The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effectiveness of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of arachnophobia using 3D games
Abstract
Buying or creating a virtual reality (VR) software is very costly. A less expensive alternative could be to modify already existing 3D computer games. The goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of in virtuo exposure in the treatment of arachnophobia using modified 3D games. Participants were 10 women and 1 man. Virtual worlds were created using the game editor of a 3D computer game (Half-Life), modified to offer graduals hierarchies of fearful stimuli (spiders). Analyses revealed significant improvement between pre and post results on the behavioral avoidance test, the Spider Beliefs Questionnaire, and perceived self-efficacy. These promising results suggest that therapy using virtual reality exposure via a modified computer game is useful in the treatment of arachnophobia.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“other studies on the treatment of arachnophobia report above 80% female participants [18,36]”
From Virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of spiders: an open trial and feasibility study of a new treatment for arachnophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, data from the present study also coincide with findings from studies where VR was used to treat SP (animal subtype), such as those by [31, 33–35,75,76]; where VR was effective in reducing the fear and avoidance experienced by the participants.”
From In Vivo versus augmented reality exposure in the treatment of small animal phobia: A randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
Citations
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474698565686 · Cited by 6,371
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An Enhanced Method for Quantifying Simulator Sickness
Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1993) · The International Journal of Aviation Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap0303_3 · Cited by 5,457
Rheingold, H. (1991) · Cited by 1,804
Credibility of analogue therapy rationales
Borkovec, T. D., & Nau, S. D. (1972) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(72)90045-6 · Cited by 1,553 · cited 1×
“The Treatment Credibility Questionnaire is an adaptation from Borkoveck and Nau and consists of five items [10].”
The development of a scale to measure fear
Geer, J. H. (1965) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(65)90040-9 · Cited by 777
A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying.
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Smith, S., Lee, J. H., & Price, L. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.6.1020 · Cited by 501
Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study
Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H., Carlin, A., Furness, T. A., & Botella, C. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00068-7 · Cited by 490
Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Krijn, M., Hulsbosch, A. M., de Vries, S., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00023-7 · Cited by 475
Fear of spiders’ questionnaire
Szymanski, J., & O'Donohue, W. (1995) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)00072-t · Cited by 450 · cited 1×
“The Fear of Spiders Questionnaire has 18 items that measure the severity of spider phobia and avoidance behaviors on a 7 degrees Likert scale [12].”
Virtual reality and tactile augmentation in the treatment of spider phobia: a case report
Carlin, A. S., Hoffman, H. G., & Weghorst, S. J. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00085-x · Cited by 442
Adaptation canadienne-française de la forme révisée du State-Trait Anxiety Inventory de Spielberger
Gauthier, J., & Bouchard, S. (1993) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0078881 · Cited by 407
Self-citationOne-session therapist-directed exposure vs. self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia
Öst, L.-G., Salkovskis, P. M., & Hellström, K. (1991) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80374-0 · Cited by 220 · cited 1×
“The average improvement on the BAT reported by participants receiving one session of individual therapist-directed in vivo exposure with modeling are 50% and 62% in studies by ¨Ost [20,21].”
Twelve-month follow-up of virtual reality and standard exposure therapies for the fear of flying.
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Anderson, P. L., Price, L. R., & Smith, S. G. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.2.428 · Cited by 197
Arntz, A., Lavy, E., van den Berg, G., & van Rijsoort, S. (1993) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(93)90012-q · Cited by 192
Interfaces that heal: coupling real and virtual objects to treat spider phobia
Hoffman, H. G., Garcia-Palacios, A., Carlin, A., Furness III, T. A., & Botella-Arbona, C. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc1602_08 · Cited by 144
Côté, S., & Bouchard, S. (2005) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-005-6379-x · Cited by 109
Self-citationOne-session group treatment of spider phobia
Öst, L.-G. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00022-8 · Cited by 97
Virtual Reality: In the Mind of the Beholder:
Pratt, D. R., Zyda, M., & Kelleher, K. M. (1995) · Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School) · doi:10.1109/mc.1995.10085 · Cited by 81
Virtual reality applications for exposure
Bouchard, S., Côté, S., & Richard, D. C. S. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012587421-2/50017-x · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1 · Cited by 1,090
“Virtual reality exposure Heights [327-329], flying [319,321-324], spiders [331,332], claustrophobia [330]”
BackgroundParsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007 · Cited by 994
Morina, N., Ijntema, H., Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.010 · Cited by 439
Nilsson, N. C., Nordahl, R., & Serafin, S. (2016) · Human Technology · doi:10.17011/ht/urn.201611174652 · Cited by 381
Virtual Reality Clinical Research: Promises and Challenges
Garrett, B., Taverner, T., Gromala, D., Tao, G., Cordingley, E., & Sun, C. (2018) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/10839 · Cited by 265
Metadata
- Authors
- Bouchard, S., Côté, S., St-Jacques, J., Robillard, G., & Renaud, P.
- Affiliations
- Université du Québec en Outaouais (CA)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
- Venue
- Technology and Health Care
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-03-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-27
- ISSN
- 0928-7329 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-7401
- OpenAlex
- W201965795
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Technology and Health Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- spider phobia, virtual reality exposure therapy, 3D computer games, game modification, fear hierarchy, avoidance behavior, self-efficacy, low-cost treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Canada, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Software, Spiders, User-Computer Interface, Treatment Outcome, Video Games, Imaging, Three-Dimensional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
