ChatGPT in Research and Education: A SWOT Analysis of Its Academic Impact
Open accessAbstract
Advanced artificial intelligence technologies such as ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) have significantly impacted fields such as education and research in recent years. ChatGPT benefits students and educators b... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Forest plot analyses indicated standardized mean differences where AI-supported learning was dominant in experimental and quasi-experimental studies.
“The forest plot analyses indicated the standardized mean differences where AI-supported learning was dominant in all kinds of experiment and quasi-experimental researches [25].”
From HOW AI TOOLS (LIKE CHATGPT/GEMINI) AFFECT CRITICAL THINKING IN NURSING STUDENTS. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
Section 4.4 describes descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, and thematic analysis, but does not report forest plots or standardized mean differences. I searched for those terms and for AI-supported learning in experimental and quasi-experimental studies; no passage in our copy addresses the claimed result. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education
Kasneci, E., Sessler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., Hüllermeier, E., et al. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274 · Cited by 7,326 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Rudolph et al. [37] highlight how ChatGPT can structure discussions and guide group interactions, making debates more productive [60].”
Sallam, M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11060887 · Cited by 3,126 · see citing works
Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT
Cotton, D. R. E., Cotton, P. A., & Shipway, J. R. (2024) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2023.2190148 · Cited by 3,087 · see citing works
What Is the Impact of ChatGPT on Education? A Rapid Review of the Literature
Lo, C. K. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13040410 · Cited by 2,024 · see citing works
What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education
Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M. A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D. T., Huang, R., & Agyemang, B. (2023) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x · Cited by 2,003 · see citing works
ChatGPT for Education and Research: Opportunities, Threats, and Strategies
Rahman, M. M., & Watanobe, Y. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13095783 · Cited by 1,080 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Rahman et al. [34] analyze how ChatGPT aids learners in developing programming and problem-solving skills.”
InfluentialPavlik, J. V. (2023) · Journalism & Mass Communication Educator · doi:10.1177/10776958221149577 · Cited by 972 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additional research points to students viewing ChatGPT as a collaborative partner in brainstorming and enhancing self-directed learning [36,37].”
SWOT analysis applications: An integrative literature review
Benzaghta, M. A., Elwalda, A., Mousa, M., Erkan, I., & Rahman, M. (2021) · Journal of Global Business Insights · doi:10.5038/2640-6489.6.1.1148 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Kuleto, V., Ilić, M., Dumangiu, M., Ranković, M., Martins, O. M. D., Păun, D., & Mihoreanu, L. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131810424 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
A critical assessment of using ChatGPT for extracting structured data from clinical notes
Huang, J., Yang, D. M., Rong, R., Nezafati, K., Treager, C., Chi, Z., Wang, S., Cheng, X., Guo, Y., Klesse, L. J., et al. (2024) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01079-8 · Cited by 298 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In areas related to sign language recognition and smart sensing, ChatGPT can streamline the comparison of cross-lingual models and dataset-specific architectural adaptations [116,130,131].”
A systematic review of <scp>ChatGPT</scp> use in K‐12 education
Zhang, P., & Tur, G. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12599 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
ChatGPT passing USMLE shines a spotlight on the flaws of medical education
Mbakwe, A. B., Lourentzou, I., Celi, L. A., Mechanic, O. J., & Dagan, A. (2023) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000205 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
ChatGPT and Software Testing Education: Promises & Perils
Jalil, S., Rafi, S., LaToza, T. D., Moran, K., & Lam, W. (2023) · 2023 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW) · doi:10.1109/icstw58534.2023.00078 · Cited by 270 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Research has also examined ChatGPT’s use in specific subject areas, such as Economics [51], English Language [52], Law [39], Sports Science [49], Medical Education [53–55], Higher-Order Thinking [47], Mathematics [56,57], Programming [34,58], and Software Testing [59].”
ChatGPT in education: Methods, potentials, and limitations
Memarian, B., & Doleck, T. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100022 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Will ChatGPT get you caught? Rethinking of Plagiarism Detection
Khalil, M., & Er, E. (2023) · doi:10.35542/osf.io/fnh48 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
ChatGPT is not all you need. A state-of-the-art review of large generative AI models
Gozalo-Brizuela, R., & Garrido-Merchan, E. C. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2301.04655 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
ChatGPT in education: global reactions to AI innovations
Fütterer, T., Fischer, C., Alekseeva, A., Chen, X., Tate, T., Warschauer, M., & Gerjets, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42227-6 · Cited by 242 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Researchers have documented numerous ways in which AI technologies are reshaping educational systems, especially through adaptive learning, intelligent tutoring systems, and data-driven decision-making [1–4].”
Exploring learners’ experiences and perceptions of ChatGPT as a learning tool in higher education
Monib, W. K., Qazi, A., & Mahmud, M. M. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13065-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Is ChatGPT a Good Tool for T&amp;CM Students in Studying Pharmacology?
Nisar, S., & Aslam, M. S. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4324310 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Moskovich, L., & Rozani, V. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06702-0 · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recent studies have assessed ChatGPT’s performance in fields such as law, mathematics, and medical education, with varied outcomes across domains [71].”
Using ChatGPT for medical education: the technical perspective
Chan, K. Y., Yuen, T. H., & Co, M. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06785-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 83
- Cong-Lem N, Soyoof A, Tsering D. A systematic review of the limitations and associated opportunities of ChatGPT. Int J Hum. 2024;1-16. doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2344142. · DOI
- Motlagh NY, Khajavi M, Sharifi A, Ahmadi M. The impact of artificial intelligence on the evolution of digital education: a comparative study of OpenAI text generation tools including ChatGPT, Bing chat, bard, and ernie. arXiv:2309.02029v1. 2023. · arXiv
- Sain ZH, Serban R, Abdullah NB, Thelma CC. Benefits and drawbacks of leveraging ChatGPT to enhance writing skills in secondary education. At-Tadzkir: Islam Educ J. 2024;4(1):40-52. doi:10.59373/attadzkir.v4i1.79. · DOI
- Allam H, Dempere J, Lazaros E, Davison C, Kalota F, Hua D. Unleashing educational potential: Integrating ChatGPT in the classroom. In: HCT International General Education Conference (HCTIGEC 2024). Paris, France: Atlantis Press; 2025. p. 164-73.
- Kétyi A, Géring Z, Dén-Nagy I. ChatGPT from the students' point of view-Lessons from a pilot study using ChatGPT in business higher education. Soc Econ. 2025;47(1):1-21. doi:10.1556/204.2024.00007. · DOI
- Nikolopoulou K. Generative artificial intelligence and sustainable higher education: mapping the potential. J Digit Educ Technol. 2025;5(1):ep2506. doi:10.30935/jdet/15860. · DOI
- García-López IM, González González CS, Ramírez-Montoya MS, Molina-Espinosa JM. Challenges of implement- ing ChatGPT on education: systematic literature review. Int J Educ Res Open. 2025;8(5):100401. doi:10.1016/j.ijedro. 2024.100401. · DOI
- Jauhiainen JS, Bernardo Garagorry Guerra A. Educational evaluation with large language models (LLMs): ChatGPT-4 in recalling and evaluating students' written responses. J Inf Technol Educ Innov Pract. 2025;24:2. doi:10.28945/5433. · DOI
- Liu Y, Kong W, Merve K. ChatGPT applications in academic writing: a review of potential, limitations, and ethical challenges. Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmol. 2025;88(3):1-9. doi:10.5935/0004-2749.2024-0269. · DOI
- Stan MM, Dumitru C, Bucuroiu F. Investigating teachers' attitude toward integration of ChatGPT in language teaching and learning in higher education. Educ Inf Technol. 2025. doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13396-w. · DOI
- Davar NF, Ali Akber Dewan M, Zhang X. AI chatbots in education: challenges and opportunities. Information. 2025;16(3):235. doi:10.3390/info16030235. · DOI · Paper page
- Adarkwah MA, Badu SA, Osei EA, Adu-Gyamfi E, Odame J, Schneider K. ChatGPT in healthcare education: a double-edged sword of trends, challenges, and opportunities. Discov Educ. 2025;4(1):14. doi:10.1007/s44217-024- 00393-3. · DOI
- Oates A, Johnson D. ChatGPT in the classroom: evaluating its role in fostering critical evaluation skills. Int J Artif Intell Educ. 2025;1-32. doi:10.1007/s40593-024-00452-8. · DOI · Paper page
- Zeb A, Rehman FU, Bin Othayman M, Rabnawaz M. Artificial intelligence and ChatGPT are fostering knowledge sharing, ethics, academia and libraries. Int J Inf Learn Technol. 2025;42(1):67-83. doi:10.1108/ijilt-03-2024-0046. · DOI
- Benboujja F, Hartnick E, Zablah E, Hersh C, Callans K, Villamor P, et al. Overcoming language barriers in pediatric care: a multilingual, AI-driven curriculum for global healthcare education. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1337395. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1337395. · DOI
- Busuttil L, Calleja J. Teachers' beliefs and practices about the potential of ChatGPT in teaching mathematics in secondary schools. Digit Exp Math Educ. 2025;11(1):140-66. doi:10.1007/s40751-024-00168-3. · DOI
- Engelbrecht J, Oates G, de Carvalho Borba M. Artificial intelligence and social media in mathematics education. In: Social media in the changing mathematics classroom. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2025. p. 43-65. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-82837-9_3. · DOI
- Li M. The impact of ChatGPT on teaching and learning in higher education: challenges, opportunities, and future scope. In: Encyclopedia of information science and technology. 6th ed. Massey University, New Zealand: IGI Global; 2024. p. 1-20. doi: 10.4018/978-1-6684-7366-5.ch079. · DOI
- Toma RB, Yánez-Pérez I. Factors influencing undergraduates' ethical use of ChatGPT: a reasoned goal pursuit approach. Interact Learn Environ. 2025;1-20. doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2457349. · DOI
- Allam H, Dempere J, Akre V, Parakash D, Mazher N, Ahamed J. Artificial intelligence in education: an argument of chat-GPT use in education. In: 2023 9th International Conference on Information Technology Trends (ITT); 2023 May 24-25; Dubai, United Arab Emirates: IEEE; 2023. p. 151-6. doi:10.1109/ITT59889.2023.10184267. · DOI
- Choi WC, Chang CI. Advantages and limitations of open-source versus commercial large language models (LLMs): a comparative study of deepseek and OpenAI's ChatGPT. 2025. doi:10.20944/preprints202503.1081.v2. · DOI
- Hossain MK, Al Younus MA. Teachers' perspectives on integrating ChatGPT into EFL writing instruction. TESOL Commun. 2025;4(1):41-60. doi:10.58304/tc.20250103. · DOI
- Dimitriadou E, Lanitis A. A critical evaluation, challenges, and future perspectives of using artificial intelligence and emerging technologies in smart classrooms. Smart Learn Environ. 2023;10(1):12. doi:10.1186/s40561-023- 00231-3. · DOI · Paper page
- Cao J, Li M, Wen M, Cheung SC. A study on prompt design, advantages and limitations of ChatGPT for deep learning program repair. Autom Softw Eng. 2025;32(1):30. doi:10.1007/s10515-025-00492-x. · DOI
- Rudolph J, Tan S, Tan S. ChatGPT: bullshit spewer or the end of traditional assessments in higher education? J Appl Learn Teach. 2023;6(1):342-63. doi:10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.9. · DOI · Paper page
- Fijačko N, Gosak L, Štiglic G, Picard CT, Douma MJ. Can ChatGPT pass the life support exams without entering the American heart association course? Resuscitation. 2023;185(1):109732. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109732. · DOI · Paper page
- Hargreaves S. Words are flowing out like endless rain into a paper cup': ChatGPT & law school assessments. SSRN. 2023. [cited 2023 Mar 10]. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4359407.
- Topsakal O, Topsakal E. Framework for a foreign language teaching software for children utilizing AR, voicebots and ChatGPT (large language models). J Cogn Syst. 2022;7(2):33-8. doi:10.52876/jcs.1227392. · DOI
- Zhai X. ChatGPT for next generation science learning. SSRN J. 2023. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4331313. · DOI · Paper page
- Baidoo-Anu D, Owusu Ansah L. Education in the era of generative artificial intelligence (AI): understanding the potential benefits of ChatGPT in promoting teaching and learning. SSRN J. 2023. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4337484. · DOI · Paper page
- Wang X, Gong Z, Wang G, Jia J, Xu Y, Zhao J, et al. ChatGPT performs on the Chinese national medical licensing examination. J Med Syst. 2023;47(1):86. doi:10.1007/s10916-023-01961-0. · DOI
- Susnjak T. ChatGPT: the end of online exam integrity? arXiv:2212.09292v1. 2022. · arXiv
- Choi JH, Hickman KE, Monahan A, Schwarcz D. ChatGPT goes to law school. SSRN. 2023. [cited 2023 Mar 10]. Available from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4335905.
- Perkins M. Academic Integrity considerations of AI Large Language Models in the post-pandemic era: ChatGPT and beyond. J Univ Teach Learn Pract. 2023;20(2). doi:10.53761/1.20.02.07. · DOI · Paper page
- Geerling W, Mateer GD, Wooten J, Damodaran N. ChatGPT has mastered the principles of economics: now what? SSRN J. 2023. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4356034. · DOI
- de Winter JCF. Can ChatGPT pass high school exams on English language comprehension? 2023. [cited 2023 Mar 1]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366659237_Can_ChatGPT_pass_high_school_ exams_on_English_Language_Comprehension.
- Kung TH, Cheatham M, Medenilla A, Sillos C, De Leon L, Elepaño C, et al. Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models. PLoS Digit Health. 2023;2(2):e0000198. doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198. · DOI · Paper page
- Abouammoh N, Alhasan K, Aljamaan F, Raina R, Malki KH, Altamimi I, et al. Perceptions and earliest experi- ences of medical students and faculty with ChatGPT in medical education: qualitative study. JMIR Med Educ. 2025;11:e63400. doi:10.2196/63400. · DOI
- Görgülü D, Coşkun F, Demir M, Sipahioglu M. A psychometric analysis of the artificial intelligence skills scale developed through ChatGPT. Educ Inf Technol. 2025. doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13294-7. · DOI
- Frieder S, Pinchetti L, Chevalier A, Griffiths RR, Salvatori T, Lukasiewicz T, et al. Mathematical capabilities of ChatGPT. arXiv:2301.13867v2. 2023. · arXiv
- Pepin B, Buchholtz N, Salinas-Hernández U. Mathematics education in the era of ChatGPT: investigating its mean- ing and use for school and university education-editorial to special issue. Digit Exp Math Educ. 2025;11(1):1-8. doi:10.1007/s40751-025-00173-0. · DOI
- Gilson A, Safranek CW, Huang T, Socrates V, Chi L, Taylor RA, et al. How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination (USMLE)? the implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Med Educ. 2023;9(4):e45312. doi:10.2196/45312. · DOI · Paper page
- De Leon Evangelista E. Ensuring academic integrity in the age of ChatGPT: rethinking exam design, assessment strategies, and ethical AI policies in higher education. Contemp Educ Technol. 2025;17(1):ep559. doi:10.30935/ cedtech/15775. · DOI · Paper page
- Mogali SR. Initial impressions of ChatGPT for anatomy education. Anat Sci Educ. 2024;17(2):444-7. doi:10.1002/ ase.2261. · DOI · Paper page
- Megahed FM, Chen YJ, Ferris JA, Knoth S, Jones-Farmer LA. How generative AI models such as ChatGPT can be (mis)used in SPC practice, education, and research? an exploratory study. arXiv:2302.10916v1. 2023. · arXiv
- Bishop L. A computer wrote this paper: what ChatGPT means for education, research, and writing. SSRN J. 2023. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4338981. · DOI
- Ventayen RJM. OpenAI ChatGPT-generated results: similarity index of artificial intelligence-based contents. In: Soft computing for security applications. Singapore: Springer; 2023. p. 215-26. doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3608-3_15. · DOI
- Stutz P, Elixhauser M, Grubinger-Preiner J, Linner V, Reibersdorfer-Adelsberger E, Traun C, et al. Ch(e)atGPT? an anecdotal approach addressing the impact of ChatGPT on teaching and learning GIScience. GI_Forum. 2023;1:140-7. doi:10.1553/giscience2023_01_s140. · DOI · Paper page
- Qadir J. Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON); 2023 May 1-4; Kuwait, Kuwait: IEEE; 2023. p. 1-9. doi:10.1109/EDUCON54358.2023.10125121. · DOI · Paper page
- Al-Naser Y, Halka F, Ng B, Mountford D, Sharma S, Ken N, et al. Evaluating artificial intelligence competency in education: performance of ChatGPT-4 in the American registry of radiologic technologists (ARRT) radiography certification exam. Acad Radiol. 2025;32(2):597-603. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2024.08.009. · DOI
- Han Z, Battaglia F, Udaiyar A, Fooks A, Terlecky SR. An explorative assessment of ChatGPT as an aid in medical education: use it with caution. Med Teach. 2024;46(5):657-64. doi:10.1080/0142159x.2023.2271159. · DOI
- Burisch C, Bellary A, Breuckmann F, Ehlers J, Thal SC, Sellmann T, et al. ChatGPT-4 performance on German continuing medical education-friend or foe (trick or treat)? protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2025;14:e63887. doi:10.2196/63887. · DOI
- Zeng H, Zhu Z, Hu J, Cui Y. Application of ChatGPT-assisted problem-based learning teaching method in clinical medical education. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1):50. doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06321-1. · DOI
- Yu H, Guo Y, Yang H, Zhang W, Dong Y. Can ChatGPT revolutionize language learning? unveiling the power of AI in multilingual education through user insights and pedagogical impact. Eur J Educ. 2025;60(1):e12749. doi:10. 1111/ejed.12749. · DOI
- Luu DKC, Bui DBH. The utilization of chat-GPT 3.5 for vocabulary learning: a study on students' perceptions. Acoj. 2025;16(1):226-52. doi:10.54855/acoj.2516111. · DOI
- Newton PM. ChatGPT performance on MCQ-based exams. 2023. doi:10.35542/osf.io/sytu3. · DOI
- Sun H. Are ChatGPT's knowledge and interpretation ability comparable to those of medical students in Korea for taking a parasitology examination?: a descriptive study. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2023;20:1. doi:10.3352/jeehp.2023. 20.1. · DOI · Paper page
- Khairatun Hisan U, Miftahul Amri M. ChatGPT and medical education: a double-edged sword. J Pedagogy Educ Sci. 2023;2(1):71-89. doi:10.56741/jpes.v2i01.302. · DOI · Paper page
- Vebibina A, Rusijono R, Mariono A, Muafa A, Kurniawan D, Sugeng Dewantoro R, et al. 11 key strategies in using AI chatGPT to develop HOTS-based entrepreneurship questionnaires. Qubahan Acad J. 2025;5(1):33-62. doi:10. 48161/qaj.v5n1a1134. · DOI
- Songsiengchai S. Implementation of artificial intelligence (AI): ChatGPT for effective English language learning among Thai students in higher education. Int J Educ Lit Stud. 2025;13(1):302-12. doi:10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.13n.1p.302. · DOI
- Karafil B, Uyar A. Exploring knowledge, attitudes, and practices of academics in the field of educational sciences towards using ChatGPT. Educ Inf Technol. 2025. doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13291-w. · DOI
- Ali F, OpenAI Inc C. Let the devil speak for itself: should ChatGPT be allowed or banned in hospitality and tourism schools? J Glob Hosp Tour. 2023;2(1):1-6. doi:10.5038/2771-5957.2.1.1016. · DOI
- Khan RA, Jawaid M, Khan AR, Sajjad M. ChatGPT-Reshaping medical education and clinical management. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(2). doi:10.12669/pjms.39.2.7653. · DOI · Paper page
- Al-Worafi YM, Hermansyah A, Goh KW, Ming LC. Artificial intelligence use in university: should we ban ChatGPT? 2023. [cited 2023 Mar 1]. Available from: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202302.0400/v1.
- Chang CC, Hwang GJ. ChatGPT-facilitated professional development: evidence from professional trainers' learning achievements, self-worth, and self-confidence. Interact Learn Environ. 2025;33(1):883-900. doi:10.1080/ 10494820.2024.2362798. · DOI
- Schulze Balhorn L, Weber JM, Buijsman S, Hildebrandt JR, Ziefle M, Schweidtmann AM. Empirical assessment of ChatGPT's answering capabilities in natural science and engineering. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):4998. doi:10.1038/s41598- 024-54936-7. · DOI
- King MR, chatGPT. A conversation on artificial intelligence, chatbots, and plagiarism in higher education. Cell Mol Bioeng. 2023;16(1):1-2. doi:10.1007/s12195-022-00754-8. · DOI · Paper page
- Willems J. Chatgpt at universities-the least of our concerns; 2023. [cited 2023 Mar 1]. Available from: https://ssrn. com/abstract=4334162.
- Fareed MW. Introducing ChatGPT to education in science museums: a conceptual framework. J Mus Educ. 2025. doi:10.1080/10598650.2024.2440287. · DOI
- Fotaris P, Mastoras T, Lameras P. Designing educational escape rooms with generative AI: a framework and ChatGPT prompt engineering guide. Eur Conf Games Based Learn. 2023;17(1):180-9. doi:10.34190/ecgbl.17.1.1870. · DOI
- Sánchez-Ruiz LM, Moll-López S, Nuñez-Pérez A, Moraño-Fernández JA, Vega-Fleitas E. ChatGPT challenges blended learning methodologies in engineering education: a case study in mathematics. Appl Sci. 2023;13(10):6039. doi:10.3390/app13106039. · DOI
- Plevris V, Papazafeiropoulos G, Jiménez Rios A. Chatbots put to the test in math and logic problems: a comparison and assessment of ChatGPT-3. 5, ChatGPT-4, and google bard. AI. 2023;4(4):949-69. doi:10.3390/ai4040048. · DOI
- Bouriami A, Takhdat K, Barkatou S, Chiki H, Boussaa S, El Adib AR. Insights into nurse educators' use of ChatGPT in active teaching methods: a cross-sectional pilot study. Educ Médica. 2025;26(2):101006. doi:10.1016/j.edumed. 2024.101006. · DOI
- Ugraş H, Ugraş M. ChatGPT in early childhood STEM education: can it be an innovative tool to overcome challenges? Educ Inf Technol. 2025;30(4):4277-305. doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12960-0. 100. · DOI
- Valeri F, Nilsson P, Cederqvist AM. Exploring students' experience of ChatGPT in STEM education. Comput Educ Artif Intell. 2025;8(1):100360. doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100360. 101. Tan AA, Huda M, Rohim MA, Hassan TRR, Ismail A, Siregar M. ChatGPT in supporting education instruction sector: An empirical. In: Proceedings of Ninth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology: ICICT 2024; 2025; London: Springer Nature. Vol. 9, 13 p. 102. Feng Z, Hu G, Li B, Wang J. Unleashing the power of ChatGPT in finance research: opportunities and challenges. Financ Innov. 2025;11(1):93. doi:10.1186/s40854-025-00770-3. 103. Piszcz A, Rojek I, Mikołajewski D. Impact of virtual reality on brain-computer interface performance in IoT control-review of current state of knowledge. Appl Sci. 2024;14(22):10541. doi:10.3390/app142210541. 104. · DOI
- Luzzi M, Guerriero F, Maratea M, Greco G, Garofalo M. ChatGPT and operations research: evaluation on the shortest path problem. Soft Comput. 2025;29(3):1407-18. doi:10.1007/s00500-025-10505-2. 119. Ay BT, Mercan ÖB, Helli SS, Tanberk S. Data augmentation with ChatGPT for text to sign language gloss translation. In: 2024 International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA); 2024 Oct 24-25; Stary Smokovec, Slovakia: IEEE; 2024. p. 14-21. doi:10.1109/ICETA63795.2024.10850860. 120. Xie E, Xiong G, Yang H, Coleman O, Kennedy M, Zhang A. Leveraging grounded large language models to auto- mate educational presentation generation. In: Large foundation models for educational assessment. Vancouver, BC, Canada: PMLR; 2025. p. 207-20. 121. Koubaa A, Boulila W, Ghouti L, Alzahem A, Latif S. Exploring ChatGPT capabilities and limitations: a survey. IEEE Access. 2023;11:118698-721. doi:10.1109/access.2023.3326474. 122. Reyes Palomino SE. AI-enhanced language design -ChatGPT: bibliometric analysis and potential uses in the conservation and restoration of tropical ecosystems. Rev Kawsaypacha Soc Y Medio Ambiente. 2025;2025(15):D-7. doi:10.18800/kawsaypacha.202501.d007. 123. Miah ASM, Shin J, Islam MM, Abdullah, Molla MKI. Natural human emotion recognition based on various mixed reality (MR) games and electroencephalography (EEG) signals. In: 2022 IEEE 5th Eurasian Conference on Educational Innovation (ECEI); 2022 Feb 10-12; Taipei, Taiwan: IEEE. p. 408-11. doi:10.1109/ECEI53102.2022. 9829482. 124. Lin CCJ, Krzyz EZ, Tsai SHL, Wang YC, Chang CW, Lin TY, et al. A comparative analysis between ChatGPT versus NASS clinical guidelines for adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. NASSJ. 2025;22(4):100599. doi:10.1016/j.xnsj. 2025.100599. 125. Almanasra S, Suwais K. Analysis of ChatGPT-generated codes across multiple programming languages. IEEE Access. 2025;13:23580-96. doi:10.1109/access.2025.3538050. 126. Taktak F. AI-enhanced geomatics engineering: innovative solutions and applications using ChatGPT, an advanced AI language model. Int J Eng Geosci. 2025;10(1):36-45. doi:10.26833/ijeg.1510209. 127. Saparamadu PVIN, Sepasgozar S, Guruge RND, Jayasena HS, Darejeh A, Ebrahimzadeh SM, et al. Optimising contract interpretations with large language models: a comparative evaluation of a vector database-powered chatbot vs. ChatGPT Buildings. 2025;15(7):1144. doi:10.3390/buildings15071144. 128. · DOI
- Tian F, Lu Y, Liu F, Ma G, Zong N, Wang X, et al. Supervised abnormal event detection based on ChatGPT attention mechanism. Multimed Tools Appl. 2024;83(41):89501-19. doi:10.1007/s11042-024-18551-y. 129. Sufi F. Just-in-time news: an AI chatbot for the modern information age. AI. 2025;6(2):22. doi:10.3390/ai6020022. 130. Amin MM, Mao R, Cambria E, Schuller BW. A wide evaluation of ChatGPT on affective computing tasks. IEEE Trans Affect Comput. 2024;15(4):2204-12. doi:10.1109/TAFFC.2024.3419593. 131. Kowalchuk P, Grotte A, Brandsberg-Dahl S, Sabharwal V, Jensen UV. Large language model-based workflow for optimizing offset well data analysis and generating well design risk profiles. In: Offshore Technology Conference; 2025 May 5-8; Houston, TX, USA: OTC; 2025. doi:10.4043/35607-ms. 132. Wu X, Whittington D, Chen YJ, Zuo R. The role of generative AI in navigating trade-offs in policy research design: balancing validity, rigour, and innovation. J Asian Public Policy. 2024. doi:10.1080/17516234.2024.2425874. 133. Blake J, Miah ASM, Kredens K, Shin J. Detection of AI-generated texts: a Bi-LSTM and attention-based approach. IEEE Access. 2025;13(8):71563-76. doi:10.1109/access.2025.3562750. 134 · DOI
- Rashid Z, Ahmed H, Nadeem N, Zafar SB, Yousaf MZ. The paradigm of digital health: AI applications and transformative trends. Neural Comput Appl. 2025. doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11081-0. 135. Zhang H, Shao H. Exploring the latest applications of OpenAI and ChatGPT: an in-depth survey. Comput Model Eng Sci. 2024;138(3):2061-102. doi:10.32604/cmes.2023.030649. 136. Kayalı B, Yavuz M, Balat Ş, Çalışan M. Investigation of student experiences with ChatGPT-supported online learning applications in higher education. Australas J Educ Technol. 2023;39(5):20-39. doi:10.14742/ajet.8915. 137. Jamil Uddin SM, Albert A, Tamanna M, Ovid A, Alsharef A. ChatGPT as an educational resource for civil engineering students. Comp Applic Engineering. 2024;32(4):e22747. doi:10.1002/cae.22747. 138. Prakasha GS. User experiences of ChatGPT among engineering students, teachers and working professionals in India. J Educ Online. 2024;21(2). doi:10.9743/jeo.2024.21.2.12. 139. ChatGPT User Reviews-kaggle.com. [cited 2025 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/ bhavikjikadara/chatgpt-user-feedback. 140. · DOI
- Team G, Georgiev P, Lei VI, Burnell R, Bai R, Gulati L, et al. Gemini 1.5: unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context. arXiv:2403.05530v5. 2024. 155. Kuo M, Zhang J, Ding A, Wang Q, DiValentin L, Bao Y, et al. H-CoT: hijacking the chain-of-thought safety reasoning mechanism to jailbreak large reasoning models, including OpenAI o1/o3, DeepSeek-R1, and Gemini 2.0 flash thinking. arXiv:2502.12893. 2025. 156. Menendez HD, Bello-Orgaz G, Atencia CR. DeepStableYolo: DeepSeek-driven prompt engineering and search- based optimization for AI image generation. In: XVI Congreso Espanol de Metaheuristicas, Algoritmos Evolutivos y Bioinspirados. Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain; 2025. 157. Kim D, Kim T, Kim Y, Byun YH, Yun TS. A ChatGPT-MATLAB framework for numerical modeling in geotechnical engineering applications. Comput Geotech. 2024;169(6):106237. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2024.106237. 158. Lee G, Latif E, Shi L, and Zhai X. Gemini pro defeated by GPT-4V: Evidence from education. arXiv:2401.08660. 2023. 159. Gao T, Jin J, Ke ZT, Moryoussef GA. A comparison of DeepSeek and other LLMs. arXiv:2502.03688. 2025. 160. Mondillo G, Colosimo S, Perrotta A, Frattolillo V, Masino M. Comparative evaluation of advanced AI reasoning models in pediatric clinical decision support: ChatGPT O1 vs. DeepSeek-R1. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2025. 161. Belaroussi R. Subjective assessment of a built environment by ChatGPT, Gemini and Grok: comparison with architecture, engineering and construction expert perception. Big Data Cogn Comput. 2025;9(4):100. doi:10.3390/ bdcc9040100. 162. Jiang Q, Gao Z, Karniadakis GE. DeepSeek vs. ChatGPT vs. Claude: a comparative study for scientific computing and scientific machine learning tasks. Theoreti Applied Mechanic Letter. 2025;15(3):100583. 163. Rakhmatulla N, Iroda N, Kakhramonjon A, Rustambek R, Bekhzodbek R, Ruziev S. AI-powered orthodontics: revolutionizing diagnosis, planning, and education with DeepSeek, Grok 3, and ChatGPT. 2025. doi:10.20944/ preprints202503.1686.v1. 164. Kotsis KT. ChatGPT and DeepSeek evaluate one another for science education. EIKI J Eff Teach Meth. 2025;3(1). doi:10.59652/jetm.v3i1.439. 165. Maiti A, Adewumi S, Tikure TA, Wang Z, Sengupta N, Sukhanova A, et al. Comparative analysis of OpenAI GPT-4o and DeepSeek R1 for scientific text categorization using prompt engineering. arXiv:2503.02032v1. 2025. 166. AlSagri HS, Farhat F, Sohail SS, Saudagar AKJ. ChatGPT or Gemini: who makes the better scientific writing assistant? J Acad Ethics. 2024;1-15. doi:10.1007/s10805-024-09549-0. 167. Rahman A, Mahir SH, Tashrif MTA, Aishi AA, Karim MA, Kundu D, et al. Comparative analysis based on DeepSeek, ChatGPT, and Google Gemini: features, techniques, performance, future prospects. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.04783. 2025. 168. Xu P, Wu Y, Jin K, Chen X, He M, Shi D. DeepSeek-R1 outperforms Gemini 2.0 Pro, OpenAI o1, and o3-mini in bilingual complex ophthalmology reasoning. arXiv:2502.17947v1. 2025. 169. · DOI
- Marcaccini G, Seth I, Xie Y, Susini P, Pozzi M, Cuomo R, et al. Breaking bones, breaking barriers: ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Gemini in hand fracture management. J Clin Med. 2025;14(6):1983. doi:10.3390/jcm14061983. 170. Özcivelek T, Özcan B. Comparative evaluation of responses from DeepSeek-R1, ChatGPT-o1, ChatGPT-4, and den- tal GPT chatbots to patient inquiries about dental and maxillofacial prostheses. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):871. doi:10.1186/s12903-025-06267-w. 171. · DOI
- Recinella G, Altini C, Cupardo M, Cricelli I, Maestri L. Comparative accuracy of ChatGPT-o1, DeepSeek R1, and Gemini 2.0 in answering general primary care questions. medRxiv. 2025. doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.25325518. 172. Gupta R. Comparative analysis of deepseek R1, ChatGPT, Gemini, Alibaba, and LLaMA: performance, reasoning capabilities, and political bias. Authorea Preprints. 2025;1-30. doi:10.22541/au.173921625.50315230/v1. 173. Shakya R, Vadiee F, Khalil M. A showdown of ChatGPT vs DeepSeek in solving programming tasks. arXiv:2503.13549v1. 2025. 174. Fernandes D, Matos-Carvalho JP, Fernandes CM, Fachada N. DeepSeek-V3, GPT-4, Phi-4, and LLaMA-3. · DOI
- generate correct code for LoRaWAN-related engineering tasks. arXiv:2502.14926v3. 2025. 175. Manik MMH. ChatGPT vs. DeepSeek: a comparative study on AI-based code generation. arXiv:2502.18467v1. 2025. 176. Albuhairy MM, Algaraady J. ChatGPT: comparative efficacy in reasoning for adults' second language acquisition analysis. Hesj. 2025;2025(44):864-83. doi:10.55074/hesj.vi44.1313. 177. Alhur A. Redefining healthcare with artificial intelligence (AI): the contributions of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Co- pilot. Cureus. 2024;16(4):e57795. doi:10.7759/cureus.57795. 178. · DOI · Paper page
- Rane N, Choudhary S, Rane J. Gemini versus ChatGPT: applications, performance, architecture, capabilities, and implementation. J Appl Artif Intell. 2024;5(1):69-93. doi:10.48185/jaai.v5i1.1052. 179. Aydin O, Karaarslan E, Erenay FS, Bacanin N. Generative AI in academic writing: a comparison of DeepSeek, Qwen, ChatGPT, Gemini, Llama, Mistral, and Gemma. arXiv:2503.04765v2. 2025. 180. de Carvalho Souza ME, Li WG. Grok, Gemini, ChatGPT and DeepSeek: comparison and applications in conversational artificial intelligence. Inteligencia Artif. 2025;2(1):1-8. 181. Jegham N, Abdelatti M, Hendawi A. Visual reasoning evaluation of Grok, Deepseek Janus, Gemini, Qwen, Mistral, and ChatGPT. arXiv:2502.16428v1. 2025. 182. Adinath DR, Smiju IS. Advancements in AI-powered NLP models: a critical analysis of manus AI, Gemini, Grok AI, DeepSeek, and ChatGPT. 2025. doi:10.2139/ssrn.5125445. 183. Tangsrivimol JA, Darzidehkalani E, Virk HUH, Wang Z, Egger J, Wang M, et al. Benefits, limits, and risks of ChatGPT in medicine. Front Artif Intell. 2025;8:1518049. doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1518049. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
HOW AI TOOLS (LIKE CHATGPT/GEMINI) AFFECT CRITICAL THINKING IN NURSING STUDENTS. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Din, A. L. (2026) · Journal of Medical & Health Sciences Review · doi:10.65035/650ytk03 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Miah, A. S. M., Tusher, M. M. R., Hossain, M. M., Hossain, M. M., Rahim, M. A., Hamid, M. E., Islam, M. S., & Shin, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Aizu (JP)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences
- Publisher
- Tech Science Press
- Published
- 2025
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 2573-2614
- ISSN
- 1526-1492 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-1506
- OpenAlex
- W4411216727
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 7.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Aizu
- Rajshahi University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, large language models, research impact, artificial intelligence in education, SWOT analysis, generative AI
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review