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Cited by 8Fish Ecology and Management StudiesMarine and fisheries researchFish Biology and Ecology Studies

Life in the Fast Lane: Feeding and Growth of Juvenile Steelhead and Chinook Salmon in Main‐Stem Habitats of the Columbia River Estuary

Open access
Weitkamp, Laurie A., Beckman, Brian R., Van Doornik, Donald M., Munguia, Angelica, Hunsicker, Mary, Journey, Meredith·2022·Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
DOI 10.1002/tafs.10376
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Abstract

Very little is known about the ecology of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. that rapidly traverse estuaries. For these species and life history types, main‐stem habitats are thought to largely function as migratory corridors rather than as productive habitats that support feeding or growth, although little research has focused on this issue. This is especially true in the highly modified Columbia River estuary, where it is unclear whether fast‐migrating salmon benefit from extensive tidal marsh restoration. To address this deficit, we sampled migratory juvenile steelhead O. mykiss and Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha at locations spread across nearly 200 km of the Columbia River estuary. Our results demonstrated that these juvenile salmon were actively feeding and growing as they moved downstream; dominant prey included chironomids, other insects, and corophiid and gammarid amphipods. We also observed variation in diet composition and quantity between years, which was likely associated with the highly contrasting river conditions. Insulin‐like growth factor 1 hormone levels and the size of juvenile salmon increased as the fish moved downstream, suggesting that prey quality and quantity were sufficient to fuel rapid growth, which may increase survival in marine waters. Our results have direct management implications for habitat restoration and suggest the potential for competition between hatchery and wild salmon. Overall, our results support a fundamental shift in the view of main‐channel estuarine habitats from serving primarily as a migration corridor to serving as productive habitat where rapidly moving salmon actively feed and grow.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Juvenile steelhead and yearling Chinook Salmon rapidly migrating through main-stem Columbia River estuary habitats were actively feeding and growing, not merely transiting. Diets were dominated by chironomids and corophiid amphipods, and size and IGF-1 increased downstream, suggesting main-channel estuarine habitat can be productive for fast migrants.

Key findings

  • Salmon were actively feeding: mean stomach fullness was 0.64% body weight for steelhead (range = 0.00–7.16% BW; n = 564) and 1.05% BW for yearling Chinook Salmon (range = 0.00–5.20% BW; n = 556); empty stomachs averaged 1.7% for steelhead and 1.3% for yearling Chinook. Fullness was highest at the uppermost site (Rooster Rock) and declined downstream.
  • Diets were dominated by chironomids and corophiid amphipods, which together contributed 60% of all prey consumed by both species. Chironomids occurred in 53% of steelhead and 66% of yearling Chinook; corophiids occurred in 86% of steelhead and 83% of yearling Chinook. Diet composition varied by year and site, with high overlap between species.
  • Growth was detected: downstream station order had positive relationships with length, weight, and IGF-1 for both species, and a negative relationship with steelhead condition factor. Upper Snake River steelhead and interior spring Chinook Salmon may have increased by as much as 12 and 7 mm, respectively, across 195 km; if transit took 5 d, maximum growth rates were 2.4 and 1.5 mm/d. Mean IGF-1 levels (~45–60 ng/mL) overlapped those reported for marine waters.
  • Hatchery fish dominated catches: by marks, 78.3% of steelhead and 96.0% of yearling Chinook Salmon were hatchery origin; accounting for unclipped hatchery fish, estimates were 80.6% and 96.3%. Wild fish were smaller, and high spatial, temporal, and diet overlap between hatchery and wild fish suggests potential competition if prey become limiting.

Methods

  • Juvenile steelhead and yearling Chinook Salmon were sampled at four main-channel sites spanning 195 km of the Columbia River estuary (Rooster Rock, rkm 210; Willow Grove, rkm 92; Steamboat, rkm 61; estuary purse seine, rkm 15) during April, May, and June in 2016 and 2017. A purse seine was used at the lower estuary site and a two-boat tow net at the three upper sites.
  • Fish were processed for origin (genetic stock identification, parentage-based tagging, coded wire tags, PIT tags), stomach fullness, diet composition, Fulton’s condition factor, and plasma IGF-1. Diet composition was analyzed for 234 steelhead and 311 yearling Chinook Salmon. Generalized linear models tested size, fullness, and growth metrics; multivariate MDS, ANOSIM, PERMANOVA, and SIMPER analyzed diets.
  • The two years contrasted strongly: 2016 was warmer with below-average flows, while 2017 had elevated flows and below-average temperatures. During April 1–June 30, spring daily temperatures averaged 1.82°C warmer and flows averaged 6,264 m³/s lower in 2016 than in 2017.

Limitations

  • Stated by the authors: stomach fullness is an imprecise index of consumption; the prey field was not effectively documented; fine-scale foraging behavior and where/how migrating fish feed are unknown; and temperature effects could not be separated from prey-availability effects on stomach fullness.
  • Stated by the authors: potential size selectivity of the two net types is uncertain; planned net-bias trials in 2017 were prevented by poor weather; the proportion of the population represented by samples is unknown; and some “wild” fish may have been unclipped, untagged hatchery fish.
  • Evident from the text: findings are based on two contrasting years and daylight sampling only, and diet composition was analyzed for a subset of captured fish. The competition inference between hatchery and wild salmon remains conditional because prey limitation was not directly measured.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/tafs.10376

Cites

68 of 68 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

13 of 55 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Migration rates of juvenile salmon vary with fish size and river discharge.

    “Migration rates vary with fish size and river discharge (Morrice et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Morrice et al. 2020 source
  • Premisecitation

    Insulin-like growth factor 1 reflects growth during the previous 2 weeks in fish.

    “Insulin-like growth factor 1 is produced by the liver and stimulates somatic growth; it reflects growth during the previous 2 weeks (Beckman et al. 1998(Beckman et al. , 2004;;Duguid et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Beckman et al. 1998 source
    • cites Beckman et al. 2004 source
    • cites Duguid et al. 2018 source

      The ‘Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Integration Time’ section says IGF1 can resolve differences in growth conditions over approximately 4 days to 2 weeks. The ‘Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Relation to Growth’ section links IGF1 to recent growth in Chinook Salmon postsmolts. This supports IGF1 as an indicator of recent growth, but not a fixed previous-2-week window for fish generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    These salmon have transit rates exceeding 50 km/d through the Columbia River estuary.

    “These salmon have transit rates exceeding 50 km/d (McMichael et al. 2010;Harnish et al. 2012;Dietrich et al. 2016)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites McMichael et al. 2010 source
    • cites Harnish et al. 2012 source
    • cites Dietrich et al. 2016 source

      In Results §§3.3.1–3.3.2 (page not provided), median transit rates exceeded 50 km/d in the final Estuary-2 reach: 158 km/d for in-river fish and 140 km/d for barged fish. But in the preceding Estuary-1 reach, the respective rates were 49.8 and 23 km/d, so the source does not support the threshold throughout the estuary. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    These two prey types typically dominate the diets of juvenile Chinook Salmon in West Coast estuaries from Alaska to California, including the CRE.

    “These two prey types typically dominate the diets of juvenile Chinook Salmon in West Coast estuaries from Alaska to California (Chittenden et al. 2010;David et al. 2014;Levings 2016;Miller et al. 2020), including the CRE (Dawley et al. 1986;Kidd et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Chittenden et al. 2010 source

      The Results (Fish Surveys; page unavailable) report dominant prey groups in the stomachs of coho smolts sampled around the Campbell River estuary. They do not establish that the two prey types in the citing sentence typically dominate juvenile Chinook diets across West Coast estuaries. The CRE portion is attached to different citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites David et al. 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Levings 2016 source
  • Findingcitation

    Presumed wild individuals were smaller than their hatchery counterparts.

    “Presumed wild individuals were smaller than their hatchery counterparts, a well-documented difference (Quinn 2005;Weitkamp et al. 2015;Bottom et al. 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Quinn 2005 source
    • cites Weitkamp et al. 2015 source

      In “Differences between Hatchery and Wild Fish,” the paper reports that hatchery yearling Chinook Salmon and steelhead were larger than unclipped (presumed wild) fish. It also says hatchery subyearling Chinook Salmon were not larger than wild fish from the same stocks, so the unqualified claim does not hold for every group studied. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Bottom et al. 2021 source
  • May combine two claims. 51
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 8

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Yearling smolts from interior stocks of steelhead and Chinook Salmon rapidly move through the Columbia River estuary in deep waters of the main channel and are rarely encountered close to shore.

    “In the Columbia River basin, yearling smolts from interior stocks of steelhead and Chinook Salmon (those originating above Bonneville Dam, located at river kilometer [rkm] 234; rkm 0 = Columbia River mouth) rapidly move through the Columbia River estuary (CRE; defined as tidal waters below Bonneville Dam) in deep waters of the main channel and are rarely encountered close to shore”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Teel et al. 2014 source
    • cites Roegner et al. 2016 source
    • cites Bottom et al. 2021 source

      The introductory passage (labelled Abstract in our copy; page unavailable) reports rapid seaward migration of large subyearling and yearling salmon primarily through deep estuary channels. It does not establish that yearling steelhead and Chinook Salmon specifically from interior stocks are rarely encountered near shore. The Results (page unavailable) report marked yearling Chinook Salmon in nearshore collections, so the nearshore assertion needs qualification. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies have warned of potential competition between larger and numerically dominant hatchery salmon and smaller wild salmon in the CRE based on high temporal and spatial overlap in shallow and main-stem habitats.

    “Previous studies have warned of potential competition between larger and numerically dominant hatchery salmon and smaller wild salmon in the CRE based on high temporal and spatial overlap in shallow and main-stem habitats (Bottom et al. 2011(Bottom et al. , 2021;;Teel et al. 2014;Weitkamp et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bottom et al. 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Teel et al. 2014 source
    • cites Weitkamp et al. 2015 source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    These studies suggest that estuarine growth can be an important 'carryover' effect of estuary rearing that relates to subsequent ocean survival.

    “These studies suggest that estuarine growth can be an important”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gosselin et al. 2021 source

      The Results (page unavailable) identify fish length as an important carryover predictor of ocean survival. But the Covariates section (page unavailable) says length was measured in the juvenile downstream reach and that no estuary covariates other than passage type were examined. The paper therefore does not establish that growth during estuary rearing relates to subsequent ocean survival. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Greater similarity in diet composition for salmon at the lower three sites was expected given the similarity in habitat mosaics in the lower estuary and given the relatively short travel time (~1 d) in which the fish migrate through the lower estuary.

    “Greater similarity in diet composition for salmon at the lower three sites was expected given the similarity in habitat mosaics in the lower estuary (Marcoe and Pilson 2017) and given the relatively short travel time (∼1 d) in which the fish migrate through the lower estuary (Harnish et al. 2012;Morrice et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Marcoe and Pilson 2017 source
    • cites Harnish et al. 2012 source
    • cites Morrice et al. 2020 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other studies that have examined salmon diets across large estuaries have also documented variation in diet composition with distance downstream.

    “Other studies that have examined salmon diets across large estuaries have also documented variation in diet composition with distance downstream (Arbeider et al. 2019;Miller et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Arbeider et al. 2019 source

      The Introduction reports that juvenile salmon diets varied greatly across the small spatial scale studied in the Skeena River estuary. The paper does not establish that diet composition varied specifically with distance downstream; its reported distance relationship for coho salmon diets is distance from shore (Results, §3.3). (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Miller et al. 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Pairwise comparisons in both ANOSIM and PERMANOVA showed that diets at RR and EPS were the most distinct from each other, followed by EPS and SB and then RR and SB (all P < 0.05).

    “Pairwise comparisons in both ANOSIM and PERMA-NOVA showed that diets at RR and EPS were the most distinct from each other, followed by EPS and SB and then RR and SB (all P < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Whether steelhead and yearling Chinook Salmon were combined in a single analysis or evaluated separately, the factors 'year' and 'site' produced the best-defined groups (highest R) in both one-way and two-way ANOSIMs and explained considerable variance in the PERMANOVA.

    “Whether steelhead and yearling Chinook Salmon were combined in a single analysis or evaluated separately, the factors”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Juvenile salmon were growing (as indicated by increasing size and IGF-1 levels) as they migrated through the CRE, with differences among species and stocks.

    “Our results indicated that juvenile salmon were growing (as indicated by increasing size and IGF-1 levels) as they migrated through the CRE, with differences among species and stocks (Tables 2345; Figures 3, 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The fish sampled were traveling in the 'fast lane' and moving rapidly through the estuary.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Insulin-like growth factor 1 hormone levels and the size of juvenile salmon increased as the fish moved downstream.

    “Insulin-like growth factor 1 hormone levels and the size of juvenile salmon increased as the fish moved downstream”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both steelhead and yearling Chinook Salmon consumed many of the same prey taxa in similar quantities.

    “Analysis of diet composition for 311 yearling Chinook Salmon and 234 steelhead indicated that both species consumed many of the same prey taxa in similar quantities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    This study occurred during two highly contrasting years: 2016 was characterized by elevated main-stem temperatures and below-average flows, whereas 2017 was characterized by elevated flows and below-average temperatures.

    “This study occurred during two highly contrasting years: 2016 was characterized by elevated main-stem temperatures and below-average flows, whereas 2017 was characterized by elevated flows and below-average temperatures (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Fish collected at the uppermost site had the highest stomach fullness and consumed more insects, whereas there was generally greater consumption of amphipods in 2017 than in 2016.

    “Fish collected at the uppermost site had the highest stomach fullness and consumed more insects, whereas there was generally greater consumption of amphipods in 2017 than in 2016.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Juvenile salmon were growing by increases in size (length and weight) and IGF-1 levels as they moved downstream through the estuary.

    “We were able to show that juvenile salmon were growing by increases in size (length and weight) and IGF-1 levels as they moved downstream through the estuary.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The fish sampled were traveling in the 'fast lane' and moving rapidly through the estuary.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The composition of stocks and the proportion of hatchery fish were quite consistent between years.

    “The composition of stocks and the proportion of hatchery fish were quite consistent between years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both analysis types indicated that the UCR Su/Fall stock group had the most distinct diets due to more chironomids and other amphipods, while Snake River spring diets contained more corophiids.

    “Both analysis types indicated that the UCR Su/Fall stock group had the most distinct diets due to more 600 WEITKAMP ET AL. chironomids and other amphipods, while Snake River spring diets contained more corophiids.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Accounting for unclipped hatchery fish, 80.6% of steelhead and 96.3% of yearling Chinook Salmon caught were of hatchery origin.

    “Accounting for unclipped hatchery fish, we estimated that 80.6% of the steelhead and 96.3% of the yearling Chinook Salmon caught were of hatchery origin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The steelhead multiple regression analysis demonstrated significantly positive relationships between station order and length, weight, and IGF-1 and significantly negative relationships between station order and body condition.

    “The results of the steelhead multiple regression analysis demonstrated that there were significantly positive relationships between station order and length, weight, and IGF-1 and significantly negative relationships between station order and body condition (Table 2; Figure 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Hatchery steelhead were larger (mean = 214.1 mm FL; n = 565) and had lower IGF-1 levels (mean = 50.6 ng/mL; n = 528) than wild steelhead (179.5 mm FL, n = 150; 51.4 ng/mL, n = 140).

    “hatchery fish were larger (mean = 214.1 mm FL; n = 565) and had lower IGF-1 levels (mean = 50.6ng/mL; n = 528) than wild fish (179.5 mm FL, n = 150; 51.4 ng/mL, n = 140).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Catches of steelhead and yearling Chinook Salmon were generally low in April, peaked in May, and declined by June.

    “Catches of steelhead and yearling Chinook Salmon were generally low in April, peaked in May, and declined by June; very few yearling steelhead (n = 13) or Chinook Salmon (n = 15) were caught in June.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No single factor formed particularly well-defined groups (global R < 0.40) or explained large amounts of variance (<13%).

    “no single factor formed particularly well-defined groups (global R < 0.40) or explained large amounts of variance (<13%)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For both species, diets in 2016 contained more hemipterans and arachnids, while those in 2017 contained more chironomids, corophiids, and other amphipods.

    “For both species, diets in 2016 (n = 78 steelhead; n = 151 Chinook Salmon) contained more hemipterans and arachnids, while those in 2017 (n = 156 steelhead; n = 160 Chinook Salmon) contained more chironomids, corophiids, and other amphipods (Figure 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    More steelhead were caught at townet sites in 2017 than in 2016, while abundances of yearling Chinook Salmon were comparable between years, except for high catches at RR in May 2017.

    “Overall, more steelhead were caught at townet sites in 2017 than in 2016, while abundances of yearling Chinook Salmon were comparable between years, with the exception of high catches at RR in May 2017 (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Stomach fullness was higher for presumed wild steelhead than for hatchery steelhead, but no such difference was observed for yearling Chinook Salmon.

    “Stomach fullness was higher for presumed wild steelhead (mean = 1.01%BW; n = 150) than for hatchery steelhead (0.52% BW; n = 440), but no such difference was observed for yearling Chinook Salmon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During April 1 to June 30, spring daily temperatures averaged 1.82°C warmer and flows averaged 6,264 m3/s lower in 2016 than in 2017.

    “During the period from April 1 to June 30, spring daily temperatures averaged 1.82°C warmer and flows averaged 6,264 m 3 /s lower in 2016 than in 2017.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The factor 'species' produced poorly defined groups (r = 0.02, P = 0.027) in the ANOSIM and explained the lowest amount of variance (2.5%) of any factor examined in the PERMANOVA when analyzed together.

    “the factor”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Fullness did not vary on average among groups of steelhead or Chinook Salmon, although only M&UCR/LSnk steelhead and interior spring Chinook Salmon had statistically negative relationships between station order and stomach fullness.

    “Fullness did not vary on average among groups of steelhead or Chinook Salmon, although only M&UCR/LSnk steelhead and interior spring Chinook Salmon had statistically negative relationships between station order and stomach fullness (Tables 3, 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For steelhead diets, neither production type (hatchery versus wild) nor stock group was an important source of variation.

    “For steelhead diets, neither production type (hatchery versus wild) nor stock group was an important source of variation (Table 6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The SIMPER analysis showed that these differences were caused by diets with higher amounts of corophiids and other amphipods in 2017 and higher contributions of chironomids in 2016 for both salmon species.

    “The SIMPER analysis showed that these differences were caused by diets with higher amounts of corophiids and other amphipods in 2017 and higher contributions of chironomids in 2016 for both salmon species.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For yearling Chinook Salmon diets, both production type and stock group explained variation, and production type explained the most variance of any factor considered (12.3%).

    “By contrast, both factors explained variation in yearling Chinook Salmon diets, and production type explained the most variance of any factor considered (12.3%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Compared to hatchery yearling Chinook Salmon, wild fish had fewer corophiid amphipods and more dipterans, invertebrates, and chironomids in their diets.

    “Compared to hatchery yearling Chinook Salmon, wild fish had fewer corophiid amphipods and more dipterans, invertebrates, and chironomids in their diets.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    For yearling Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River estuary, IGF-1 was significantly greater in 2017 than in 2016 (coefficient = 0.12, t = 5.85, P < 0.001).

    “t-value | -5.76*** 5.85*** | 2.38* | - | 2.35* | -4.08*** 0.06 | 0.65 | | | | |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    IGF-1 levels for CRE steelhead overlapped those measured in marine waters off the Washington-Oregon coasts during 2006-2011 and were substantially higher than levels measured in a limited number of juvenile steelhead sampled in the CRE (at the EPS site) during 2008.

    “Interestingly, our IGF-1 levels for CRE steelhead overlapped those measured in marine waters off the Washington-Oregon coasts during 2006-2011 and were substantially higher than levels measured in a limited number of juvenile steelhead sampled in the CRE (at the EPS site) during 2008 (Figure 7; Daly et al. 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Daly et al. 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Snake River summer yearling Chinook Salmon had a mean migration rate of 30.6 km/d (range 9.9-58.7).

    “Snake River Su Clearwater, Little Sheep Creek, Lyons Ferry, McCall, Pahsimeroi 24 Apr 7 (Mar 12-Apr 21) 37.7 (17-67) 1,055 (448-1,312) 30.6 (9.9-58.7)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Water temperatures in 2016 were warmer than those in 2017, with a daily difference of only 1.8°C on average.

    “Although water temperatures in 2016 were warmer than those in 2017, this daily difference was only 1.8°C on average”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    For yearling Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River estuary, condition factor was significantly lower in May than in April (coefficient = -0.05, t = -7.36, P < 0.001).

    “t-value | -7.66*** 7.74*** -7.36*** | 1.38 | -1.45 | -2.82** | 1.37 | -1.13 | | | | |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Although the dominant prey types were similar, spatial and temporal variation in salmon diets was detected.

    “Although the dominant prey types were similar, we detected spatial and temporal variation in salmon diets.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Stomach fullness was highest at RR, the uppermost site, and decreased with distance downstream, a pattern also observed four decades earlier in the CRE.

    “Instead, the reverse was true: fullness was highest at RR, the uppermost site, and decreased with distance downstream (Figures 3, 4), a pattern that was also observed four decades earlier in the CRE (Dawley et al. 1986).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dawley et al. 1986

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only 3.7% of the yearling Chinook Salmon and 19.4% of the steelhead caught were wild.

    “We estimated that only 3.7% of the yearling Chinook Salmon and 19.4% of the steelhead we caught were wild.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Upper Columbia River spring yearling Chinook Salmon had a mean migration rate of 23.0 km/d (range 10.1-30).

    “UCR Sp Chewuch, Chief Joseph, Chiwawa, Cle Elum, Leavenworth, Methow, Nason Creek, Twisp, Winthrop 46 Apr 12 (Mar 14-Apr 20) 35.4 (19-71) 767 (585-910) 23.0 (10.1-30.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    For yearling Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River estuary, condition factor was significantly greater in 2017 than in 2016 (coefficient = 0.05, t = 7.74, P < 0.001).

    “t-value | -7.66*** 7.74*** -7.36*** | 1.38 | -1.45 | -2.82** | 1.37 | -1.13 | | | | |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Snake River steelhead had a mean migration rate of 44.0 km/d (range 17.1-74.3).

    “Steelhead Snake River Big Canyon Trap, Clearwater, Dworshak, Hagerman, Irrigon, Little Sheep Creek, Lyons Ferry, Magic Valley, Pahsimeroi, Wallowa 46 Apr 11 (Mar 15-May 1) 26.3 (10-57) 1,051 (448-1,425) 44.0 (17.1-74.3)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    For yearling Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River estuary, IGF-1 was significantly positively associated with station (coefficient = 0.02, t = 2.35, P < 0.05).

    “t-value | -5.76*** 5.85*** | 2.38* | - | 2.35* | -4.08*** 0.06 | 0.65 | | | | |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    High physical and temporal overlap over nearly 200 km of the CRE was observed, as hatchery and wild individuals were typically caught together, including fish originating from different parts of the Columbia River basin.

    “Here, we observed high physical and temporal overlap over nearly 200 km of the CRE, as hatchery and wild individuals were typically caught together, including fish originating from different parts of the Columbia River basin.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Stomach fullness estimates (0.64% BW for steelhead; 1.05% BW for Chinook Salmon) are similar in magnitude to those from other estuaries but somewhat below those reported for marine waters.

    “Limited data that are directly comparable indicate that our estimates (0.64% BW for steelhead; 1.05% BW for Chinook Salmon) are similar in magnitude to those from other estuaries (e.g., 0.4-1.9%BW; Miller and Simenstad 1997;Levings 2016;Miller et al. 2020) but somewhat below those reported for marine waters (0.9-2.0%BW; Weitkamp and Sturdevant 2008;Daly et al. 2011Daly et al. , 2014;;Beamish 2018)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Miller and Simenstad 1997 source
    • cites Levings 2016 source
    • cites Miller et al. 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    For yearling Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River estuary, IGF-1 was significantly higher in May than in April (coefficient = 0.06, t = 2.38, P < 0.05).

    “t-value | -5.76*** 5.85*** | 2.38* | - | 2.35* | -4.08*** 0.06 | 0.65 | | | | |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Snake River steelhead traveled a mean distance of 1,051 km (range 448-1,425).

    “Steelhead Snake River Big Canyon Trap, Clearwater, Dworshak, Hagerman, Irrigon, Little Sheep Creek, Lyons Ferry, Magic Valley, Pahsimeroi, Wallowa 46 Apr 11 (Mar 15-May 1) 26.3 (10-57) 1,051 (448-1,425) 44.0 (17.1-74.3)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Gut fullness did not vary between months for yearling Chinook Salmon but was lower in April than in May for steelhead.

    “Gut fullness did not vary between months for yearling Chinook Salmon (Table 4) but was lower in April than in May for steelhead (Table 2)-the opposite of what one might expect if cooler April temperatures slow digestion and therefore increase apparent gut fullness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Diets at the uppermost site, RR, were the most distinct and contained more terrestrial insects than diets at the other sites.

    “Diets at the uppermost site, RR, were the most distinct and contained more terrestrial insects than diets at the other sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Diets of hatchery and wild steelhead were not statistically distinguishable, whereas yearling Chinook Salmon showed subtle differences in the amounts (but not types) of prey consumed by wild and hatchery fish.

    “Diets of hatchery and wild steelhead were not statistically distinguishable, whereas yearling Chinook Salmon showed subtle differences in the amounts (but not types) of prey consumed by wild and hatchery fish.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    For yearling Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River estuary, IGF-1 was significantly lower for the interior fall stock than for the interior spring stock (coefficient = -0.11, t = -4.08, P < 0.001).

    “t-value | -5.76*** 5.85*** | 2.38* | - | 2.35* | -4.08*** 0.06 | 0.65 | | | | |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Snake River steelhead were at large for a mean of 26.3 days (range 10-57).

    “Steelhead Snake River Big Canyon Trap, Clearwater, Dworshak, Hagerman, Irrigon, Little Sheep Creek, Lyons Ferry, Magic Valley, Pahsimeroi, Wallowa 46 Apr 11 (Mar 15-May 1) 26.3 (10-57) 1,051 (448-1,425) 44.0 (17.1-74.3)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most salmon were caught in April and May, when water temperatures differed by an average of 3.1°C.

    “However, most salmon were caught in April and May, when water temperatures differed by an average of 3.1°C.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Snake River spring yearling Chinook Salmon had a mean migration rate of 19.6 km/d (range 11.8-36).

    “Snake River Sp Clearwater, Grande Ronde, Imnaha, Irrigon, Kooskia, Lookingglass, Nez Pierce Tribal, Rapid River, Sawtooth 35 Mar 27 (Mar 12-Apr 12) 44.7 (15-67) 807 (532-1,232) 19.6 (11.8-36.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Median migration rates through the upper 160 km of the Columbia River estuary exceeded 100 km/d for steelhead (116 km/d) and yearling Chinook Salmon (103 km/d) in 2017 under exceptionally high river flow (>14,000 m3/s), and were slower (92 and 82 km/d, respectively) in 2016 under more typical flow (~6,000 m3/s).

    “For example, median migration rates through the upper 160 km of the CRE exceeded 100 km/d for both steelhead (116 km/d) and yearling Chinook Salmon (103 km/d) in 2017, when river flow was exceptionally high (>14,000 m 3 /s; USGS 2016), whereas the median rates were somewhat slower (92 and 82 km/d for steelhead and yearling Chinook Salmon, respectively) in 2016 under more typical flow conditions (∼”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites USGS 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Morris et al. 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Morris et al. 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationown data

    Juvenile steelhead and yearling Chinook Salmon were growing as they moved downstream through the Columbia River estuary.

    “Our results demonstrated that these juvenile salmon were actively feeding and growing as they moved downstream”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The juvenile salmon sampled at the lower stations (SB and EPS) represented the same groups of fish that were sampled at the upper stations (RR and WG) as they moved downstream through the Columbia River estuary.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Columbia River estuary has lost 70% of its historic tidal wetlands, primarily to diking.

    “Like most West Coast estuaries, the CRE has been highly modified by anthropogenic activities over nearly 150 years and has lost 70% of its historic tidal wetlands, primarily to diking (Marcoe and Pilson 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marcoe and Pilson 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    No evidence of spatial or temporal autocorrelation was detected in the GLM residuals.

    “No evidence of spatial or temporal autocorrelation was detected during this process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Natural-origin fish from interior stocks of steelhead and Chinook Salmon are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and poor survival through the estuary may limit their recovery.

    “Natural-origin fish from these stocks are of particular management concern, as they are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) and poor survival through the estuary may limit their recovery (Kareiva et al. 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kareiva et al. 2000 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Resulting stress values were less than 0.20, indicating that the MDS spatial representation was consistent with the structure of the original data set.

    “Resulting stress values were less than 0.20, indicating that a spatial representation of the data by the MDS plots was consistent with the structure of the original data set (Clarke and Gorley 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clarke and Gorley 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Minimum stress was attained in multiple iterations of MDS, suggesting a true minimum solution.

    “Random starting locations were used for each of 25 iterations to find the best solution; minimum stress was attained in multiple iterations, which suggests a true minimum solution.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Main-channel habitat in the CRE serves a dual purpose, functioning as a migratory corridor but also as productive habitat that supports active feeding and growth of fast-moving migrants.

    “Overall, our results indicate that main-channel habitat in the CRE serves a dual purpose, functioning as a migratory corridor but also as productive habitat that supports active feeding and growth of fastmoving migrants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Analyses using more taxonomic groups and different transformations resulted in similar overall patterns.

    “Analyses using more taxonomic groups and different transformations resulted in similar overall patterns.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Temperature and river flow were highly correlated with year and month and with each other, so they were excluded from the GLM analysis.

    “Temperature and river flow were highly correlated with year and month and with each other; therefore, we excluded temperature and flow from the analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Available evidence suggests that the Sacramento-San Joaquin River estuary, California, does function as a pipe for steelhead and Chinook Salmon, with little use of shallow-water bays and little feeding as fish swim toward the ocean.

    “By contrast, available evidence suggests that the Sacramento-San Joaquin River estuary, California, does function as a pipe for steelhead and Chinook Salmon, with little use of shallow-water bays and little feeding as fish swim toward the ocean (MacFarlane 2010; Chapman et al. 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites MacFarlane 2010 source
    • cites Chapman et al. 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chironomids are produced in both restored and extant tidal wetland habitats and were the single largest taxonomic group exported from tidal wetlands to the main channel in the CRE, with thousands exported on a single tide.

    “Chironomids are produced in both restored and extant tidal wetland habitats (Kidd et al. 2019;PNNL and NMFS 2020) and were also the single largest taxonomic group exported from tidal wetlands to the main channel in the CRE, with thousands exported on a single tide (PNNL and NMFS 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kidd et al. 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites PNNL and NMFS 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Diet analyses demonstrated that hatchery and wild salmon had high diet overlap, potentially resulting in direct competition if resources were limited.

    “More importantly, our diet analyses demonstrated that hatchery and wild salmon had high diet overlap, potentially resulting in direct competition if resources were limited.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Corophiid amphipods were also elevated in the diets during 2017 for subyearling Chinook Salmon occupying wetland and main-channel habitats, suggesting widespread increased prey availability.

    “Corophiid amphipods were also elevated in the diets during 2017 for subyearling Chinook Salmon occupying wetland (Kidd et al. 2019) and main-channel habitats (PNNL and NMFS 2020), suggesting widespread increased prey availability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kidd et al. 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites PNNL and NMFS 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This difference likely reflects the limited wetland area in that river reach, especially compared to lower-river sites, where both restored and existing wetlands are much more extensive.

    “This difference likely reflects the limited wetland area in that river reach, especially compared to lower-river sites, where both restored and existing wetlands are much more extensive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many studies have measured the growth of juvenile salmon (primarily subyearlings) in estuaries, with reported rates ranging between 0.2 and 2.0 mm/d.

    “Many studies have measured the growth of juvenile salmon (primarily subyearlings) in estuaries, with reported rates ranging between 0.2 and 2.0 mm/d (Miller and Simenstad 1997;Goertler et al. 2016;Levings 2016;Moore et al. 2016;Chalifour et al. 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Miller and Simenstad 1997 source
    • cites Goertler et al. 2016 source
    • cites Levings 2016 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Corophiids are benthic-dwelling, burrow-building crustaceans that seasonally move upstream or downstream but generally remain on or near the river bottom.

    “Corophiids are benthicdwelling, burrow-building crustaceans that seasonally move upstream or downstream but generally remain on or near the river bottom (Wilson 1983).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wilson 1983

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Both juvenile salmon species-regardless of where or when they were caught-consumed large quantities of chironomids, other aquatic insects, and corophiid amphipods, indicating that those species were abundant and available.

    “The fact that both juvenile salmon species-regardless of where or when they were caught-consumed large quantities of chironomids, other aquatic insects, and corophiid amphipods indicates that those species were abundant and available.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The CRE serves not only as a migratory corridor for these fast-moving fish, but also as productive habitat where tidal wetland-produced prey fuel rapid growth; this estuarine growth may be important for marine survival.

    “Our results demonstrate that the CRE serves not only as a migratory corridor for these fast-moving fish, but also as productive habitat where tidal wetland-produced prey fuel rapid growth; this estuarine growth may be important for marine survival.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Stomach contents should represent the prior 24-36 h of feeding given observed water temperatures; therefore, most prey were consumed within the estuary.

    “Stomach contents should represent the prior 24-36 h of feeding given observed water temperatures; therefore, most prey were consumed within the estuary.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
73 of 73

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The juvenile salmon sampled at the lower stations (SB and EPS) represented the same groups of fish that were sampled at the upper stations (RR and WG) as they moved downstream through the Columbia River estuary.

    “For each month, we sampled the two upper stations (RR and WG) first and then sampled the lower stations (SB and EPS) in an attempt to capture the same groups of fish moving through the estuary.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Potential differential selectivity of the small and large tow nets had a minor influence on the results and conclusions.

    “As will be discussed later, we believe that potential differential selectivity of these nets had a minor influence on our results and conclusions.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The fish sampled were traveling in the 'fast lane' and moving rapidly through the estuary.

    “Our study relies on two fundamental assumptions: (1) that the fish we sampled were indeed traveling in”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The two net types used did not unduly influence the size of captured fish.

    “Our study relies on two fundamental assumptions: (1) that the fish we sampled were indeed traveling in”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Chironomids and Americorophium amphipods are also important in main channel yearling salmonid diets, with other insects complementing their diets.

    “Chironomids and Americorophium amphipods are also important in main channel yearling salmonid diets, with other insects complementing their diets [62]”

    From Subyearling Chinook salmon diets in Lower Columbia River estuarine habitats (2025) · cites this paper as [62]

    The Diets section (p. 598) identifies chironomids and corophiid amphipods as major prey of yearling Chinook Salmon and steelhead, and also lists other insects in their diets. Our copy identifies the amphipods only as corophiids, not specifically as Americorophium, so the genus-level attribution is not verified. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Opposite years identified as having more chironomids

    Major

    One results passage says diets contained more chironomids in 2017; the SIMPER results say chironomid contributions were higher in 2016 for both species.

  • Chinook Salmon weight trend described as significant despite Table 4

    Major

    The text calls the downstream weight relationship significant, but the station t-value for weight in Table 4 is 1.75 and has no significance marker.

  • Species effect called significant in text but nonsignificant in Table 6

    Major

    The text gives P = 0.027 for the ANOSIM species effect, while Table 6 marks the same effect nonsignificant.

  • Steelhead stomach-fullness sample counts do not add up

    Minor

    The reported annual stomach-fullness sample sizes total 590, not the overall sample size of 564.

    Reported 564 · recomputed 590

  • Chinook Salmon June weight t-value is reported as zero

    Minor

    Table 4 reports a June weight coefficient of −0.27 and SE of 0.08, but gives its t-value as 0.00 and marks it significant.

    Reported 0 · recomputed -3.375

  • Steelhead condition-factor intercept has the wrong t-value sign

    Minor

    The coefficient and standard error are both positive, so their ratio is positive, not the reported negative t-value.

    Reported -2.709 · recomputed 2.708986

  • Mean similarity falls outside its reported range

    Minor

    A mean of 49.7 cannot fall within the stated range of 0.35-0.61. The mean and range appear to use different scales without saying so.

  • 2016 steelhead length sample exceeds the total catch

    Minor

    The paper reports a 2016 mean length based on 341 steelhead, but says only 224 steelhead were caught that year.

  • Steelhead IGF-1 production-type t-value has the wrong sign

    Minor

    The production-type coefficient and its standard error are positive, but the corresponding t-value is negative.

    Reported -2.316 · recomputed 2.32

9 of 9

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Bottom D. L., 2011, Pathways to resilience: sustaining salmon ecosystems in a changing world
  2. CCMOP (Center for Coastal Margin Observation and Prediction), 2016, SATURN (Science and Technology University Research Network) [online database]
  3. Clarke K. R., 2006, PRIMER, version 6: user manual/tutorial
  4. Fox J., 2019, An R companion to applied regression
  5. Kalinowski S. T., 2007, ONCOR: a computer program for genetic stock identification
  6. Murphy B. R., 1996, Fisheries techniques
  7. PNNL (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) and NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service), 2020, Restoration action effectiveness monitoring and research in the lower Columbia River and estuary, 2016–2017
  8. PSMFC (Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission), 2016, PTAGIS (Columbia Basin PIT Tag Information System) [online database]
  9. PSMFC (Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission), 2016, RMIS (Regional Mark Information System) [online database]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Weitkamp, L. A., Beckman, B. R., Van Doornik, D. M., Munguia, A., Hunsicker, M., & Journey, M.
Affiliations
  • NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (US)
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center Conservation Biology Division 7305 Beach Drive East Port Orchard Washington 98366 USA
  • Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (US)
Corresponding author
Weitkamp, Laurie A.
ORCID
Venue
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2022-08-22
Volume
151
Issue
5
Pages
587-610
ISSN
  • 0002-8487 (ISSN-L)
  • 1548-8659
DOI
10.1002/tafs.10376
OpenAlex
W4283759363
Semantic Scholar
170d50a25052d71d68c2389c25622aa64eaea84e
Cited by
8
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1
FWCI
0.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (publishedVersion)
  • NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Funders
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (EST‐P‐15‐01)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
Keywords
juvenile steelhead, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, rainbow trout, Columbia River estuary, diet composition, Chironomidae, Amphipoda, insulin-like growth factor I, tidal marsh restoration, migration corridors, estuarine habitat restoration

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-27.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-27.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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