Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 668

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

General Education, Vocational Education, and Labor-Market Outcomes over the Lifecycle

Open access
Hanushek, Eric A., Schwerdt, Guido, Woessmann, Ludger, Zhang, Lei·2017·Journal of Human Resources

Abstract

Policy debates about the balance of vocational and general education programs focus on the school-to-work transition. But with rapid technological change, gains in youth employment from vocational education may be offset by less adaptability and thus diminished employment later in life. To test our main hypothesis that any relative labor-market advantage of vocational education decreases with age, we employ a difference-in-differences approach that compares employment rates across different ages for people with general and vocational education. Using micro data for 18 countries from the International Adult Literacy Survey, we find strong support for the existence of such a trade-off, which is most pronounced in countries emphasizing apprenticeship programs. Results are robust to accounting for ability patterns and to propensity-score matching.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3368/jhr.52.1.0415-7074r

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 32 references

Cited by

See all 668

Metadata

Authors
Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Woessmann, L., & Zhang, L.
Venue
Journal of Human Resources
Published
2016-03-08
Volume
52
Issue
1
Pages
48-87
ISSN
  • 0022-166X (ISSN-L)
  • 1548-8004
OpenAlex
W2111404192
Cited by
668
References
32
FWCI
101.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: General Education, Vocational Education, and Labor-Market Outcomes over the Lifecycle. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3368/jhr.52.1.0415-7074r
The paper
Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Woessmann, L., & Zhang, L. (2017). General Education, Vocational Education, and Labor-Market Outcomes over the Lifecycle. Journal of Human Resources. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.52.1.0415-7074r

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.