The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gravity for Dummies and Dummies for Gravity Equations
Open accessAbstract
This paper provides a minimalist derivation of the gravity equation and uses it to identify three common errors in the literature, what we call the gold, silver and bronze medal errors.The paper provides estimates of the size of the biases taking the currency union trade effect as an example.We generalize Anderson-Van Wincoop's multilateral trade resistance factor (which only works with cross section data) to allow for panel data and then show that it can be dealt with using time-varying country dummies with omitted determinants of bilateral trade being dealt with by time-invariant pair dummies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To underscore the importance of the MRs Baldwin and Taglioni (2006) dub the omission to control for them 'the gold medal mistake' in gravity estimations.”
From Estimating the effects of trade agreements: Lessons from 60 years of methods and data (2024) · cites this paper as Baldwin and Taglioni (2006)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Baldwin and Taglioni (2006) emphasise that, as a function of time-varying bilateral trade costs, MRs are also time-varying, which implies that the proper set of fixed effects in panel gravity regressions should be of dimension exporter-time and importer-time.”
From Estimating the effects of trade agreements: Lessons from 60 years of methods and data (2024) · cites this paper as Baldwin and Taglioni (2006)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 27,577
Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle
Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803321455214 · Cited by 7,566
Trade Liberalisation and “Revealed” Comparative Advantage 1
Balassa, B. (1965) · The Manchester School · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1965.tb00050.x · Cited by 4,809
(1979) · American Economic Review · Cited by 3,564
The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade
Hummels, D., Ishii, J., & Yi, K. (2001) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00093-3 · Cited by 3,225
Market Structure and Foreign Trade
Brander, J. A., Helpman, & Krugman (1986) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.2307/135294 · Cited by 3,037
The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence
Bergstrand, J. H. (1985) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/1925976 · Cited by 3,013
National Borders Matter: Canada-U.S. Regional Trade Patterns.
McCallum, J. C. P. (1995) · American Economic Review · Cited by 1,980
Market structure and foreign trade
Helpman, E. (1985) · Cited by 1,377
Can Vertical Specialization Explain the Growth of World Trade?
Yi, K. (2003) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/344805 · Cited by 1,356
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Leamer, E. E. 1984. Sources of International Comparative Advantage. Cambridge, MIT Press.
- Markusen, and Venables, Anthony "The General Theory of Inter-Industry-, Intra-Industry-, and Multinational Trade", Journal of International Economics 52 (2000), 209-234.
- Poyhonen, Pentti. 1963a. "A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade Between Countries", Welwirtschaftliches Archiv, 90 (1): 93-99.
- Poyhonen, Pentti. 1963b. "Toward a General Theory of International Trade", Ekonomiska Samfundets Tidskrift, 16(2): 69-78.
- Rose, Andrew K. and E. van Wincoop (2001) "National Money as a Barrier to Trade: The Real Case for Monetary Union", American Economic Review 91-2, 386-390.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,000
An Estimation of the Effects of Brexit on Trade and MigrationPreprint
Campos, R. G., & Timini, J. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3396986 · Cited by 27
Hanousek, J., & Evžen Kočenda, A. (2014) · Economic Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ecosys.2014.06.001 · Cited by 26
Trade agreements and Latin American trade (creation and diversion) and welfare
Sánchez‐Albornoz, A. E. D., & Timini, J. (2021) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.13126 · Cited by 26
Gosens, J. (2020) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.014 · Cited by 26
Trade effects of the Europe agreements: A theory-based gravity approach
Spies, J., & Marqués, H. (2009) · Journal of International Trade & Economic Development · doi:10.1080/09638190902757368 · Cited by 26
Estimating gravity equation models in the presence of sample selection and heteroscedasticity
Xiong, B., & Chen, S. (2014) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2014.920481 · Cited by 26
Bangladesh trade potential: a dynamic gravity approach
Rahman, M. M., & Ara, L. A. (2010) · Journal of International Trade Law and Policy · doi:10.1108/14770021011054296 · Cited by 26
Ross, D. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-51676-3.50023-3 · Cited by 26
Allen, T., Dobbin, C. D. C., & Morten, M. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25267 · Cited by 26
The effect of visa types on international tourism
Rosselló, J., & Santana-Gallego, M. (2024) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2024.106757 · Cited by 25
Did China‐Pakistan free trade agreement promote trade and development in Pakistan?
Shah, S. H., Kamal, M. A., & Yu, D. L. (2020) · International Journal of Finance & Economics · doi:10.1002/ijfe.2331 · Cited by 25
Preferential trade agreements and the structure of international trade
Foster‐McGregor, N., & Stehrer, R. (2011) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/s10290-011-0093-y · Cited by 25
The Geography of the Canada–United States Border Effect
Andresen, M. A. (2009) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343400802508794 · Cited by 25
Estimating the Impact of Currency Unions on Trade: Solving the Glick and Rose Puzzle
Campbell, D. L. (2013) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.12062 · Cited by 25
Terrorism and inbound tourism: Does immigration have a moderating effect?
Harb, G., & Bassil, C. (2019) · Tourism Economics · doi:10.1177/1354816619843452 · Cited by 26
Global Food Trade and the Costs of Non‐Adoption of Genetic Engineering
Nes, K., Schaefer, K. A., & Scheitrum, D. P. (2021) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/ajae.12213 · Cited by 25
Heterogeneous effects of bilateral investment treaties
Falvey, R., & Foster‐McGregor, N. (2017) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/s10290-017-0287-z · Cited by 24
Stefano, C. D., Iapadre, L., & Salvati, I. (2021) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm14020052 · Cited by 24
Trade-Enhancing EU Enlargement and the Resurgence of East-East Trade
Hornok, C. (2010) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 24
Exploring the Links between Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements and Merchandise Trade
Barbalet, F., Greenville, J., Crook, W., Gretton, P., & Breunig, R. V. (2015) · Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies · doi:10.1002/app5.101 · Cited by 24
Do Trade Agreements Increase Food Trade?
Mujahid, I., & Kalkuhl, M. (2015) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.12324 · Cited by 24
Real Effects of Common Currencies in East Asia
Shirono, K. (2007) · Journal of Asian Economics · doi:10.1016/j.asieco.2008.02.003 · Cited by 24
From Beijing to Bentonville: Do multinational retailers link markets?
Head, K. C., Jing, R., & Swenson, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.04.007 · Cited by 24
Breaking the Unbreakable Union: Nationalism, Disintegration and the Soviet Economic Collapse
Suesse, M. (2017) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/ecoj.12564 · Cited by 24
Revaluation of the Chinese Yuan and triad trade: A gravity assessment
Yu, M. (2009) · Journal of Asian Economics · doi:10.1016/j.asieco.2009.09.008 · Cited by 24
Impact of bilateral trade on fossil energy consumption in BRICS: An extended decomposition analysis
Chen, J., Qiaoli, X., Shahbaz, M. Q., Song, M., & Li, L. (2021) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105698 · Cited by 24
Allen, T., Arkolakis, C., & Takahashi, Y. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20787 · Cited by 24
Ejones, F., Agbola, F. W., & Mahmood, A. (2021) · Journal of International Trade & Economic Development · doi:10.1080/09638199.2021.1930110 · Cited by 23
Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons: Are embargoes effective?
Baronchelli, A., Caruso, R., & Ricciuti, R. (2021) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.13217 · Cited by 24
Kunroo, M. H., & Ahmad, I. (2022) · Journal of Quantitative Economics · doi:10.1007/s40953-022-00330-x · Cited by 23
Trade in Cultural Goods: A Case of the Korean Wave in Asia
Park, Y. S. (2014) · East Asian Economic Review · doi:10.11644/kiep.jeai.2014.18.1.276 · Cited by 23
A Re-Examination of the Effect of GATT/WTO on Trade
Gil‐Pareja, S., Llorca‐Vivero, R., & Martínez‐Serrano, J. A. (2015) · Open Economies Review · doi:10.1007/s11079-015-9385-5 · Cited by 23
EU Funds Absorption Rate and the Economic Growth
Albulescu, C. T., & Goyeau, D. (2013) · HAL · Cited by 23
The Information Technology Agreement: Sui generis or model stepping stone?
Mann, C. L., & Liu, X. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139162111.008 · Cited by 23
Transparency, Trade Costs, And Regional Integration In The Asia Pacific
Helble, M. C., Shepherd, B., & Wilson, J. S. (2007) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4401 · Cited by 23
Trade Effects of the Europe AgreementsPreprint
Spies, J., & Marqués, H. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1171023 · Cited by 23
Mid-term evaluation of the EU’s generalised system of preferencesPreprint
Gasiorek, M., Holmes, P. M., Dawar, K., Wang, Z., & Rollo, J. (2010) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 23
Telemigration and Development: On the Offshorability of Teleworkable Jobs
Baldwin, R., & Dingel, J. I. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29387 · Cited by 23
Self-citationIng, L. Y., & Grossman, G. M. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003275534 · Cited by 29
A calibrated gravity model of interregional trade
Cai, M. (2022) · Spatial Economic Analysis · doi:10.1080/17421772.2022.2081715 · Cited by 22
Assessing factors driving international trade in natural resources 1995–2018
Zhong, S. W., & Su, B. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136110 · Cited by 25
Long Live Globalization: Geopolitical Shocks and International Trade
Cevik, S. (2023) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9798400258169.001 · Cited by 22
Relatedness and product complexity meet gravity models of international trade
Tiits, M., Kalvet, T., Ounoughi, C., & Yahia, S. B. (2024) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100288 · Cited by 22
The Impact of Conflict Types and Location on Trade
Marano, V., Cuervo-Cazurra, Á., & Kwok, C. C. Y. (2013) · The International Trade Journal · doi:10.1080/08853908.2013.796835 · Cited by 23
Cultural distance and international trade in services: A disaggregate view
Harms, P., & Shuvalova, D. (2020) · Economic Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100786 · Cited by 22
European Union Market Access Conditions and Africa's Extensive Margin of Food Trade
Kareem, F. O., Brümmer, B., & Martínez‐Zarzoso, I. (2016) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.12466 · Cited by 22
Shirono, K. (2009) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781451871500.001 · Cited by 22
Whither China? Reform and economic integration among Chinese regions
Huang, S., Fidrmuc, J., & Fidrmuc, J. (2015) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2014.12.007 · Cited by 22
Afesorgbor, S. K., & van Bergeijk, P. A. G. (2014) · South African Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/saje.12045 · Cited by 22
The Space of Gravity: Spatial Filtering Estimation of a Gravity Model for Bilateral Trade
Patuelli, R., Linders, G. M., Metulini, R., & Griffith, D. A. (2015) · Advances in spatial science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30196-9_8 · Cited by 22
Feldman, N., & Sadeh, T. (2016) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002716644329 · Cited by 21
Timsina, K. P., & Culas, R. (2020) · Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics · doi:10.1111/1467-8489.12377 · Cited by 21
Towards regional scientific integration in Africa? Evidence from co-publications
Dosso, M., Cassi, L., & Mescheba, W. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104630 · Cited by 21
Chen, B., & Li, Y. (2014) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/rode.12087 · Cited by 21
The link between regional integration agreements, trade flows and economic crisis
Kahouli, B., & Maktouf, S. (2014) · International Journal of Development Issues · doi:10.1108/ijdi-11-2013-0082 · Cited by 21
Measuring the Impact of China's Export Growth on its Asian Neighbours
Kong, Y. F., & Kneller, R. (2015) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.12339 · Cited by 21
UEMOA, CEMAC : quelle performance en matière de commerce ?
Carrère, C. (2013) · Revue d économie du développement · doi:10.3917/edd.271.0033 · Cited by 21
The Effects of Economic Integration on Croatian Merchandise Trade: A Gravity Model Study
Ranilović, N. (2017) · Comparative Economic Studies · doi:10.1057/s41294-017-0032-6 · Cited by 21
The Role of Specialisation in the Export Success of Polish Counties in 2004-2015
Nazarczuk, J. M., Umiński, S., & Gawlikowska‐Hueckel, K. (2018) · Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review · doi:10.15678/eber.2018.060205 · Cited by 21
How Does Trade Evolve in the Aftermath of Financial Crises?
Abiad, A. G., Topalova, P. B., & Mishra, P. (2011) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781455211814.001 · Cited by 21
How different aid flows affect different trade flows: Evidence from Africa and its largest donors
Savin, I. V., Marson, M., & Sutormina, M. I. (2020) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2020.08.004 · Cited by 21
Intellectual property rights and the margins of international trade
Foster‐McGregor, N. (2012) · Journal of International Trade & Economic Development · doi:10.1080/09638199.2012.664556 · Cited by 21
Duc, C., Lavallée, E., & Siroën, J. (2008) · Économie internationale · doi:10.3917/ecoi.113.0095 · Cited by 21
Protectionist Responses to the Crisis
McDonald, B., & Henn, C. (2011) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781455265442.001 · Cited by 21
Quantifying the partial and general equilibrium effects of sanctions on Russia
Flach, L., Heiland, I., Larch, M., Steininger, M., & Teti, F. A. (2024) · Review of International Economics · doi:10.1111/roie.12707 · Cited by 33
Do regional trade agreements affect agri‐food trade? Evidence from a meta‐analysis
Afesorgbor, S. K., Fiankor, D. D., & Demena, B. A. (2023) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1002/aepp.13410 · Cited by 20
Capoani, L. (2024) · European Journal of the History of Economic Thought · doi:10.1080/09672567.2024.2329064 · Cited by 20
Does bilateral trust across countries really affect international trade and factor mobility?
Spring, E., & Grossmann, V. (2015) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-015-0915-1 · Cited by 20
Preferential trade agreements and manufactured goods exports: does it matter whom you PTA with?
Dahi, O. S., & Demir, F. (2013) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2013.804169 · Cited by 20
Export Credit Insurance and Export Performance: An Empirical Gravity Analysis for Turkey
Polat, A. Y., & YEŞİLYAPRAK, M. (2017) · International Journal of Economics and Finance · doi:10.5539/ijef.v9n8p12 · Cited by 20
Foreign Land Acquisitions and Institutional Distance
Raimondi, V., & Scoppola, M. (2018) · Land Economics · doi:10.3368/le.94.4.517 · Cited by 20
Evaluating the Trade Effect of Developing Regional Trade Agreements: a Semi-parametric Approach
Coulibaly, S. (2009) · Journal of Economic Integration · doi:10.11130/jei.2009.24.4.709 · Cited by 20
Where To Sell ? Market Facilities And Agricultural Marketing
Shilpi, F. J., & Umali‐Deininger, D. (2007) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4455 · Cited by 20
Aflatoxin Redux: Does European Aflatoxin Regulation Hurt Groundnut Exporters from Africa?Preprint
Xiong, B., & Beghin, J. C. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1621123 · Cited by 20
The Effects of Heterogeneous Sanctions on Exporting Firms —Evidence from Denmark
Jäkel, I. C., Østervig, S., & Yalçin, E. (2022) · Review of International Economics · doi:10.1111/roie.12705 · Cited by 19
Trade Costs and Economic Development
Fratianni, M. U., & Marchionne, F. (2012) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2012.01145.x · Cited by 19
Is environmental efficiency trade inducing or trade hindering?
Doganay, S. M., Sayek, S., & Taşkın, F. (2014) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2014.04.004 · Cited by 19
Trade Openness, Economic Growth and the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 in Latin America
Benita, F. (2019) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3411 · Cited by 19
The U.S. Dollar and the World Economy: A Critical Review
Siddiqui, K. (2019) · Athens Journal of Business & Economics · doi:10.30958/ajbe.6-1-2 · Cited by 19
ASEAN or plus alpha? The effectiveness of regional economic cooperation
Lee, J. W., & Oh, J. (2019) · Asia Pacific Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.apmrv.2019.07.001 · Cited by 19
EU economic integration agreements, Brexit and trade
Stack, M. M., & Bliss, M. (2020) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/s10290-020-00379-x · Cited by 19
Gravity Models in International Trade: An Exploration in Econo-Physics
Pal, I., & Kar, S. (2021) · South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance · doi:10.1177/2277978721989922 · Cited by 19
Dauti, B. (2015) · South East European Journal of Economics and Business · doi:10.1515/jeb-2015-0007 · Cited by 19
Trade and Human Capital in Global Value Chain in Developed and Developing Countries
Wang, W., & Thangavelu, S. M. (2021) · Asian Economic Papers · doi:10.1162/asep_a_00834 · Cited by 18
Long live globalization: geopolitical shocks and international trade
Cevik, S. (2025) · International Economics and Economic Policy · doi:10.1007/s10368-025-00660-0 · Cited by 18
The effect of the Euro on the bilateral trade distribution
de Figueirêdo, E. A., Lima, L. R., & Schaur, G. (2015) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-015-1004-1 · Cited by 18
Can Trade Agreements Curtail Trade Creation and Prevent Trade Diversion?
Cheong, J., Kwak, D. W., & Tang, K. K. (2014) · Review of International Economics · doi:10.1111/roie.12162 · Cited by 18
EMU and Trade Revisited: Long‐Run Evidence Using Gravity Equations
Camarero, M., Gómez-Herrera, E., & Tamarit, C. R. (2013) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.12090 · Cited by 18
Bilateral Trade Flows and Income Distribution Similarity
Martínez‐Zarzoso, I., & Vollmer, S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128191 · Cited by 18
Economic diplomacy: The “one–China policy” effect on trade
Didier, L. (2016) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2016.11.003 · Cited by 18
Do Intellectual Property Rights Influence Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions?
Campi, M., E., M. A. D., Barigozzi, M., & Fagiolo, G. (2016) · Journal of International Trade & Economic Development · doi:10.1080/09638199.2018.1518477 · Cited by 18
Does More Trade Potential Remain in Arab States of the Gulf?
Salim, R. A., Kabir, M. M., & Al-Mawali, N. (2011) · Journal of Economic Integration · doi:10.11130/jei.2011.26.2.217 · Cited by 18
Free Trade Agreements versus Customs Unions: An Examination of East Asia
Park, I., & Park, S. (2009) · Asian Economic Papers · doi:10.1162/asep.2009.8.2.119 · Cited by 18
De, P. (2010) · Journal of Economic Integration · doi:10.11130/jei.2010.25.1.32 · Cited by 18
The Incidence of Geography on Canada's Services Trade
Anderson, J. E., Milot, C., & Yotov, Y. V. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17630 · Cited by 18
Trade effects of export taxesPreprint
Solleder, O. (2025) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.71609/iheid-f4bh-zx34 · Cited by 18
The impacts of economic policy uncertainties on agriculture export
Gignarta, T. S., Borojo, D. G., & Guan, Z. (2024) · Cogent Economics & Finance · doi:10.1080/23322039.2024.2382359 · Cited by 17
Freeman, R., Larch, M., Theodorakopoulos, A., & Yotov, Y. V. (2025) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.3133 · Cited by 17
Karlsson, L., & Hedberg, P. (2021) · The Economic History Review · doi:10.1111/ehr.13053 · Cited by 17
Trade restrictions on digital services and the impact on manufacturing exports
Yang, F., Wang, Y., & Whang, U. (2023) · Journal of International Trade & Economic Development · doi:10.1080/09638199.2023.2195958 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Baldwin, R., & Taglioni, D.
- Affiliations
- European Central Bank (DE)
- Venue
- National Bureau of Economic Research
- Publisher
- National Bureau of Economic Research
- Published
- 2006-09
- OpenAlex
- W2126230473
- Cited by
- 1,206
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 73
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- National Bureau of Economic Research (submittedVersion)
- Graduate Institute Geneva Institutional Repository (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Graduate Institute Geneva Institutional Repository (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
- Keywords
- gravity model, panel data
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
