CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 11Marine and fisheries researchFish Ecology and Management StudiesFish Biology and Ecology Studies

Freshwater growth can provide a survival advantage to Interior Columbia River spring Chinook salmon after ocean entry

Open access
Norrie, CR, Morgan, CA, Burke, BJ, Weitkamp, LA, Miller, JA·2022·Marine Ecology Progress Series
DOI 10.3354/meps14069
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

ABSTRACT: A prerequisite to effectively managing fish populations is to understand what factors and processes, including predation and changing environments, affect the survival of individuals. In anadromous fishes, the transition from freshwater to marine habitats is considered a critical period regulating population abundance due to high and variable mortality rates. During this period, conditions experienced in freshwater may influence size- and growth-selective mortality in the ocean. To determine if size- or growth-selective mortality occurred in juvenile Interior Columbia River spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha as they migrated through the Lower Columbia River and Estuary (LCRE) and during early marine residence, we examined 2 cohorts in years with differing survival (2016 and 2017). We reconstructed the size and growth of individual Chinook salmon from otoliths and compared these attributes in fish caught at 4 sites in the LCRE to those caught in the ocean off Oregon and Washington. We observed evidence of growth-selective mortality in 2017 but not 2016. Specifically, in 2017, when overall survival was lower, individuals caught in the ocean grew significantly faster in freshwater than individuals caught in the estuary. Given that the fish had resided in the ocean for an average of 30 d, these results indicate growth-selective mortality in 2017 occurred soon after ocean entry. The finding that growth in freshwater may impact marine survival adds to the growing body of evidence that processes occurring both prior to and after ocean entry impact the marine survival of this species.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3354/meps14069

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 89

  1. Adams J, Kaplan IC, Chasco B, Marshall KN, Acevedo- Gutiérrez A, Ward EJ (2016) A century of Chinook salmon consumption by marine mammal predators in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Ecol Inform 34:44-51 · DOI
  2. Beamish RJ, Mahnken C (2001) A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abun- dance and the linkage to climate and climate change. Prog Oceanogr 49:423-437 · DOI
  3. Beamish RJ, Mahnken C, Neville CM (2004) Evidence that reduced early marine growth is associated with lower marine survival of coho salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 133: 26-33 · DOI
  4. Beckerman AP, Rodgers GM, Dennis SR (2010) The reaction norm of size and age at maturity under multiple predator risk. J Anim Ecol 79:1069-1076 · DOI
  5. Beckman BR, Dickhoff WW, Zaugg WS, Sharpe C and others (1999) Growth, smoltification, and smolt-to-adult return of spring Chinook salmon from hatcheries on the Deschutes River, Oregon. Trans Am Fish Soc 128:1125-1150 · DOI
  6. Beckman BR, Harstad DL, Spangenberg DK, Gerstenberger RS, Brun CV, Larsen DA (2017) The impact of different hatchery rearing environments on smolt-to-adult sur- vival of spring Chinook salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 146: 539-555 · DOI
  7. Beldade R, Holbrook SJ, Schmitt RJ, Planes S, Malone D, Bernardi G (2012) Larger female fish contribute dispro- portionately more to self-replenishment. Proc R Soc B 279:2116-2121 · DOI
  8. Bond MH, Nodine TG, Beechie TJ, Zabel RW (2019) Esti- mating the benefits of widespread floodplain reconnec- tion for Columbia River Chinook salmon. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 76:1212-1226 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Brosnan IG, Welch DW, Rechisky EL, Porter AD (2014) Eval- uating the influence of environmental factors on yearling Chinook salmon survival in the Columbia River plume (USA). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 496:181-196 · DOI
  10. Brosnan IG, Welch DW, Scott MJ (2016) Survival rates of out-migrating yearling Chinook salmon in the lower Columbia River and plume after exposure to gas-super- saturated water. J Aquat Anim Health 28:240-251 · DOI
  11. Burke BJ, Peterson WT, Beckman BR, Morgan C, Daly EA, Litz M (2013) Multivariate models of adult Pacific salmon returns. PLOS ONE 8:e54134 · DOI
  12. Campbell NR, Harmon SA, Narum SR (2015) Genotyping- in-thousands by sequencing (GT-seq): a cost effective SNP genotyping method based on custom amplicon sequencing. Mol Ecol Resour 15:855-867 · DOI
  13. Chasco BE, Kaplan IC, Thomas AC, Acevedo-Gutiérrez A and others (2017) Competing tradeoffs between increas- ing marine mammal predation and fisheries harvest of Chinook salmon. Sci Rep 7:15439 · DOI
  14. Chasco B, Burke B, Crozier LC, Zabel R (2021) Differential impacts of freshwater and marine covariates on wild and hatchery Chinook salmon marine survival. PLOS ONE 16:e0246659 · DOI
  15. Chawla A, Jay DA, Baptista AM, Wilkin N, Seaton C (2008) Seasonal variability and estuary-shelf interactions in cir- culation dynamics of a river-dominated estuary. Estuar- ies Coasts 31:269-288 · DOI
  16. Chick JH, Van Den Avyle MJ (2000) Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to preda- tor attacks: implications for cohort survival. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:106-115 · DOI
  17. Chittaro P, Johnson L, Teel D, Moran P, Sol S, Macneale K, Zabel R (2018) Variability in the performance of juvenile Chinook salmon is explained primarily by when and where they resided in estuarine habitats. Ecol Freshwat Fish 27:857-873 · DOI
  18. Claiborne AM, Miller JA, Weitkamp LA, Teel DJ, Emmett RL (2014) Evidence for selective mortality in marine environments: the role of fish migration size, timing, and production type. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 515:187-202 · DOI
  19. Collis K, Roby DD, Craig DP, Ryan BA, Ledgerwood RD (2001) Colonial waterbird predation on juvenile salmo - nids tagged with passive integrated transponders in the Columbia River estuary: vulnerability of different salmo - nid species, stocks, and rearing types. Trans Am Fish Soc 130:385-396 · DOI
  20. Connor WP, Tiffan KF (2012) Evidence for parr growth as a factor affecting parr-to-smolt survival. Trans Am Fish Soc 141:1207-1218 · DOI
  21. Emmett RL, Krutzikowsky GK (2008) Nocturnal feeding of Pacific hake and jack mackerel off the mouth of the Columbia River, 1998-2004: implications for juvenile salmon predation. Trans Am Fish Soc 137:657-676 · DOI
  22. Evans AF, Hostetter NJ, Roby DD, Collis K and others (2012) Systemwide evaluation of avian predation on juvenile salmonids from the Columbia River based on recoveries of passive integrated transponder tags. Trans Am Fish Soc 141:975-989 · DOI
  23. Fennie HW, Sponaugle S, Daly EA, Brodeur RD (2020) Prey tell: what quillback rockfish early life history traits reveal about their survival in encounters with juvenile coho salmon. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 650:7-18 · DOI
  24. Fisher JP, Weitkamp LA, Teel DJ, Hinton SA and others (2014) Early ocean dispersal patterns of Columbia River Chinook and coho salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 143: 252-272 · DOI
  25. Furey NB, Bass AL, Miller KM, Shaorong L and others (2021) Infected juvenile salmon can experience increased pre- dation during freshwater migration. R Soc Open Sci 8: 201522 · DOI
  26. Gamble MM, Connelly KA, Gardner JR, Chamberlin JW, Warheit KI (2018) Size, growth, and size-selective mor- tality of subyearling Chinook salmon during early mar- ine residence in Puget Sound. Trans Am Fish Soc 147: 370-389 · DOI
  27. Garrido S, Ben-Hamadou R, Santos AMP, Ferreira S and others (2015) Born small, die young: intrinsic, size-selec- tive mortality in marine larval fish. Sci Rep 5:17065 · DOI
  28. Good TP, Weitkamp LA, Lyons DE, Roby DD, Andrews KS, Bentley PJ (2022) Availability of alternative prey influ- ences avian predation on salmonids. Estuaries Coasts (in press), doi:10.1007/s12237-022-01076-8 · DOI
  29. Gosselin JL, Zabel RW, Anderson JJ, Faulkner JR, Baptista AM, Sandford BP (2018) Conservation planning for freshwater-marine carryover effects on Chinook salmon survival. Ecol Evol 8:319-332 · DOI
  30. Grorud-Colvert K, Sponaugle S (2006) Influence of condi- tion on behavior and survival potential of a newly settled coral reef fish, the bluehead wrasse Thalassoma bifascia- tum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 327:279-288 · DOI
  31. Hansen AG, Beauchamp DA, Schoen ER (2013) Visual prey detection responses of piscivorous trout and salmon: effects of light, turbidity, and prey size. Trans Am Fish Soc 142: 854-867 · DOI
  32. Harrison XA, Blount JD, Inger R, Norris DR, Bearhop S (2011) Carry-over effects as drivers of fitness differences in animals. J Anim Ecol 80:4-18 · DOI
  33. Hickey BM, Geier S, Kachel N, MacFadyen A (2005) A bi- directional river plume: the Columbia in summer. Cont Shelf Res 25:1631-1656 · DOI
  34. Hoare DJ, Krause J, Peuhkuri N, Godin JGJ (2000) Body size and shoaling in fish. J Fish Biol 57:1351-1366 · DOI
  35. Hostetter NJ, Evand AF, Roby DD, Collis K (2012) Suscepti- bility of juvenile steelhead to avian predation: the influ- ence of individual fish characteristics and river condi- tions. Trans Am Fish Soc 141:1586-1599 · DOI
  36. Izzo C, Doubleday ZA, Grammer GL, Barnes TC and others (2016) Multi-species response to rapid environmental change in a large estuary system: a biochronological approach. Ecol Indic 69:739-748 · DOI
  37. Jay DA, Pan J, Orton PM, Horner-Devine AR (2009) Asym- metry of Columbia River tidal plume fronts. J Mar Syst 78:442-459 · DOI
  38. Johnson DW, Grorud-Colvert K, Sponaugle S, Semmens BX (2014) Phenotypic variation and selective mortality as major drivers of recruitment variability in fishes. Ecol Lett 17:743-755 · DOI
  39. Jørgensen C, Frugård Opdal A, Fiksen Ø (2014) Can behav- ioural ecology unite hypotheses for fish recruitment? ICES Mar Sci Symp 71:909-917 · DOI
  40. Khamassi S, Coussau L, Guillemette M, Robert D (2020) Evi- dence of post-larval growth-selective mortality in Atlantic mackerel revealed by the collection of young-of-the-year juveniles ingested by the northern gannet. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 650:95-106 · DOI
  41. Kraus RT, Secor DH (2004) Incorporation of strontium into oto liths of an estuarine fish. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 302: 85-106 · DOI
  42. Leung JYS, McAfee D (2020) Stress across life stages: impacts, responses and consequences for marine organ- isms. Sci Total Environ 700:134491 · DOI
  43. McCann J, Chockley E, Cooper E, Hsu B and others (2018) Comparative survival study of PIT-tagged spring/ summer/fall Chinook, summer steelhead, and sockeye: 2018 annual report. CSS Oversight Committee and Fish Passage Center, Portland, OR Meekan MG, Vigliola L, Hansen A, Doherty PJ, Halford A, Carleton JH (2006) Bigger is better: size-selective mortal- ity throughout the life history of a fast-growing clupeid, Spratelloides gracilis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 317:237-244 · DOI
  44. Miller JA (2011) Effects of water temperature and barium concentration on otolith composition along a salinity gra- dient: implications for migratory reconstructions. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 405:42-52 · DOI
  45. Miller JA, Gray A, Merz J (2010) Quantifying the contribu- tion of juvenile migratory phenotypes in a population of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 408:227-240 · DOI
  46. Miller JA, Teel DJ, Peterson WT, Baptista AM (2014) Assess- ing the relative importance of local and regional pro- cesses on the survival of a threatened salmon population. PLOS ONE 9:e99814 · DOI
  47. Miller KM, Teffer A, Tucker S, Li S and others (2014) Infec- tious disease, shifting climates, and opportunistic preda- tors: cumulative factors potentially impacting wild salmon declines. Evol Appl 7:812-855 · DOI
  48. Miller TJ, Crowder LB, Rice JA, Marschall EA (1988) Larval size and recruitment mechanisms in fishes: toward a con- ceptual framework. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45:1657-1670 · DOI
  49. Moore MP, Martin RA (2019) On the evolution of carry-over effects. J Anim Ecol 88:1832-1844 · DOI
  50. Morgan CA, Beckman BR, Weitkamp LA, Fresh KL (2019) Recent ecosystem disturbance in the Northern California Current. Fisheries (Bethesda, Md) 44:465-474 · DOI
  51. Morrice KJ, Baptista AM, Burke BJ (2020) Environmental and behavioural controls on juvenile Chinook salmon migration pathways in the Columbia River estuary. Ecol Modell 427:109003 · DOI · Paper page
  52. Morrongiello JR, Thresher RE, Hobbs NT (2015) A statistical framework to explore ontogenetic growth variation among individuals and populations: a marine fish exam- ple. Ecol Monogr 85:93-115 · DOI
  53. Naiman RJ, Alldredge JR, Beauchamp DA, Bisson PA and others (2012) Developing a broader scientific foundation for river restoration: Columbia River food webs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:21201-21207 · DOI · Paper page
  54. Neilson JD, Geen GH (1982) Otoliths of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): daily growth increments and factors influencing their production. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 39:1340-1347 · DOI
  55. Nelson BW, Shelton AO, Anderson JH, Ford MJ, Ward EJ (2019) Ecological implications of changing hatchery practices for Chinook salmon in the Salish Sea. Eco- sphere 10:e02922 NOAA Fisheries (2017) ESA recovery plan for Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tsha wyt - scha) & Snake River Basin steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/dam-migration/ final-snake-river-spring-summer-chinook-salmon-and- snake-river-steelhead-recovery-plan-2017.pdf · DOI
  56. Norris DR (2005) Carry-over effects and habitat quality in migratory populations. Oikos 109:178-186 · DOI
  57. Northwest Fisheries Science Center (2015) 2015 status re - view update for Pacific salmon and steelhead listed under the Endangered Species Act: Pacific Northwest. NMFS-NWFSC, Seattle, WA O'Connor CM, Norris DR, Crossin GT, Cooke SJ (2014) Bio- logical carryover effects: linking common concepts and mechanisms in ecology and evolution. Ecosphere 5:28 · DOI
  58. Pearcy W (1992) Ocean ecology of North Pacific salmonids. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA
  59. Petrosky CE, Schaller HA (2010) Influence of river condi- tions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steel- head. Ecol Freshwat Fish 19:520-536 · DOI
  60. Phillips EM, Horne JK, Zamon JE (2017) Predator-prey interactions influenced by a dynamic river plume. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 74:1375-1390 · DOI
  61. Phillips EM, Horne JK, Zamon JE (2021) Characterizing juvenile salmon predation risk during early marine resi- dence. PLOS ONE 16:e0247241 · DOI
  62. Quinn T (2005) The behavior and ecology of Pacific salmon and trout. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA
  63. Russell IC, Aprahamian MW, Barry J, Davidson IC and oth- ers (2012) The influence of the freshwater environment and the biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon smolts on their subsequent marine survival. ICES J Mar Sci 69:1563-1573 · DOI
  64. Saboret G, Ingram T (2019) Carryover effects of larval envi- ronment on individual variation in a facultatively diadro- mous fish. Ecol Evol 9:10630-10643 · DOI
  65. Silva L, Faria AM, Teodósio MA, Garrido S (2014) Ontogeny of swimming behaviour in sardine Sardina pilchardus larvae and effect of larval nutritional condition on critical speed. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 504:287-300 · DOI
  66. Sogard SM (1997) Size-selective mortality in the juvenile stage of teleost fishes: a review. Bull Mar Sci 60: 1129-1157
  67. Sopinka NM, Hinch SG, Middleton CT, Hills JA, Patterson DA (2014) Mother knows best, even when stressed? Effects of maternal exposure to a stressor on offspring performance at different life stages in a wild semel- parous fish. Oecologia 175:493-500 · DOI
  68. Sorel MH, Zabel RW, Johnson DS, Wargo Rub AM, Con- verse SJ (2021) Estimating population-specific predation effects on Chinook salmon via data integration. J Appl Ecol 58:372-381 · DOI
  69. Sponaugle S, Boulay JN, Rankin TL (2011) Growth-and size-selective mortality in pelagic larvae of a common reef fish. Aquat Biol 13:263-273 · DOI · Paper page
  70. Swain DP, Sinclair AF, Hanson JM (2007) Evolutionary response to size-selective mortality in an exploited fish population. Proc R Soc B 274:1015-1022 · DOI
  71. Szoboszlai AI, Thayer JA, Wood SA, Sydeman WJ, Koehn LE (2015) Forage species in predator diets: synthesis of data from the California Current. Ecol Inform 29:45-56 · DOI
  72. Takahashi M, Sassa C, Tsukamoto Y (2012) Growth-selective survival of young jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus during transition from pelagic to demersal habitats in the East China Sea. Mar Biol 159:2675-2685 · DOI
  73. Takasuka A, Aoki I, Mitani I (2003) Evidence of growth- selective predation on larval Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus in Sagami Bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 252:223-238 · DOI
  74. Takasuka A, Aoki I, Oozeki Y (2007) Predator-specific growth-selective predation on larval Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 350:99-107 · DOI
  75. Thomas AC, Weatherbee RA (2006) Satellite-measured tem- poral variability of the Columbia River plume. Remote Sens Environ 100:167-178 · DOI
  76. Todd CD, Hughes SL, Marshall CT, MacLean JC, Lonergan ME, Biuw EM (2008) Detrimental effects of recent ocean surface warming on growth condition of Atlantic salmon. Glob Change Biol 14:958-970 · DOI
  77. Tomaro LM, Teel DJ, Peterson WT, Miller JA (2012) When is bigger better? Early marine residence of middle and upper Columbia River spring Chinook salmon. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 452:237-252 · DOI
  78. Tucker S, Hipfner MJ, Trudel M (2016) Size-and condition- dependent predation: a seabird disproportionately tar- gets substandard individual juvenile salmon. Ecology 97: 461-471 · DOI
  79. Van Doornik DM, Beckman BR, Moss JH, Strasburger WW, Teel DJ (2019) Stock specific relative abundance of Columbia River juvenile Chinook salmon off the South- east Alaska coast. Deep Sea Res II 165:322-328 · DOI
  80. Vogel JL, Beauchamp DA (1999) Effects of light, prey size, and turbidity on reaction distances of lake trout (Salveli- nus namaycush) to salmonid prey. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56:1293-1297 · DOI
  81. Wargo Rub AM, Som NA, Henderson MJ, Sandford BP and others (2019) Changes in adult Chinook salmon (Onco- rhynchus tshawytscha) survival within the lower Colum- bia River amid increasing pinniped abundance. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 76:1862-1873 · DOI
  82. Weisberg S, Spangler G, Richmond LS (2010) Mixed effects models for fish growth. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 67:269-277 · DOI
  83. Weitkamp LA (2010) Marine distributions of Chinook sal - mon from the west coast of North America determined by coded wire tag recoveries. Trans Am Fish Soc 139: 147-170 · DOI
  84. Weitkamp LA, Teel DJ, Liermann M, Hinton SA, Van Doornik DM, Bentley PJ (2015) Stock-specific size and timing at ocean entry of Columbia River juvenile Chi- nook salmon and steelhead: implications for early ocean growth. Mar Coast Fish 7:370-392 · DOI · Paper page
  85. Wiese FK, Parrish JK, Thompson CW, Maranto C (2008) Ecosystem-based management of predator-prey rela- tionships: piscivorous birds and salmonids. Ecol Appl 18: 681-700 · DOI
  86. Williams RN (ed) (2006) Return to the river: restoring salmon back to the Columbia River. Academic Press, Burlington, MA · DOI
  87. Woodson LE, Wells BK, Weber PK, MacFarlane RB, Whit- man GE, Johnson RC (2013) Size, growth, and origin- dependent mortality of juvenile Chinook salmon Onco- rhynchus tshawytscha during early ocean residence. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 487:163-175 · DOI
  88. Zamon JE, Phillips EM, Guy TJ (2014) Marine bird aggre- gations associated with the tidally-driven plume and plume fronts of the Columbia River. Deep Sea Res II 107:85-95 · DOI
  89. Zimmerman CE (2005) Relationship of otolith strontium-to- calcium ratios and salinity: experimental validation for juvenile salmonids. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:88-97 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Norrie, C., Morgan, C., Burke, B., Weitkamp, L., & Miller, J.
Affiliations
  • Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
  • Oregon State University (US)
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
  • Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR 97365, USA
  • Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
Venue
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Publisher
Inter-Research Science Center
Published
2022-06-16
Volume
691
Pages
131-149
ISSN
  • 0171-8630 (ISSN-L)
  • 1616-1599
DOI
10.3354/meps14069
OpenAlex
W4285228411
Cited by
11
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1
FWCI
0.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Marine Ecology Progress Series (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Northwestern University
  • Oregon State University
  • Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
  • California Department of Fish and Wildlife
  • Bonneville Power Administration (Project# 1998-014-00, 1998-014-00)
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
  • National Marine Fisheries Service
  • Northwest Fisheries Science Center
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
Keywords
spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, size-selective mortality, juvenile salmon survival, anadromous fish, marine survival, predation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review