One-session therapist-directed exposure vs. self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia
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To control procedural fidelity, the assessment and treatment protocol were available, with specific instructions for both conditions based on the OST protocol.
“To control procedural fidelity, the assessment and treatment protocol were available. In fact, specific instructions for conducting both conditions (IVE or ARE) were presented, based on the OST protocol [44,45,54].”
From In Vivo versus augmented reality exposure in the treatment of small animal phobia: A randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [54]
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“Patients are exposed to blood/injury stimuli in a graduated fashion while being instructed to tense their muscles in order to raise their blood pressure, thereby preventing fainting in the presence of blood or injections (Öst et al., 1991; Öst, Sterner, & Fellenius, 1989).”
BackgroundFear of spiders’ questionnaire
Szymanski, J., & O'Donohue, W. (1995) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)00072-t · Cited by 450 · see citing works
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“Behavior avoidance test (BAT) (adapted from Öst et al., 1991b) Presence Degree of belief in catastrophic thought (assessed daily on scale from Fear and avoidance scales (adapted from Marks and Mathews, 1979) Fear of spiders questionnaire (FSQ) (Szymanski and O’Donohue presence measures the level…”
National Trends in the Use of Outpatient Psychotherapy
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“Our protocol of prolonged stimulus presentations resembles the principle of exposure therapy, which is successfully used for the treatment of phobias and posttraumatic stress disorder (Wolpe, 1958; Bartling et al., 1980; Ost et al., 1991; Foa and Riggs, 1993).”
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“Results of this research found that SA treatments yielded significant benefits, with only a few exceptions (i.e., Girodo & Henry, 1976; Hellstrom & Öst, 1995; Öst et al., 1991).”
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One-Session Treatment of Specific Phobias: A Detailed Description and Review of Treatment Efficacy
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“The AR system was applied using the guidelines for “one-session treatment” from Öst-treatment [12].”
Treating Cockroach Phobia With Augmented Reality
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“The AR exposure therapy was applied using the “one-session treatment” guidelines developed by Öst, Salkovskis, and Hellström (1991).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMiloff, A., Lindner, P., Dafgård, P., Deak, S., Garke, M., Hamilton, W., Heinsoo, J., Kristoffersson, G., Rafi, J., Sindemark, K., et al. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.004 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
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“The average improvement on the BAT reported by participants receiving one session of individual therapist-directed in vivo exposure with modeling are 50% and 62% in studies by ¨Ost [20,21].”
A meta-analytic study of self-help interventions for anxiety problems.
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One-session group treatment of spider phobia
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Self-citationAugmented Reality: A Brand New Challenge for the Assessment and Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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“and Treatment of Psychological Disorders Irene Alice Chicchi Giglioli,1 Federica Pallavicini,1 Elisa Pedroli,1 Silvia Serino,1 and Giuseppe Riva1,2 1Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy 2Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan,…”
MethodInfluentialOne versus five sessions of exposure in the treatment of flying phobia
Öst, L.-G., Brandberg, M., & Alm, T. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00077-6 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
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“The BAT [35] will feature 13 steps (scored 0–12) corresponding to sequentially closer contact with the spider.”
BackgroundInfluentialJenike, M. A. (1983) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(83)90098-6 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Phobic disorders and panic in adults: A guide to assessment and treatment.
Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10348-000 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
One versus five sessions of exposure in the treatment of injection phobia
Öst, L.-G., Hellström, K., & Kåver, A. (1992) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80385-5 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
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“Secondly, following Öst’s recommendation (Öst et al., 1991), participants are advised to continue confronting cockroach-related phobic situations after therapy in order to completely surmount the problem.”
BackgroundMixing realities? An application of augmented reality for the treatment of cockroach phobia
Botella, C. M., Juan, M. C., Baños, R. M., Alcañiz, M., Guillén, V., & Rey, B. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.162 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
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Self-citationApplied tension, exposure in vivo, and tension-only in the treatment of blood phobia
Öst, L.-G., Fellenius, J., & Sterner, U. (1991) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(91)90006-o · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in the Psychosocial Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
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Phobic beliefs: Do cognitive factors play a role in specific phobias?
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Self-citationComparison between one-session psychological treatment and benzodiazepine in dental phobia.
Thom, A., Sartory, G., & Jöhren, P. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.3.378 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
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“The therapist’s instructions to the participants followed the recommendations of Öst, Salkovskis, and Hellström [54]: his/her role is to encourage the participant and collaborate with him/her to advance in the treatment objectives.”
MethodCounterconditioning in the treatment of spider phobia: effects on disgust, fear and valence.
de Jong, P. D., Vorage, I., & van den Hout, M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00135-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
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One versus five sessions of applied tension in the treatment of blood phobia
Hellström, K., Fellenius, J., & öst, L.-G. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00060-7 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Wells, S., Polglase, K., Andrews, H. B., Carrington, P., & Baker, A. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10189 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“…major studies in this area –– researchers used ads in local newspapers to recruit, as well as, in some cases, some physician referrals (see Bandura, 1969; Ost et al, 1991; Hellstrom & Ost, 1993; Ost, 1996; Ost et al.1997; Ost et al. 1998; Muris, Merckelbach, Holdrinet, & Sijsenaar 1998; Muris…”
BackgroundIntensive one-session treatment of specific phobias
Davis, T. E., Ollendick, T., & Öst, L.-G. (2012) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3253-1 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“In previous research, I have developed and evaluated a specific treatment method for blood phobia called applied tension (Öst et al. 1991; Öst and Sterner 1987; Öst et al. 1989).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationChoking phobia: A review of the literature
McNally, R. J. (1994) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(94)90174-0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Andersson, G., Waara, J., Jonsson, U., Malmaeus, F., Carlbring, P., & Öst, L. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902931326 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“On the BAT the Öst et al. (1991) patients had a pretreatment mean of 6.5, and the Hellström and Öst (1995) patients a mean of 4.2, compared with 6.3 for the current sample.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationSuso‐Ribera, C., Fernández‐Álvarez, J., García‐Palacios, A., Hoffman, H. G., Bretón-López, J. M., Baños, R., Quero, S., & Botella, C. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0672 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“The behavioral avoidance test (BAT) is an objective, observational test of the patient’s behavior, to measure clinical progress in overcoming phobias through exposure to the feared object.(29) In all the studies, a sealed container containing a live cockroach or a spider was placed on a table inside a room.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-Efficacy, Anxiety, and Phobic Disorders
Williams, S. L. (1995) · The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6868-5_3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
One-session group therapy of spider phobia: direct versus indirect treatments.
Öst, L.-G., Ferebee, I., & Furmark, T. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00028-4 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationAn event-related potential study on exposure therapy for patients suffering from spider phobia
Leutgeb, V., Schäfer, A., & Schienle, A. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.09.003 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“One week later, the therapy group received a single-session cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) of up to 4 h according to Öst (1989, 1996), Öst et al. (1991).”
MethodOne- vs. five-session treatment of dental phobia: A randomized controlled study
Haukebø, K., Skaret, E., Öst, L., Raadal, M., Berg, E., Sundberg, H., & Kvale, G. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.09.006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationHandbook of Brief Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
(2001) · International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance · doi:10.1108/ijhcqa.2001.06214dae.012 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“For example, Öst et al. (1991) found that one session of therapist-directed exposure lasting a maximum of three hours effectively reduced fear and avoidance in spider-phobic patients.”
BackgroundFear reduction in patients with dental treatment phobia
Jöhren, P., Jackowski, J., Gängler, P., Sartory, G., & Thom, A. (2000) · British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1054/bjom.2000.0531 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Alliance, technology, and outcome in the treatment of anxious youth
Chu, B. C., Choudhury, M. S., Shortt, A. L., Pincus, D. B., Creed, T. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2004) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(04)80006-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
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Self-citationLindner, P., Rozental, A., Jurell, A., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/17807 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Approximately 1 week later, participants completed the combined interview and posttreatment assessment (BAT and self-rating scales).”
MethodInfluentialLong-term effects of cognitive behavior therapy on brain activation in spider phobia
Schienle, A., Schäfer, A., Stark, R. M., & Vaitl, D. (2009) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.11.005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Positive immediate, as well as longterm effects for cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), are well documented (Öst et al.,1991,1997; Arntz and Lavy,1993; Hellström andÖst,1995; Öst, 1996; Gotestam and Hokstad, 2002; Koch et al., 2004).”
BackgroundLindner, P., Miloff, A., Bergman, C., Andersson, G., Hamilton, W., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00116 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Since the previous trial did not include a control group with the same BAT procedure but without treatment, or even additional administration of self-report measures after the BAT but before the treatment session, the degree of confounding is unknown.”
BackgroundInfluentialAn experimental test of the role of control in spider fear
Healey, A., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Bertuzzi, V., Fratini, G., Tarquinio, C., Cannistrà, F., Granese, V., Giusti, E. M., Castelnuovo, G., & Pietrabissa, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721382 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Brief Cognitive‐Behavioral Therapy: Definition and Scientific Foundations
Hazlett‐Stevens, H., & Craske, M. G. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713020.ch1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Arntz, A., & Lavy, E. H. (1993) · Behavioural Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s0141347300017754 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: a review
Grös, D. F., & Antony, M. M. (2006) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-006-0066-3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The results demonstrated that the therapist-directed exposure performed significantly better than the self-directed exposure at reducing fear on self-report ratings, behavioral measures, and clinician ratings [ 17 ].”
MethodResultCognitive Behavior Therapy in Clinical Social Work Practice
Ronen, T., Freeman, A., Beck, A. T., Ronen, T., MacLaren, C., Freeman, A., Thyer, B. A., Myers, L. L., Gambrill, E., Carrigan, A., et al. (2006) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826104786 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Koch, E. I., Spates, C., & Himle, J. A. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“It has been shown superior to self-directed exposure (Öst et al., 1991) and to manual directed self-exposure for spider phobia treatment (Hellström & Öst, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodPresence-Inducing Media for Mental Health Applications
Riva, G., Botella, C., Baños, R., Mantovani, F., García-Palacios, A., Quero, S., Serino, S., Triberti, S., Repetto, C., Dakanalis, A., et al. (2015) · Immersed in Media · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10190-3_12 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
An augmented reality system validation for the treatment of cockroach phobia
Bretón-López, J., Quero, S., Botella, C., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R. M., & Alcañiz, M. (2010) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0170 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The study included an intensive treatment session for cockroach phobia following the protocol developed by O¨st et al. 22 During immersion, participants were exposed to the various elements included in the AR system; the therapist remained nearby (Figures 1 and 2).”
Ruhmland, M., & Margraf, J. (2001) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000050321 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Öst, L.-G., Stridh, B.-M., & Wolf, M. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10018-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationOne-Session Treatment of Specific Phobias in Children: Recent Developments and a Systematic Review
Davis, T. E., Ollendick, T. H., & Öst, L. (2018) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095608 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationActive-imaginal exposure: examination of a new behavioral treatment for cynophobia (dog phobia)
Rentz, T. O., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., Cougle, J. R., & Telch, M. J. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00041-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Öst, L.-G., Salkovskis, P. M., & Hellström, K.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Öst, Lars-Göran
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 407-422
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1992300724
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- spider phobia, specific phobia, exposure therapy, single-session intervention, long-term follow-up
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