayr et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hidler et al., 2009 source
    • cites Hornby et al., 2008 source
    • cites Husemann et al., 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Haptic guidance may lead to muscle strengthening, somatosensory brain plasticity, reinforcement of movement patterns, therapist relief, and increased motivation.

    “Haptic guidance may lead to (1) strengthening of muscles and connective tissue, provoking motor plasticity and preventing stiffening; (2) somatosensory stimulation inducing brain plasticity; (3) reinforcement of the movement pattern by movement repetitions; (4) prolonged trainings by relieving therapists from back-breaking work; and (5) increased motivation due to successful active task completion”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2009 source

      The Assistive controllers section (page unavailable) presents somatosensory stimulation, reinforcement through repetition, and motivation from successful movement as possible rationales for assistance. It links effort to motor plasticity and stretching to preventing stiffness, but does not say that guidance strengthens muscles and connective tissue. The passages found do not support the claim that guidance prolongs training by relieving therapists of physically demanding work. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In complex random movements, visual and visuo-haptic training improved short-term retention of a novel path, whereas position control did not significantly improve it.

    “both visual and visuo-haptic training improved short-term retention of a novel path, whereas position control did not result in any significant improvement (Liu, Cramer, & Reinkensmeyer, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liu et al., 2006 source

      The Results section, “Path tracing accuracy improved following visual or haptic training” (page unavailable), reports significantly improved reproduction of a novel path after both visual demonstration and haptic guidance with vision. The paper does not report a position-control training condition or its effect, and the Methods describe the paths as novel but not overly complex, rather than complex random movements. Its Results also report that performance degraded over a few unguided recall trials. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Users behave passively and exert less energy when movements are guided by a position controller.

    “Furthermore, users behave passively and exert less energy (Israel, Campbell, Kahn, & Hornby, 2006) due to slackness when they execute movements guided by a position controller (Reinkensmeyer, Akoner, Ferris, & Gordon, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Israel et al., 2006 source
    • cites Reinkensmeyer et al., 2009 source

      The Introduction discusses robotic guidance, possible changes in motor-command magnitude, and a slacking term in an adaptive guidance algorithm. It does not say that users become passive or expend less energy when a position controller guides their movements (searched: position controller, passive effort, and slacking). The citing sentence also names different authors from those of the supplied source paper. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The development of meaningful vibrotactile feedback and practical systems is challenging.

    “The development of meaningful vibrotactile feedback, as well as practical systems, is challenging (Bark et al., 2011;Rosenthal et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bark et al., 2011 source
    • cites Rosenthal et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Restraining movements of nonimpaired limbs may reduce hyperreliance on healthy limbs and improve impaired limbs.

    “Restraining movements of nonimpaired limbs may reduce hyperreliance on healthy limbs and improved impaired limbs (Kolb, 1995;Ogden & Franz, 1917;Ostendorf & Wolf, 1981;Royet, 1991;Sterr et al., 2002;Wolf, Lecraw, Barton, & Jann, 1989).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Kolb, 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ogden & Franz, 1917 source
    • cites Sterr et al., 2002 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some body sites might have an initial advantage in representing specific information due to naturalness, but the advantage dissolves when users have enough time to become familiar with less intuitive sites.

    “Interestingly, some sites might have an initial advantage in representing specific information, due to its naturalness; however, the advantage dissolves when users are given enough time to become familiar with less intuitive sites (Stepp & Matsuoka, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stepp & Matsuoka, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Training against resistances can increase muscle strength and self-reported function and reduce disabilities.

    “Due to training against resistances, subjects can increase muscle strength and self-reported function and further reduce disabilities (Lambercy et al., 2011;Ouellette et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lambercy et al., 2011 source

      The Methods (The HapticKnob; page unavailable) describe grasp training against a resistive load, and the Discussion (page unavailable) reports increased upper-extremity strength and subjects’ self-reported improvement in daily activities. However, the Discussion says those daily-activity improvements were not confirmed by clinical measures; it does not establish the claimed reduction in disability. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Ouellette et al., 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Multimodal integration follows a general principle in which the nervous system optimally weights information in each modality to reduce final estimation variance, while attention can influence these weights.

    “Multimodal integration is believed to follow a general principle; thus, the nervous system weights the information available in each modality in an optimal way (reducing final estimation variance), whereas attention can influence these weights (Alais & Burr, 2004;Ernst & Banks, 2002;v a nB e e r se ta l .,1999).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alais & Burr, 2004 source

      The Results and Discussion describe weighting visual and auditory estimates by their noise to minimize the variance of the combined estimate. They say attention should be studied as a possible factor, but do not establish that attention influences those weights. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Ernst & Banks, 2002 source
    • cites van Beers et al., 1999 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    The auditory group may have kept the target rhythm in mind and moved their wrist accordingly even without auditory feedback in retention tests.

    “It might be that the auditory group could keep in mind the target rhythm and move their wrist accordingly, even without auditory feedback in retention tests (Ronsse, Puttemans, et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ronsse, Puttemans, et al., 2011 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    After training with multimodal stimuli, multimodal processing is activated even if only unimodal stimuli are present.

    “Researchers have assumed that, after training with multimodal stimuli, multimodal processing is activated even if only unimodal stimuli are present (Kim et al., 2008;Seitzetal.,2006;Shams & Seitz, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Kim et al., 2008 source
    • cites Seitz et al., 2006 source
    • cites Shams & Seitz, 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that task, an auditory group that heard tones representing wrist turning points learned correct coordination and retained it in a retention test.

    “The auditory group did learn; thus, they showed correct coordination even in a retention test.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ronsse, Puttemans, et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Learning of temporal aspects can be accelerated with haptic guidance, and this seems also true when haptic guidance is added to visual feedback.

    “In particular, learning of temporal aspects can be accelerated with haptic guidance (Marchal-Crespo, McHughen, Cramer, & Reinkensmeyer, 2009), which seems also to be true if haptic guidance is added to visual feedback.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marchal-Crespo, McHughen, Cramer, & Reinkensmeyer, 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Up to now, mostly low-dimensional, simple, artificial labor tasks have been investigated, even though real-life motor tasks are multidimensional and complex.

    “Up to now, mostly low-dimensional, simple, and rather artificial labor tasks have been investigated even though, in real life, most motor tasks are multidimensional and complex (Winstein, 1991;Wulf & Shea, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Winstein, 1991 source
    • cites Wulf & Shea, 2002 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The impact of an additional visual display in that arm sonification remains unclear, and no comparison with differently designed auditory feedback has been reported by the research group.

    “However, the impact of the additionally available visual display (described in the visual section before) remains unclear, and a comparison with differently designed auditory feedbacks in order to evaluate its effectiveness has neither been reported by this research group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The interpretability and practicability of sonifying multiple movement variables have rarely been evaluated.

    “However, an evaluation of the interpretability and practicability of such a sonification of multiple movement variables has rarely been done.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Most reported auditory displays used a steady signal, which may become annoying over time.

    “Most of the reported auditory displays were based on a steady signal, which may get annoying after some time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Several auditory feedback designs for motor learning have been presented, but their interpretability and effectiveness have rarely been evaluated.

    “In general, several auditory feedback designs have been presented for motor learning, but their interpretability and effectiveness have rarely been evaluated.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Haptic guidance has been successfully applied mainly in simple motor tasks, such as guided point-to-point movements or reaching tasks, but rarely in complex tasks.

    “Until now, haptic guidance has been successfully applied mainly in simple motor tasks, such as guided point-to-point movements or reaching tasks (e.g., Amirabdollahian, Loureiro, &Harwin, 2002;Flash & Gurevich, 1991;Goodbody & Wolpert, 1998;Loureiro, Amirabdollahian, Coote, Stokes, & Harwin, 2001;Loureiro, Amirabdollahian, Topping, Driessen, &H a r w i n , 2003;Sainburg & Ghez, 1995;Todorov, 2004)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The potential of position control to facilitate motor learning has rarely been tested.

    “Yet the potential of position control to facilitate motor learning has rarely been tested but should be evaluated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Because only a few studies have applied haptic guidance on complex motor tasks, and those were diverse, the general potential of haptic guidance to facilitate motor learning of complex movements remains open.

    “Since only a few studies have applied haptic guidance on complex motor tasks, which were also quite diverse, the general potential of haptic guidance to facilitate motor learning of complex movements remains open.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The impact of that continuously adapting controller on motor learning has not yet been evaluated.

    “So far, a proof-ofconcept has been provided; the impact of this controller on motor learning has yet to be evaluated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rauter et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Emphasizing control strategies have not yet been developed or systematically investigated.

    “However, until now, such emphasizing control strategies have been neither developed nor investigated in a systematic way.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The instructional character of position control has hardly been investigated and may have been underestimated in motor learning.

    “Still, the strongest feature of position control is its instructional character, which has hardly been investigated and might have been underestimated in the field of motor learning to date.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Concurrent augmented audiohaptic or audiovisuohaptic feedback for motor learning has not been investigated so far.

    “To our knowledge, concurrent augmented audiohaptic, or even audiovisuohaptic feedback, for motor learning has not been investigated so far.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Vibrotactile feedback devices have been applied in sports, but learning has generally not been assessed.

    “Vibrotactile feedback devices have been applied in sports, but learning has generally not been assessed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Most results on the effectiveness of haptic feedback come from simple motor tasks, and only a few come from complex motor tasks such as sports.

    “Most results on the effectiveness of haptic feedback have emerged from studies of simple motor tasks, and only a few from complex motor tasks, such as in sports.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    In that study, the impact of visual feedback and haptic feedback were not assessed separately.

    “The impact of the visual feedback and that of the haptic feedback were not assessed separately.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Earlier studies on simple tasks found concurrent feedback detrimental for motor learning, but more recent studies revealed concurrent feedback can be effective if the motor task is complex.

    “Earlier studies on simple tasks found that concurrent feedback is detrimental for motor learning, but more recent studies have revealed that concurrent feedback can be effective if the motor task to be learned is complex (Fig. 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    Retention tests without audiovisual feedback have generally not been done so far.

    “However, in general, retention tests without audiovisual feedback have not been done so far but should be included in future studies in order to assess the impact of audiovisual feedback on motor learning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Visuohaptic information was used to enhance task realism rather than to give augmented feedback.

    “Visuohaptic information was used to enhance task realism, rather than to give augmented feedback.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    A large diversity of movements has been investigated, but systematic evaluation within movement classes is lacking.

    “First, a large diversity of movements have been investigated so far, but a systematic evaluation within movement classes is lacking.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Research on multimodal feedback in complex motor learning is still in its early phases because not many studies have been reported.

    “Fourth, this review shows that research on multimodal feedback in complex motor learning is still in its early phases, since not many studies have been reported.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Motor learning can be described behaviorally as passing through three phases.

    “At a behavioral level, motor learning can be characterized by three different phases (Fitts & Posner, 1967;Schmidt & Wrisberg, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fitts & Posner, 1967

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Schmidt & Wrisberg, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Concurrent feedback generally improves performance during acquisition, but those gains disappear in retention tests.

    “In general, concurrent feedback can enhance performance in the acquisition phase, but the performance gains are lost in retention tests.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Concurrent feedback may lower cognitive load by attracting an external focus of attention, as confirmed in a stabilometer balancing task.

    “Concurrent feedback may decrease cognitive load since it attracts an external focus of attention (Wulf, 2007a), which has been confirmed in a balancing task on a stabilometer (Shea & Wulf, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wulf, 2007a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Shea & Wulf, 1999 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Self-controlled terminal feedback is more effective than externally imposed terminal feedback in ball throwing, sequential timing, and a virtual walking task.

    “Self-controlled terminal feedback has been proven to be more effective than externally imposed terminal feedback in ball throwing (Janelle, Barba, Frehlich, Tennant, & Cauraugh, 1997;Janelle, Kim, & Singer, 1995), in sequential timing tasks with the index finger (Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2002, 2005), and in a motor perception task requiring walking through virtual sliding doors on a treadmill (Huet, C”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Janelle, Barba, Frehlich, Tennant, & Cauraugh, 1997 source
    • cites Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2002, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Huet, Camachon, Fernandez, Jacobs, & Montagne, 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Feedback appears most effective when given after good trials, because this increases motivation and reinforces repetition of good trials.

    “It seems that feedback is most effective if it is provided after good trials, due to enhanced motivation and positive reinforcement to repeat good trials (Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Simple-task studies inform the second phase of learning, while complex-task studies inform the first phase.

    “Datafrom studies on simple tasks reflect the second phase of learning, where studies of complex tasks provide insights about the processes occurring in the first phase.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Concurrent feedback can alter the task itself, so performance is expected to drop when the feedback is removed.

    “Accordingly, concurrent feedback may change the task (Schmidt & Wrisberg, 2008), and performance is expected to decrease when the feedback information is withdrawn-that is, performance in the original task.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schmidt & Wrisberg, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Self-estimation of movement error is said to facilitate motor learning by improving error detection capabilities.

    “Besides self-efficacy, self-estimation of movement error is also stated to facilitate motor learning (Guadagnoli & Kohl, 2001;Liu & Wrisberg, 1997), due to a better development of error detection capabilities (Swinnen, Schmidt, Nicholson, & Shapiro, 1990).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Guadagnoli & Kohl, 2001 source
    • cites Liu & Wrisberg, 1997 source
    • cites Swinnen, Schmidt, Nicholson, & Shapiro, 1990 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Physical therapy studies show concurrent feedback can aid motor learning, but it has not been shown superior to terminal feedback.

    “Indeed, these studies in physical therapy showed that concurrent feedback can contribute to enhancement of motor learning.However, it was not shown to be more effective than terminal feedback.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In an interlimb coordination task, younger adults benefited from both terminal and concurrent feedback, while older adults benefited only from concurrent visual feedback.

    “In a study by Wishart, Lee, Cunningham, and Murdoch (2002) of the same task, younger adults could profit from both terminal and concurrent feedback, whereas older adults could profit from concurrent visual feedback only (Wishart et al., 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wishart et al., 2002 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Functional task complexity varies with an individual's current skill and changes during learning, while nominal task complexity stays constant.

    “Functional task complexity depends on the current individual skill level and changes during the learning process, whereas nominal task complexity remains invariant (Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Delaying terminal feedback by a few seconds is believed to give enough time for self-estimation and to prevent reliance on extrinsic feedback.

    “Delaying terminal feedback for a few seconds is believed to allow sufficient time for selfestimation of the error to prevent reliance on extrinsic feedback (van Vliet & Wulf, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites van Vliet & Wulf, 2006 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The guidance hypothesis holds that continuous feedback during acquisition creates dependence on that feedback.

    “The guidance hypothesis, which states that permanent feedback during acquisition leads to a dependency on the feedback (Salmoni, 1984;Schmidt, 1991;Schmidt, Young, Swinnen, & Shapiro, 1989).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Salmoni, 1984 source
    • cites Schmidt, 1991 source
    • cites Schmidt, Young, Swinnen, & Shapiro, 1989 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    For complex tasks, feedback should be prescriptive, telling the learner how to correct the error, rather than merely descriptive.

    “To get an idea of the targeted movement, feedback in complex tasks should be prescriptive-that is, feedback should inform the learner on how to correct the errorrather than descriptive (i.e., information about occurrence of an error) (Tzetzis, Votsis, & Kourtessis, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tzetzis, Votsis, & Kourtessis, 2008

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a simple lever arm task, concurrent visual feedback improved acquisition but worsened retention accuracy and stability relative to no feedback.

    “During acquisition of a simple lever arm movement, a concurrent visual feedback group outperformed a no-feedback group (Schmidt & Wulf, 1997).However, in the retention tests when feedback was withdrawn, accuracy and stability degraded in the feedback group, as compared with the no-feedback group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schmidt & Wulf, 1997 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Concurrent visual feedback produces better acquisition performance than terminal feedback, but worse retention performance.

    “As compared with terminal feedback, concurrent visual feedback has led to a better performance during acquisition.However, in retention tests, the concurrent visual feedback groups performed worse than the terminal feedback groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Bandwidth feedback, given when error crosses a threshold, should make learners repeat successful trials.

    “Bandwidth feedback-that is, feedback when the movement error exceeds (or is within) a certain threshold (Ribeiro et al., 2011) -should force the learner to repeat good trials (Winstein, 1991).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ribeiro et al., 2011 source
    • cites Winstein, 1991 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Feedback about complex multidimensional movements in 3-D space can hardly be abstracted and must be displayed more naturally.

    “Second, feedback about complex multidimensional movements in 3-D space can hardly be abstracted but must be displayed in a more natural way.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Focusing on end-effector movements may be beneficial because it forces an external focus of attention and because end-effector kinematics are believed to be key in motor control.

    “Focusing on end-effector movements, besides forcing an external focus of attention, might also be beneficial, since end-effector kinematics are believed to play a key role in motor control (Todorov et al., 1997).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Todorov et al., 1997 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Virtual teacher approaches are popular and effective, as later studies verify.

    “Such virtual teacher approaches are very popular and, also, effective, as the subsequently discussed studies verify.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Visual feedback design can strongly affect outcomes; reduced visibility improved learning more than fully visible feedback.

    “The design of a visual feedback may have a significant impact on the outcome; for example, reduced visibility fostered learning more than did fully visible feedback (Robin et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Robin et al., 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a complex 2-D out-of-phase coordination task, Lissajous-type feedback showing both hands' relative phase greatly improved performance, but learning was not measured.

    “For a complex 2-D out-of-phase coordination task, Lissajous-type feedback that displayed relative phase of both hands facilitated performance dramatically, but learning was not assessed (Boyles, Panzer, & Shea, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Boyles, Panzer, & Shea, 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Animations can outperform real videos because they can be reduced to the most relevant information, as shown in an assembly task.

    “Animations can have an advantage over real videos, because the animations can be reduced to the most relevant information, as has been shown in an assembly task (Petzold et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Petzold et al., 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    An aesthetic feedback approach may motivate learners to train longer than a simple abstract visualization.

    “Such an aesthetic feedback approach may motivate the learner to train longer than with a simple and abstract visualization.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For instructing movement tasks, abstract sketches are more effective than real pictures and also more effective than a very abstract stickman illustration.

    “To instruct movement tasks, abstract sketches have been shown to be more effective than real pictures, but also more effective than a very abstract stickman illustration (Kruber, 1984).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kruber, 1984

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In some cases, whole-body or limb movement, not only the end-effector, must be optimized to prevent learning uneconomic and compensatory movements.

    “Thus, in some cases, not only the end-effector, but also the whole-body or limb movement must be optimized to prevent learning of uneconomic and compensatory movements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Abstract feedback designs may become boring over time and thereby hinder learning through demotivation.

    “First, in the long run, they might become boring and, thus, hinder the learning process by demotivation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In many visual feedback studies, comparisons with other feedback designs and retention tests are missing, so general conclusions about visualization design cannot be drawn.

    “However, as in many studies involving visual feedback, a comparison with other feedback designs has not been reported, and retention was not tested; thus, conclusions on how visualizations should be designed cannot be drawn in general.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A complex real-time sonification for arm movement mapped arm position to harmonics, smoothness to rhythm, and successful and compensatory movements to auditory alarms, with compensation severity mapped to loudness.

    “Harmonics were used to represent arm position, rhythm represented the smoothness of the movement, and auditory alarms were used to indicate a successful movement, as well as a compensatory movement (the severity of the compensation was mapped to loudness) (Chen et al., 2006;Huang et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chen et al., 2006 source
    • cites Huang et al., 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stereo balance, rhythm, and reverb have been applied to sonify horizontal deviations, temporal deviations, and distance to the target, respectively.

    “such as stereo balance for deviations in the horizontal plane (applied by Sigrist, Schellenberg, et al., 2011), rhythm for deviations in time, or reverb for the distance to the target (Sigrist, Schellenberg, et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sigrist, Schellenberg, et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rhythm and pitch height discrimination depend on gender, with females showing better discrimination, but not on age except when young children are compared with elderly.

    “Rhythm and pitch height discrimination depend not on age (as long as young children are not compared with the elderly) but on gender, since females have shown better discrimination abilities (Mauney & Walker, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mauney & Walker, 2007

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a rowing-type movement, most subjects chose state-indicative polarity when allowed, which appears more intuitive at first glance.

    “When allowed, most subjects chose the state-indicative polarity, which seems to be more intuitive at first glance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sigrist, Schellenberg, et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most studies on more complex tasks found positive effects of concurrent visual feedback, contradicting the guidance hypothesis.

    “Contradicting the guidance hypothesis, most studies on more complex tasks showed positive effects of concurrent visual feedback (Lee et al., 1990;S h e a&W u l f ,1999; Snodgrass et al., 2010;Swinnen et al., 1997;Todorov et al., 1997;Wishart et al., 2002;Wulf et al., 1999;Wulf et al., 1998).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Lee et al., 1990 source
    • cites Shea & Wulf, 1999 source
    • cites Snodgrass et al., 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Applied functions and metaphors must be carefully selected because listening to auditory displays is less common than viewing visual displays.

    “Applied functions and metaphors have to be carefully selected, since listening to auditory displays is less common than viewing visual displays.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Listening to auditory displays is less common than viewing visual displays.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Semantic-sound carriers may work for auditory alarms but not for movement or error sonification, which require continuous mapping for continuous corrections.

    “Such a carrier signal may work for auditory alarms, but neither for movement sonification nor for error sonification, since those sonifications require a continuous mapping to facilitate continuous movement corrections.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The interpretability and effectiveness of an auditory display depend on the athlete's age, gender, skill level, and musical abilities.

    “The interpretability and effectiveness of the display depend further on the athlete, particularly with respect to age, gender, skill level, and musical abilities (Effenberg & Mechling, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Effenberg & Mechling, 1999

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Presenting actual movement to one ear and target movement to the other was applied in a rowing task without explicit reporting of its effectiveness.

    “This method was applied in a rowing task without explicitly reporting on its effectiveness (Gauthier, 1985).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gauthier, 1985 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In early life, the haptic sense lays the foundation for sensory integration.

    “In our early days, the haptic sense lays the foundation for sensory integration-that is, the organization of sensory information for use in daily life (Ayres, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ayres, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Music as a carrier signal is limited for mapping multiple movement aspects because its features lack continuity, making multiple error sonification hardly possible.

    “However, if multiple aspects of a movement should be mapped, music as a carrier signal is limited, since continuity is hardly given in its features; thus, multiple error sonification seems hardly possible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Compared with visual feedback, auditory feedback may hinder processing of other sensory afferences less and could still calibrate the motor program like sparse visual information.

    “In comparison with visual feedback, auditory feedback may hinder processing of other sensory afferences to a lesser extent, and thereby, it could still be used to calibrate the motor program like sparse visual information.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Visual concurrent feedback may link landmarks or key features of a motor task to kinesthetic information, which may help recall when feedback is absent.

    “Visual concurrent feedback may also emphasize the linkage of landmarks or key features of the motor task to kinesthetic information, which may facilitate a recall in no-feedback conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Fast repetitive tasks limit online movement corrections and let auditory information support feedforward control.

    “Such tasks limit online movement corrections-that is, corrections of irrelevant errors caused by sensory-motor noise; instead, the auditory information supports the feedforward control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adding very frequent terminal feedback seems helpful for reducing dependency on concurrent feedback, and lasting visual traces might achieve this.

    “Moreover, to reduce dependency on concurrent feedback, the addition of very frequent terminal feedback seems to be helpful (Blandin et al., 2008), which might also be realized by displaying lasting visual traces.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Blandin et al., 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Direction-indicative polarity is hypothesized to facilitate corrective movement more than state-indicative polarity because it directly presents the required movement direction.

    “One may speculate that the direction-indicative polarity will facilitate a corrective movement more than will the state-indicative polarity, since the required movement direction is directly presented.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Users seemed to become dependent on feedback through haptic guidance, promoting the guidance hypothesis.

    “However, users seemed to become dependent on feedback through haptic guidance, promoting the guidance hypothesis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Haptic guidance strategies that allow irrelevant errors may mediate a new motor program early and improve error detection/correction later.

    “Haptic guidance strategies that allow irrelevant errors caused by noise in the sensory-motor system may mediate not only the new motor program in an early learning phase, but also the improvement of correct error detection/correction mechanisms in a later phase.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lack of advantage of position control could be due to its instructional character, which might be useful only in an early learning phase.

    “This could be due to the instructional character of position control, which might be useful only in an early learning phase.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Artificially generated reference trajectories are often smooth functions based on optimality principles approximating human motor control, such as minimal jerk, minimal torque, and minimal torque change.

    “Often, the artificially generated trajectories are smooth functions that are based on optimality principles approximating human motor control, such as minimal jerk, minimal torque, and minimal torque change (Todorov, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Todorov, 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In several experiments and retention tests on auditory-motor short-term memory tasks, haptic guidance had an advantage over auditory feedback, and audio-haptic feedback had an advantage over haptic guidance.

    “In several experiments and retention tests on auditory-motor short-term memory tasks, the advantage of haptic guidance over auditory feedback and audio-haptic feedback over haptic guidance could be demonstrated (Lewiston, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lewiston, 2009

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The lack of studies on healthy subjects using haptic guidance in complex tasks might be caused by hardly available or affordable haptic interfaces supporting complex tasks in several DOFs and insufficient computer performance.

    “The lack of studies on healthy subjects using haptic guidance in complex tasks might be caused by hardly available or affordable haptic interfaces supporting complex tasks in several DOFs and insufficient computer performance to control the desired number of DOFs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Freedom in position and/or timing provided by haptic guidance strategies beyond position control may facilitate motor learning.

    “This freedom may facilitate motor learning (Scheidt et al., 2000)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Scheidt et al., 2000 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Position control may be useful for novices who do not know the desired movement or for less skilled or impaired subjects unable to perform the task.

    “Nevertheless, position control may be useful for novices who do not know the desired movement at all or for less skilled or impaired subjects who are not physically able to perform a movement task.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A recent control concept uses adaptive oscillators that synchronize with sinusoidal high-level features of the user's movements, supporting arbitrary rhythmic movements without reference trajectories.

    “In a recent control concept, the haptic controller does not rely on reference trajectories and supports arbitrary rhythmic movements of the user.To do so, the controller uses adaptive oscillators that synchronize with the sinusoidal high-level features of the user's movements (Ronsse, Koopman et al., 2011;Ronsse et al., 2010;Ronsse, Vitiello, et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ronsse, Koopman et al., 2011 source
    • cites Ronsse et al., 2010 source
    • cites Ronsse, Vitiello, et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In early learning of complex motor tasks, position control may help acquire a first movement representation.

    “Especially in early learning of complex motor tasks, position control may help to acquire a first movement representation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The few existing studies on complex motor tasks revealed that haptic guidance reduces perceived workload, improves current performance, and enhances motor learning.

    “The few existing studies on complex motor tasks revealed that haptic guidance reduces the perceived workload, improves the current performance, and enhances motor learning (Brickman et al., 1996).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Brickman et al., 1996 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Spatial separation of haptic guidance and task-inherent forces could be important because combining those forces might lead to learning the wrong task.

    “Spatial separation of haptic guidance and task-inherent forces could be of importance, since combini n gt h o s ef o r c e sm i g h tl e a dt ol e a r n i n gt h ew r o n gt a s k (Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marchal-Crespo & Reinkensmeyer, 2008a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    As an instruction, position control may represent the first impetus that starts motor learning, since the need for support depends on the user's skill level.

    “As an instruction, position control may represent the first impetus that starts the process of motor learning, since the need for support depends on the user's skill level (Cesqui et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cesqui et al., 2008 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Feedback adaptation might have a large impact on motor learning.

    “Thus, feedback adaptation might have in general a large impact on motor learning and should be investigated more intensely in future.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Conventional therapy through human physiotherapists can still be more effective than robot-aided therapy, likely because a human therapist can adapt strategy and amount of haptic guidance.

    “The reason why conventional therapy through human physiotherapists can still be more effective than robot-aided therapy seems to be based on the fact that a human therapist can adapt his strategy and amount of haptic guidance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Challenge point theory states that advanced users can profit from challenging feedback but novices cannot.

    “These results are also supported by the challenge point theory stating that advanced users can profit from challenging feedback but novices cannot (Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In sports, vibrotactile displays have been applied to give information about tactics in soccer, aerodynamic posture in skating and cycling, coordination of multiple dancers, dancing skills, and snowboarding skills.

    “Applications in sports are diverse: Vibrotactile displays have been applied to give information about tactics in soccer (van Erp et al., 2006), about the aerodynamic posture in skating and cycling (van Erp, Saturday, & Jansen, 2006), about the coordination of multiple dancers (van Erp et al., 2006), about dancing skills (Nakamura et al., 2005, Rosenthal et al., 2011), or about snowboarding skills”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites van Erp et al., 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Nakamura et al., 2005 source
    • cites Rosenthal et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Applying a meaningful, intuitive metaphor is believed to be crucial for vibrotactile feedback, especially if the task becomes more complex.

    “Applying a meaningful, intuitive metaphor is believed to be crucial for vibrotactile feedback (Spelmezan, Hilgers, & Borchers, 2009;Spelmezan, Jacobs, et al., 2009), especially if the task becomes more complex (Jansen et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Spelmezan, Hilgers, & Borchers, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Spelmezan, Jacobs, et al., 2009 source
    • cites Jansen et al., 2004

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Gravity compensation relieves the subject from the burden of limb weight and helps the subject focus on the motor task.

    “This type of control relieves the human subject from the burden of his/her own limb weight and helps the subject to focus on the motor task.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the tennis-type task, three control concepts (position control, path control, guidance-as-needed) were implemented to investigate influence on task timing, but learning was not assessed.

    “In the tennis-type task, three different control concepts were implemented-position control, path control, and guidance-as-needed controller-in order to investigate the influence of different haptic guidance concepts on task timing, whereby learning was not assessed (Marchal-Crespo et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marchal-Crespo et al., 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    For experts, haptic guidance could be effective in teaching detailed technique aspects that can make a difference in professional sports.

    “For experts, haptic guidance could be effective in teaching detailed technique aspects that can make the difference in professional sports.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The preference for repulsive or attractive mode might depend on vibration properties, since unpleasant vibrations are avoided while neutral or pleasant vibrations could attract a movement direction.

    “The preference for the repulsive or attractive mode might also depend on the vibration properties, since unpleasant vibrations are meant to be avoided, whereas neutral or even pleasant vibrations could attract a movement direction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Increased motor function could be expected to increase the functional potential for motor learning, especially in impaired limbs.

    “Due to increased motor function, increased functional potential for motor learning, especially in the impaired limbs, could be expected.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vibrotactile displays have mainly been developed to improve navigation and orientation and reduce workload of visual and auditory systems.

    “In general, vibrotactile displays have mainly been developed to improve navigation and orientation in order to reduce workload of the visual and auditory system-for example, for steering an airplane (van Erp et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites van Erp et al., 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A preference for the attractive mode was found for initiation of wrist rotations and for auditory feedback guiding oar movements in rowing.

    “In contrast, a preference for the attractive mode was found for initiation of wrist rotations (Jansen, Oving, & Van Veen, 2004) and also for auditory feedback guiding oar movements in rowing (Sigrist, Schellenberg, et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Jansen et al., 2004
    • cites Sigrist, Schellenberg, et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Other designs that are also effective for rotational movements can still be found.

    “However, other designs that are also effective for rotational movements can still be found.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Skilled subjects may benefit more from learning with error amplification than from haptic guidance, whereas less skilled subjects do not.

    “However, it has been shown that skilled subjects may profit from learning with error amplification rather than from haptic guidance, in contrast to less skilled subjects (Cesqui et al., 2008;Milot, Marchal-Crespo, Green, Cramer, & Reinkensmeyer, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cesqui et al., 2008 source
    • cites Milot, Marchal-Crespo, Green, Cramer, & Reinkensmeyer, 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Providing augmented feedback in another modality or multimodally might prevent cognitive overload and enhance motor learning.

    “This might prevent cognitive overload and, therefore, might enhance motor learning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    People have different cognitive resources for information processing, though not all can be used simultaneously without interference.

    “For instance, Burke et al. (2006) has stated that people have different cognitive resources for information processing, even though not all can be used simultaneously without interference.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Burke et al., 2006 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Multiple-resource theory states that distributing information to different modalities is superior to providing the same amount of information in one modality.

    “This theory refers to the multiple-resource theory of Wickens (2002), which states that a distribution of information to different modalities is superior than providing the same amount of information in one modality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wickens, 2002 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Error augmentation outperformed other haptic control strategies because it intensifies error-based learning.

    “Error augmentation was shown to outperform other haptic control strategies, since it intensifies error-based learning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Both unimodal processors are believed to be controlled by a central executive but are largely functionally independent.

    “Both unimodal processors are believed to be controlled by the central executive, declared to be an attentional-controlling system, but being largely functionally independent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vision is very precise for spatial information, whereas hearing is very precise for temporal information.

    “Vision is very precise in the perception of spatial information, whereas hearing is very precise in the perception of temporal information (Freides, 1974;Nesbitt, 2003;Welch & Warren, 1980).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Freides, 1974 source
    • cites Nesbitt, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Welch & Warren, 1980 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Augmented information should be displayed in the appropriate modality or multimodally, because imperfect estimates from one modality can be improved by more precise information in another modality.

    “Therefore, it is suggested that augmented information should be displayed in the appropriate modality (Huang et al., 2005), according to the modality appropriateness hypothesis (Welch & Warren, 1980), or in a multimodal way, since imperfect estimations gained by one modality can be improved by more precise information in another modality (Hecht & Reiner, 2009;van Beers, Sittig, & Gon, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Huang et al., 2005 source
    • cites Welch & Warren, 1980 source
    • cites Hecht & Reiner, 2009 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The threshold of neural activation is reached earlier by multimodal learning than by unimodal learning.

    “Researchers have suggested that the threshold of neural activation is reached earlier by multimodal learning than by unimodal learning (Seitz & Dinse, 2007;Shams & Seitz, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Seitz & Dinse, 2007 source
    • cites Shams & Seitz, 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Moving a pen inside a cyclic path was rated most comfortable with audiovisual alarm-type feedback, but accuracy was best with tactile or audiovisuotactile feedback.

    “For instance, moving a pen inside a cyclic path was rated to be most comfortable with audiovisual alarm-type feedback, but accuracy was best with tactile or audiovisuotactile feedback (Sun, Ren, & Cao, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sun, Ren, & Cao, 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Other control strategies relieve subjects from their own weight and might enable learning of tasks that would exceed the learner's physical abilities.

    “Other control strategies relieve subjects from their own weight and, thus, might enable learning of tasks that would exceed the learner's physical abilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Working memory maintains visual-spatial information in one area and auditory-verbal information in another area.

    “The multiple-resource theory is in line with Baddeley's( 1992) theory of working memory; visual-spatial information is maintained in one area, and auditory-verbal information in another area of the working memory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baddeley, 1992 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Humans are used to processing stimuli in different modalities simultaneously, and multimodal information facilitates acting in the world.

    “Not only are humans used to processing stimuli in different modalities at the same time, but also multimodal information even facilitates acting in the world.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Haptic perception can process both temporal and spatial information at relatively high demands and is believed to be the most direct form of motor information.

    “The perception of haptics can fulfill relatively high demands on processing both temporal and spatial information (Nesbitt, 2003) and is believed to be the most direct form of motor information (Lieberman & Breazeal, 2007), because haptic feedback can mechanically change the movement by applying forces on the body.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Nesbitt, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Lieberman & Breazeal, 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Users preferred multimodal to unimodal interaction when task complexity increased, indicating that they self-manage working memory resources by shifting to multimodal interaction with increasing cognitive demands.

    “Indeed, users preferred multimodal to unimodal interaction when complexity of a task was increased, which indicates that users self-manage resources of the working memory by shifting from unimodal to multimodal interaction with increasing cognitive demands (Oviatt, Coulston, & Lunsford, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oviatt, Coulston, & Lunsford, 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The positive effect of multimodal learning originates from a reduction of cognitive load due to a distribution of information processing.

    “Many researchers believe that the positive effect of multimodal learning originates from a reduction of the cognitive load due to a distribution of information processing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    If workload is high in one modality, augmented feedback should be given in another modality or in a multimodal way.

    “All these findings on memory and cognitive load imply that if workload is high in one modality, augmented feedback should be given in another modality or in a multimodal way.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In patients, position control strategies seem useful in motor re-learning because successful task completion provides motivation and increases training duration and intensity.

    “Especially in patients, they seem to be useful in motor (re-)learning because of their motivational aspect provided through successful task completion and increased training duration and intensity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Multimodal learning strengthens multimodal representations and the connections between unimodal areas.

    “Importantly, it has also been suggested that multimodal learning strengthens multimodal representations and the connections between the unimodal areas (Shams & Seitz, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shams & Seitz, 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These findings agree with multiple-resource theory because vision is highly loaded in navigation tasks, so distributing augmented information to visual and auditory modalities is appropriate.

    “These findings are in agreement with the multiple-resource theory described earlier (Wickens, 2002): Since vision is highly loaded in navigation tasks, a distribution of augmented information to the visual and auditory modalities is appropriate.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wickens, 2002 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A flight or drive task has high cognitive demand, whereas the motor task is quite simple.

    “Note that a flight or a drive task has a high demand on cognition, whereas the motor task is quite simple (Todorov et al., 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Todorov et al., 1997 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In navigation simulator interaction tasks, providing augmented information audiovisually increased flight performance or driving performance.

    “However, in interaction tasks studied with navigation simulators, the provision of augmented information in an audiovisual way increased flight performance (Bronkhorst, Veltman, & Van Breda, 1996;Tannen, Nelson, Bolia, Warm, & Dember, 2004) or driving performance (Liu, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bronkhorst, Veltman, & Van Breda, 1996 source
    • cites Tannen, Nelson, Bolia, Warm, & Dember, 2004 source
    • cites Liu, 2001 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    An intelligent virtual trainer feedback system can switch feedback modality, feedback variables or movement features, and target thresholds to provide optimized and individualized training.

    “An intelligent virtual trainer feedback system, introduced by Rauter, Baur, Sigrist, Riener, and Wolf (2010) can switch feedback modality, feedback variables or movement features, and target thresholds in order to provide optimized and individualized training.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rauter, Baur, Sigrist, Riener, and Wolf, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For trajectory learning, visuohaptic displays providing augmented information were beneficial mainly in reducing spatial errors, but not exclusively.

    “For trajectory learning, the use of visuohaptic displays to provide augmented information was reported to be beneficial mainly in reducing spatial errors, but not exclusively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Training with haptic guidance alone enhanced timing-related performance, whereas visual training alone facilitated learning of position and shape.

    “Interestingly, training with haptic guidance alone enhanced the timing-related performance, whereas visual training alone facilitated learning of position and shape (Feygin et al., 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Feygin et al., 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a reaching task, representing kinematic variables each in a unimodal way, either visually or by sonification, produced an engaging multimodal feedback design that enhanced performance.

    “Therewith, an engaging, multimodal feedback design was present that enhanced performance during the reaching task (Chen et al., 2006;Huang et al., 2005;Wallis et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Chen et al., 2006 source
    • cites Huang et al., 2005 source
    • cites Wallis et al., 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lack of visuohaptic feedback studies in sports might originate from the huge technical effort needed to provide augmented haptic feedback for complex movements.

    “The lack of studies in this area might originate from the huge technical effort that is needed to provide augmented haptic feedback for complex movements in sports.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Self-controlled feedback has the advantage of highly involving and motivating the learner and may promote self-efficacy.

    “Besides the self-regulation of feedback frequency, self-controlled feedback has the advantage that it highly involves and motivates the learner (Wulf, 2007b) and may also promote self-efficacy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wulf, 2007b source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In dancing, performance was more enhanced with vibrotactile timing cues than with video instruction, but retention was not tested.

    “In dancing, performance was more enhanced while having vibrotactile timing cues than by video instruction; however, retention was not tested (Nakamura et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nakamura et al., 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Augmented visual feedback could facilitate learning spatial aspects of movement while auditory feedback could support learning temporal aspects.

    “For example, augmented visual feedback could facilitate learning of spatial aspects of the movement effectively, and at the same time, auditory feedback could support learning of temporal aspects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Positive effects of providing information multimodally can be expected based on research on learning, information processing, and motion perception.

    “On the basis of research on learning related to information processing and motion perception, positive effects of the provision of information in a multimodal way can be expected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The use of both auditory and visual channels increases workload because the two modalities are cognitively linked.

    “In that meta-analysis, it is suggested that the use of both the auditory and the visual channel increases workload because the two modalities are cognitively linked (Burke et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Burke et al., 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    With such a system, learners can always be challenged adequately, which is important for successful motor learning.

    “With such a system, learners can always be challenged adequately, which is important for successful motor learning (Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the early attention-demanding learning phase, concurrent augmented feedback may help novices understand the new movement structure faster and prevent cognitive overload, accelerating learning.

    “Particularly in the early, attention-demanding learning phase, concurrent augmented feedback may help the novice to understand the new structure of the movement faster and prevent cognitive overload, which may accelerate the learning process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a simple ball-balancing computer game, subjects preferred combined haptic and visual feedback to visual feedback only, but performance was not enhanced by adding haptic feedback.

    “In a simple ball-balancing computer game, subjects preferred combined haptic and visual feedback to visual feedback only; however, performance was not enhanced, due to the addition of haptic feedback (Swindells, Unden, & Sang, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Swindells, Unden, & Sang, 2003 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Multimodal information could have enhanced performance due to increased precision of perception, neural activity, and neural representation.

    “However, multimodal information could have enhanced performance, due to increased precision of perception, neural activity, and neural representation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a small study on simple arm movement, subjects benefited slightly more from visuo-vibrotactile feedback than from visual feedback only and least from vibrotactile feedback only.

    “In a small study on a simple arm movement, subjects benefited slightly more from visuo-vibrotactile feedback than from visual feedback only and least from vibrotactile feedback only (Ruffaldi, Filippeschi, et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ruffaldi, Filippeschi, et al., 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The no-sound period during the flying phase could have facilitated jump height estimation because the pause was directly correlated with jump height.

    “Besides the sonification, the no-sound-period during the flying phase of the jump could have facilitated the estimation, since the pause was directly correlated with the jump height.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Concurrent augmented feedback may also benefit experts when they must overcome automated but incorrect movement.

    “Concurrent augmented feedback may also be beneficial for experts, since learning of specific details of the movement can be complex, when the expert has to overcome automated but incorrect movement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Audiovisual concurrent feedback could have positive effects on motor learning.

    “Regarding the reviewed studies, it is conceivable that audiovisual concurrent feedback could have positive effects on motor learning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Learners' self-estimation of current performance might be wrong and they might lack a trainer's expertise, so self-selected feedback might not be optimal.

    “Still, selections might not be optimal, because learners' self-estimation of their current performance might be wrong and learners might not have the valuable expertise of a trainer who knows which actions are needed to make progress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In countermovement jump estimation, the audiovisual condition led to the best estimation of jump height and the highest reproducibility.

    “The audiovisual condition led to the best estimation of the jump height and to the highest reproducibility.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Effenberg, 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An explicit strategy may help solve a task, or explicit cognitive processes could enhance implicit processes.

    “Recently, Krakauer and Mazzoni (2011) suggested that an explicit s t r a t e g ym a yh e l pt os o l v et h e task, or explicit cognitive processes could enhance implicit processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Krakauer and Mazzoni, 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Within movement classes, transfer of knowledge about the effectiveness of a feedback strategy might be possible in the future.

    “Within movement classes, it might be possible to transfer gained knowledge about effectiveness of a certain augmented feedback strategy in the future.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    There is a strong need to more carefully validate the effectiveness of sports simulator training, that is, the transferability of trained skills to the real world.

    “As has been highlighted recently, there is a strong need to more carefully validate the effectiveness of (sports) simulator training-that is, the transferability of the trained skills to the real world (Miles, Pop, Watt, Lawrence, & John, 2012;Ruffaldi et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Miles, Pop, Watt, Lawrence, & John, 2012 source
    • cites Ruffaldi et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Task complexity, feedback designs, feedback variables, and modalities can be manipulated to optimally challenge the learner, a main factor for accelerating motor learning.

    “Task complexity, feedback designs, feedback variables, and modalities can be manipulated in order to optimally challenge the learner, a main factor for accelerating motor learning (Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Augmented feedback might be very effective if it explicitly provides information that implicitly mediates relevant aspects of movement to enhance performance in no-feedback conditions.

    “Accordingly, augmented feedback might be very effective if it provides information (explicitly) that mediates the relevant aspects of the movement implicitly to best enhance performance in no-feedback conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
162 of 162

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The best way to provide augmented feedback is a matter of controversy.

    “However, discussion of the way to most effectively provide augmented feedback has been controversial.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prior studies have mainly used simple or artificial tasks with visual feedback.

    “Related studies have focused primarily on simple or artificial tasks enhanced by visual feedback.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Recent technical advances allow researchers to study complex realistic motor tasks and to use auditory, haptic, or multimodal feedback.

    “Recently, technical advances have made it possible also to investigate more complex, realistic motor tasks and to implement not only visual, but also auditory, haptic, or multimodal augmented feedback.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Intrinsic feedback is always present during motor learning.

    “Intrinsic or internal feedbacks-that is, sensory afferences-are always present during motor learning.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The effect of error visualization type on visual augmented feedback effectiveness has not been systematically evaluated.

    “In general, the impact of the type of error visualization-that is, of the actual and the desired motor behavior-on the effectiveness of visual augmented feedback has not been systematically evaluated so far.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Knowledge about how to design simulators with augmented feedback to exploit their potential is still limited.

    “However, to date, knowledge about how to design simulators including augmented feedback in order to exploit their potential is still limited.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most concurrent feedback is displayed visually because this is seen as natural and easy.

    “Most commonly, concurrent feedback is displayed visually, since this is, at first glance, the most natural and easiest way.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many motor tasks are impossible or much harder without vision.

    “Many motor tasks are impossible or, at least, are much harder to perform without vision-for example, walking on an uneven terrain, hitting a tennis ball, or skiing.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The optimal rate for fading feedback is usually unknown.

    “However, the optimal fading rate is commonly unknown.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Different visualizations have rarely been compared systematically in motor learning.

    “A systematic comparison of different visualizations has rarely been done in the field of motor learning”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Out-of-phase coordination tasks require controlling two independent effectors according to a common movement plan.

    “The challenge of out-of-phase coordination tasks is that two independent effectors have to be controlled in accordance with a common movement plan.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most sports are cognitively mastered in response to visually perceived information.

    “Although auditory information has an impact on performance, most sports are cognitively mastered in response to visually perceived information.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Listening to auditory displays is less common than viewing visual displays.

    “Applied functions and metaphors have to be carefully selected, since listening to auditory displays is less common than viewing visual displays.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Position control is ineffective for motor learning because the central nervous system loops between proprioceptive input and motor output are not strengthened.

    “Position control is assumed to be ineffective for motor learning because those motor control loops in the central nervous system between proprioceptive input and motor output are not strengthened even though they are important especially for improving dynamic tasks (Shadmehr & Mussa-Ivaldi, 1994).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    A ceiling effect impeded learning in both vibrotactile and visual feedback conditions in expert rowers.

    “However, a ceiling effect was present and was assumed to impede learning in either condition (van Erp et al., 2006).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Pitch changes of 10% are noticeable by almost every healthy learner.

    “but in principle, pitch changes of 10 % should be noticeable by almost every healthy learner.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The optimal motor-learning condition is an environment that challenges users according to their actual performance, learning progress, individual skills, and biomechanics.

    “In general, the optimal learning condition may be given in an environment that challenges users depending on actual performance, learning progress, individual skills, and biomechanics.”
17 of 17

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Supplementing vision with auditory information can increase operator awareness, especially during high visual load.

    “Supplementing vision with auditory information can increase operator's awareness, especially during high visual load [2], [26].”

    From Study of Multimodal Interfaces and the Improvements on Teleoperation (2020) · cites this paper as [2]

    In “Audiovisual feedback enhances perception,” the review says distributing information across vision and hearing is appropriate in navigation tasks where vision is highly loaded, and reports improved flight or driving performance. It does not establish increased operator awareness; it also reports that audiovisual feedback can be detrimental in tasks with high overall workload. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Multimodal design decisions are of paramount importance before implementing any kind of sensory feedback.

    “In addition, multimodal design decisions are of paramount importance before implementing any kind of sensory feedback [2].”

    From Study of Multimodal Interfaces and the Improvements on Teleoperation (2020) · cites this paper as [2]

    In “Theoretical considerations promoting multimodal feedback,” the review stresses choosing appropriate modalities and exploiting their specific advantages. “General suggestions on future application of augmented feedback” likewise recommends selecting a feedback design after identifying the relevant movement variable. The claim extends this advice beyond the review’s context of augmented feedback for motor learning to “any kind of sensory feedback.” (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The results provide evidence for the untested hypothesis of Sigrist et al. [2].

    “These results provide evidence to the untested hypothesis of [2].”

    From Study of Multimodal Interfaces and the Improvements on Teleoperation (2020) · cites this paper as [2]

  • Augmented feedback through visual, auditory or haptic modalities effectively enhances motor learning.

    “Augmented feedback, through the use of visual, auditory or haptic modalities, has been shown to effectively enhances motor learning [38].”

    From Eyes-Off Your Fingers: Gradual Surface Haptic Feedback Improves Eyes-Free Touchscreen Interaction (2022) · cites this paper as [38]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Audio-haptic motor-learning research is both described and said not to exist

    Minor

    The review says concurrent audio-haptic feedback has not been investigated for motor learning, but earlier describes piano-playing experiments with audio-haptic guidance and retention tests.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 19

  1. Chollet, D., Madani, M., & Micallef, J. P. (1992). Biomechanics and medicine in swimming, chapter Effects of two types of biomechanical bio-feedback on crawl performance (pp. 57–62). London: E & FN Spon.
  2. Chollet, D., Micallef, J. P., & Rabischong, P. (1988). Swimming Science V, chapter Biomechanical signals for external biofeedback to improve swimming techniques (pp. 389–396). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Books.
  3. Effenberg, A. O. (2000b). Zum Potential komplexer akustischer Bewegungsinformationen für die Technikansteuerung. Leistungssport, 5, 19–25.
  4. Effenberg, A., & Mechling, H. (1999). Zur Funktion audiomotorischer Verhaltenskomponenten. Sportwissenschaft, 29, 200–215.
  5. Effenberg, A. O., & Mechling, H. (1998). Bewegung hörbar machen — Warum? Zur Perspektive einer systematischen Umsetzung von Bewegung in Klänge. Psychologie und Sport, 5(1), 28–38.
  6. Flash, T., & Gurevich, I. (1991). Human motor adaptation to external loads (Vol. 13).
  7. Grey, J. M. (1975). An Exploration of Musical Timbre. PhD thesis, CCRMA Dept. of Music, Stanford University.
  8. Ho, C., Basdogan, C., Slater, M., Durlach, N., & Srinivasan, M. (1998). An experiment on the influence of haptic communication on the sense of being together. In BT Presence Workshop. Citeseer.
  9. Kruber, D. (1984). Untersuchung zur visuellen Gestaltung von Arbeitskarten im Sport. In R. Daugs (Ed.), 1. Berliner Workshop Medien im Sport: Visualisation sensomotorischer Lehrmedien (pp. 67–79). Berlin, Germany: Akademieschrift der FVA des DSB.
  10. Mononen, K. (2007). The effect of augmented feedback on motor skill learning in shooting. PhD thesis, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
  11. Neuhoff, J. G., & Wayand, J. (2002). Pitch change, sonification, and musical expertise: Which way is up? In International Conference on Auditory Displays, Kyoto, Japan.
  12. Ohta, K., Umegaki, K., Murofushi, K., A., K., & Sakurai, S. (2009). Training aid system for hammer throw based on accelerometry. In Proceedings of the XXIInd Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics.
  13. Rochat, P., & Senders, S. (1991). Active touch in infancy: Action systems in development. Infant attention: Biological constraints and the influence of experience (pp. 412–442).
  14. Underwood, S. M. (2009). Effects of augmented real-time auditory feedback on top-level precision shoting performance. Master’s thesis, University of Kentucky.
  15. Van der Linde, R. Q., Lammertse, P., Frederiksen, E., & Ruiter, B. (2002). The hapticmaster, a new high-performance haptic interface. In Proceedings of Eurohaptics (pp. 1–5). Citeseer.
  16. Vogt, K. (2008). Sonification in computational physics-qcd-audio. In Proceedings of SysMus-1st International Conference of Students of Systematic Musicology, Graz, Austria.
  17. Walker, B. N., & Nees, M. A. (2011). Theory of sonification, volume The Sonification Handbook. New York: Academic Press.
  18. Wallis, I., Ingalls, T., Rikakis, T., Olson, L., Chen, Y., Xu, W., & Sundaram, H. (2007). Real-time sonification of movement for an immersive stroke rehabilitation environment. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Auditory Display, Montréal, Canada.
  19. Yamamoto, G., Shiraki, K., Takahata, M., Sakane, Y., & Takebayashi, Y. (2004). Multimodal knowledge for designing new sound environments. In The International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. Citeseer.

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Authors
Sigrist, R., Rauter, G., Riener, R., & Wolf, P.
Affiliations
ETH Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author
Sigrist, Roland
ORCID
Venue
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2012-11-07
Volume
20
Issue
1
Pages
21-53
ISSN
  • 1069-9384 (ISSN-L)
  • 1531-5320
DOI
10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8
OpenAlex
W2058543238
Semantic Scholar
13efed1501fea7fee3293c3f0e2a184e18b3ff69
Cited by
1,416
References
337
Citations by year
2026: 173 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 25
FWCI
2.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
  • Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • ETH Zürich Research Collection
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords
augmented feedback, motor learning, visual feedback, auditory feedback, haptic feedback, multimodal feedback, motor learning theory
MeSH terms
Acoustic Stimulation, Humans, Learning, Motor Skills, Photic Stimulation, Feedback, Psychological, Feedback, Sensory

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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