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Cited by 1Latin American history and cultureArchaeology and Cultural HeritageArchaeology and ancient environmental studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 83 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Modes of production during the Inka Imperial Period (1420–1535 AD) and the Early Colonial Period (1535–1660 AD) in the Jujuy Valley, Argentina

Open access
Vaquer, José María, Llapur, Luciana, Stokes, Freg·2024·Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology
DOI 10.3389/fearc.2024.1450968
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Abstract

The transition between the Inka Imperial Period and the Early Colonial Period in the current territory of Argentina corresponds to the Spanish invasion and the impact it had on the native populations. The imposition of the early colonial mode of production, based on the exploitation of South American mineral resources and their export to Europe, in turn, gave rise to a series of subsidiary industries. Among them, cattle breeding, muleteering, and slaughtering to obtain dried beef occupied a prominent place since their destination was the sustenance of the mining workforce. In this work, based on historical sources and archaeological studies, we propose to interpret the relationships between landscapes, environments, territories, and human populations from the imposition of the early colonial mode of production, considering pre-Hispanic modes of production and antiproduction. To do this, we focus on the different resistance strategies of the original populations and the advances and setbacks of the conquerors for the effective control of the territory, particularly the Jujuy Valley. The following pages do not aim to provide new data on the topic, but rather to offer a different analysis and approach to it.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper reinterprets the Jujuy Valley during the Inka Imperial and Early Colonial periods as a clash among Inka production, Avá anti-production, and Spanish colonial production, using existing historical and archaeological sources. It argues that Spanish control was delayed by Indigenous resistance and that the valley became a secondary commodity frontier supplying Potosí through cattle, muleteering, and charque production.

Key findings

  • The authors propose three modes: an Inka mode centered on agriculture and eastern frontier administration; an Avá-Guaraní mode of anti-production based on mobility and decentralization; and a Spanish early colonial mode based on mining and subsidiary cattle/charque/muleteering, with Jujuy functioning as a “secondary commodity frontier” supplying Potosí.
  • At the Pukara de Alto Padilla, they identify an Inka ceremonial administrative center with a plaza measuring 130 m by 87 m, a kallanka of 40 m by 20 m, and an ushnu of 20 m by 20 m; the site covers approximately 250 hectares. Agua Hedionda had 90 qollqas, and Boman reported 1,700 qollqas in the Lerma Valley.
  • Spanish foundations occurred in 1561–1563, 1575, and definitively in 1593, with 12-year and 18-year gaps; Argañaraz distributed land to 45 colonists, and three years after foundation the City Council counted 20 permanent residents, with about 30 houses by 1629 and 83 male residents/inhabitants by 1641.
  • Indigenous resistance persisted for 30 years and was led by the Omaguaca, Calchaquí, and Avá peoples; the paper states that Avá resistance was only overcome in the 19th century, according to Saignes.

Methods

  • The study is a reinterpretation of primary and secondary sources already worked on by other authors, using an expanded Historical Materialism concept of mode of production and anti-production, along with territoriality.
  • Archaeological work at the Pukara de Alto Padilla in early 2023, in collaboration with the Provincial Heritage Directorate of Jujuy, included sector division, surveying, recording, surface collection, mapping, and excavation of two test pits; aerial images from the 1950s and 1960s were also interpreted.
  • The authors state that the pages do not aim to provide new data but to offer a different analysis and approach integrating the three models and their relationships and tensions.

Limitations

  • The paper states it is an “initial exploration” and a “first approximation,” intended to lay groundwork for future research, and explicitly says it does not aim to provide new data.
  • It states that Inka occupations in the Jujuy Valley are little known due to urban expansion of San Salvador de Jujuy; that there is no material evidence yet of Avá presence in the Valley; that the exact location of Condor Huasi is uncertain; and that there is no consensus on the destination of agricultural surplus from the eastern frontier.
  • Evident from the text: the analysis relies heavily on secondary sources and reinterpretation, and the Alto Padilla excavations were limited to two test pits plus surface work, making site-function interpretations preliminary.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fearc.2024.1450968

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 83 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

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  • Findingcitation

    Around the plaza at Alto Padilla, there are several sets of enclosures that may have had residential or specialized workshop functions.

    “Around the plaza, there are several sets of enclosures that may have had residential or specialized workshop functions (see Morris, 2013 for a description of Inka features in administrative ceremonial centers).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Morris, 2013 source
  • Findingown data

    Based on the interpretation of aerial images from the 1950s and 1960s, the authors determined the extent of the Alto Padilla site, covering a total approximate area of 250 hectares.

    “Based on the interpretation of aerial images from the 1950s and 1960s, we were able to determine the extent of the site, covering a total approximate area of 250 hectares.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Within one of the kanchas associated with the plaza at Agua Hedionda, there are 90 qollqas, deposits or silos for storing grains.

    “Within one of the kanchas associated with the plaza, there are 90 qollqas, deposits or silos for storing grains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The work at Alto Padilla allowed the authors to determine that it was an Inka ceremonial administrative center, with a plaza and associated public and ceremonial structures.

    “The progress of the research allowed us to determine that it was an Inka ceremonial administrative center, with a plaza and associated public and ceremonial structures (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    In the recovered ceramics from the surveys and surface collections at Pukara de Alto Padilla, a significant proportion of the decorated pottery corresponds to Yungas and Chaco styles such as corrugated, incised, and textile imprints.

    “In the recovered ceramics from the surveys and surface collections, a significant proportion of the decorated pottery corresponds to Yungas and Chaco styles such as corrugated, incised, and textile imprints (Vaquer et al., 2024).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vaquer et al., 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. 54
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 53

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The authors surveyed an area with terraces for agricultural production and various processing tools such as grinding stones and mortar bases at Alto Padilla.

    “We also surveyed an area with terraces for agricultural production and various processing tools such as grinding stones and mortar bases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In the Central Sector of Alto Padilla, there is the main plaza measuring 130 m by 87 m; a kallanka of 40 m by 20 m, and an ushnu of 20 m by 20 m located on the edge of the terrace with visual control of the valley floor.

    “In the Central Sector, there is the main plaza of the site, measuring 130 m by 87 m; a kallanka of 40 m by 20 m, and an ushnu of 20 m by 20 m located on the edge of the terrace with visual control of the valley floor.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The dates obtained at Agua Hedionda place its occupation at the end of the 16th century, almost contemporaneous with the arrival of the Spanish.

    “The dates obtained at this site place its occupation at the end of the 16th century, almost contemporaneous with the arrival of the Spanish.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    On the surface at Alto Padilla, the authors recovered fragments of a star-shaped mass, a ceremonial tumi knife, provincial Inka ceramics, and several fragments of ceramic styles from the Lowlands.

    “On the surface, we recovered fragments of a star-shaped mass, a ceremonial tumi knife, provincial Inka ceramics, and several fragments of ceramic styles from the Lowlands.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Within the Alto Padilla site, the authors detected the presence of rectangular structures that may have been used for storage or served ritual functions as open tombs.

    “Within the site, we detected the presence of rectangular structures that may have been used for storage or served ritual functions as open tombs (Vaquer et al., 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vaquer et al., 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    The Pukara de Alto Padilla is located in the Jujuy Valley, on a river terrace of the Grande River in the urban area of the City of San Salvador de Jujuy.

    “The Pukara de Alto Padilla is located in the Jujuy Valley, on a river terrace of the Grande River in the urban area of the City of San Salvador de Jujuy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The ceramic assemblage recovered in two test pits at Alto Padilla contains styles linked to the forests and the Chaco, as well as ornithomorphic plates and various undetermined decorated styles.

    “The ceramic assemblage recovered in two test pits also contains styles linked to the forests and the Chaco, as well as ornithomorphic plates and various undetermined decorated styles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The Central Sector of Alto Padilla is surrounded by a perimeter wall on the terrace overlooking the valley, with controlled access from other sectors through walls and enclosures located in strategic positions.

    “Another notable feature of the site is what we call the”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    The Inkas had a well-organized system linked to agriculture, mining, and the exploitation of natural resources from jungles and forests.

    “As seen in the previous section, the Inkas had a well-organized system linked to agriculture, mining, and the exploitation of natural resources from jungles and forests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    There are sectors of the frontier where ceremonial administrative centers were built on local settlements (Oroncota and Samaipata), and others where occupations were located in previously unoccupied places (Sistema Alto Padilla-Agua Hedionda).

    “Thus, we have sectors of the frontier where ceremonial administrative centers were built on local settlements (Oroncota and Samaipata), and others where occupations were located in previously unoccupied places (Sistema Alto Padilla-Agua Hedionda).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The framework of mode of production runs into problems when applied to non-state social groups such as the Avá, with this group developing social mechanisms that prevented the emergence of an elite/ruling class.

    “However, this framework runs into problems when applied to non-state social groups such as the Avá, with this group developing social mechanisms that prevented the emergence of an elite/ruling class.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clastres, 1994

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Premisecitation

    The concept of mode of production in its original Marxist definition is most effective when applied to states and state-like entities with clearly defined class structures.

    “The concept of a mode of production, in its original Marxist definition, is most effective when applied to states and state-like entities with clearly defined class structures (Marx, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marx, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Inka mode emphasized agricultural production in the Jujuy Valley, and the Spanish mode of production needed the land for cattle grazing; these two activities are mutually exclusive.

    “Consequently, we have a second clash of modes of production: the Inka mode, which emphasized agricultural production in the Jujuy Valley, and the Spanish mode of production that needed the land for cattle grazing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The Inka mode of production and the Spanish mode of production in the Jujuy Valley are mutually exclusive because one emphasized agricultural production and the other needed land for cattle grazing.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Maize in the Inka Empire was not only a food product but was also used for the production of chicha, an alcoholic beverage indispensable in reciprocal ceremonies aimed at forging alliances with local populations.

    “We must not forget that maize was not only a food product in the Empire but was also used for the production of chicha, an alcoholic beverage indispensable in the reciprocal ceremonies aimed at forging alliances with local populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Each mode of production (and antiproduction) implies a particular territoriality.

    “In our interpretation, each mode of production (and antiproduction) implies a particular territoriality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The Spanish invasion initiated a series of capital accumulation cycles that directly and indirectly supported the emergence and implementation of the capitalist system in Europe.

    “At the same time, the Spanish invasion initiated a series of capital accumulation cycles that directly and indirectly supported the emergence and implementation of the capitalist system in Europe (Arrighi, 2010;Moore, 2015;Stokes, 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Arrighi, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Moore, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Stokes, 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    The Jujuy Valley is located at an average altitude of 1,200 m above sea level in Northwestern Argentina.

    “The Jujuy Valley is located at an average altitude of 1,200 m above sea level in Northwestern Argentina (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    The occupations of the Jujuy Valley during the Inka Period are little known due to the expansion of the urban core of the City of San Salvador de Jujuy.

    “The occupations of the Jujuy Valley during the Inka Period are little known due to the expansion of the urban core of the City of San Salvador de Jujuy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Jujuy Valley was not a primary mining production area but functioned as a secondary commodity frontier, a secondary production area that supplied the primary mining production areas (mainly Potosí).

    “In this sense, the Jujuy Valley was not a primary mining production area but functioned as a”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stokes, 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    In San Antonio, there is the Agua Hedionda site, an Inka administrative center that features a plaza and several associated secondary sectors and sites.

    “In San Antonio, there is the Agua Hedionda site, an Inka administrative center that features a plaza and several associated secondary sectors and sites (Cremonte et al., 2005;Peralta and Cremonte, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cremonte et al., 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Peralta and Cremonte, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    In the 16th century, two opposing ways of life were in conflict on the eastern frontier of Tawantinsuyu: the Inka mode of production and the Avá mode of anti-production.

    “In the 16th century, we find two opposing ways of life in conflict on the eastern frontier of Tawantinsuyu (the Inka Empire): the Inka mode of production and the Avá mode of anti-production.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Cremonte and Garay de Fumagalli (2013) propose that the Agua Hedionda system was established on the border margin with the aim of being a productive center to finance state expansion toward the east, controlling rotating labor contributions.

    “In this sense, Cremonte and Garay de Fumagalli (2013) propose that the Agua Hedionda system was established on the border margin with the aim of being a productive center to finance state expansion toward the east, controlling rotating labor contributions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cremonte and Garay de Fumagalli, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    In some cases, the Inkas relied on pre-existing social networks within the Empire; in others, they created new ones.

    “In some cases, the Inkas relied on pre-existing social networks within the Empire, while in others, they created new ones.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductown data

    The Pukara de Alto Padilla was not systematically excavated until early 2023.

    “Although the site was documented, it was not systematically excavated until early 2023.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In the early 1500s, the Inkas settled in Samaipata, on the border between the Andes and the Guapay plain in the Bolivian Chaco.

    “Father Alcaya's chronicle of 1605 relates that, in the early 1500s, the Inkas settled in Samaipata, on the border between the Andes and the Guapay plain in the Bolivian Chaco.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Father Alcaya's chronicle of 1605

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Recent archaeological research suggests a long-term Avá presence in the Andean foothills.

    “While recent archaeological research suggests that there has been a long-term Avá presence in the Andean foothills,”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Zenta-Vallegrande region was under the orbit of the Quebrada de Humahuaca in pre-Inka times, which could explain the absence of Inka administrative ceremonial centers.

    “It is important to mention that this region was under the orbit of the Quebrada de Humahuaca in pre-Inka times, which could explain the absence of Inka administrative ceremonial centers, as they were located in the main Quebrada, such as the Pukará de Tilcara (Otero and Tarragó, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Otero and Tarragó, 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The Jujuy Valley is located at the confluence and in the proximity of the three districts that make up the biogeographical region of the Yungas (transition forests, montane forests, and cloud forests), and is close to the Chaco domain to the east and the Monte region to the north and west.

    “One of the most notable features of the Jujuy Valley is that it is located at the confluence and in the proximity of the three districts that make up the biogeographical region of the Yungas (transition forests, montane forests, and cloud forests).Additionally, it is close to the Chaco domain to the east and the Monte region to the north and west.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Certain historical accounts describe a process by which invading Avá groups subjugated and merged with Arawak-speaking Chané groups in the Andean-Chaco transition zone.

    “certain historical accounts describe a process by which invading Avá groups subjugated and merged with Arawak-speaking Chané groups in the Andean-Chaco transition zone (Díaz del Guzmán, 1979;Pärssinen and Siiriäinen, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Díaz del Guzmán, 1979

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Pärssinen and Siiriäinen, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Subsequent research has critiqued the reductionism of the religiously motivated 'Land Without Evil' argument and emphasized ecological and cosmological factors in driving Guaraní mobility.

    “However, subsequent research has critiqued the reductionism of this argument, instead emphasizing other ecological and cosmological factors in driving Guaraní mobility (Meliá, 1987(Meliá, , 1997;;Barbosa, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Meliá, 1987

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Meliá, 1997

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Barbosa, 2015

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These modes of production also involved different symbolic systems and different ways of inhabiting the landscape.

    “These modes of production also involved different symbolic systems and different ways of inhabiting the landscape.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The climate of the Jujuy Valley is subtropical mountainous with an average annual precipitation of 400 mm, with a summer rainfall regime.

    “The climate is subtropical mountainous with an average annual precipitation of 400 mm, with a summer rainfall regime.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Decentralized societies existing outside the state were more defined by systems of anti-production than production in the conventional sense, contrary to earlier Marxist anthropologists such as Maurice Godelier.

    “Consequently, Pierre Clastres contends that contrary to the formulations of earlier Marxist anthropologists such as Maurice Godelier, these decentralized societies, existing outside the state, were more defined by systems of anti-production than production in the conventional sense (Clastres, 1994).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clastres, 1994

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The earliest Inka dates in Northwestern Argentina are found in the southern Quebrada de Humahuaca, at the Pukara de Volcán and the Pukara de Tilcara, ranging around 1381 AD, with the most conservative estimates around 1420 AD.

    “García et al. (2021) compile all the Inka dates for Northwestern Argentina, with the earliest dates found in the southern Quebrada de Humahuaca, at sites like the Pukara de Volcán and the Pukara de Tilcara.Dates for these sites range around 1381 AD, while the most conservative estimates are around 1420 AD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites García et al. (2021) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    As Saignes (2007) argues, while the Avá attacked and absorbed other groups such as the Chané in the Andean foothills, their tendency toward continuous internal warfare prevented state formation, with multiple social mechanisms impeding the concentration of power in the hands of any individual.

    “As Saignes (2007) argues, while the Avá attacked and absorbed other groups such as the Chané in the Andean foothills, their tendency toward continuous internal warfare prevented state formation, with multiple social mechanisms impeding the concentration of power in the hands of any individual.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saignes (2007) source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The interests of the Empire in the East were related to the expansion of the agricultural frontier, as the Eastern Valleys and Lowlands are privileged areas for agricultural production.

    “The interests of the Empire in the East were related to the expansion of the agricultural frontier, as the Eastern Valleys and Lowlands are privileged areas for agricultural production.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Agua Hedionda is an administrative center dedicated to agricultural production, with direct connections to the Lerma Valley and Quebrada del Toro in Salta, and the eastern Chaco lowlands.

    “According to studies, Agua Hedionda is an administrative center dedicated to agricultural production, with direct connections to the Lerma Valley and Quebrada del Toro in Salta, and the eastern Chaco lowlands.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Biogeographically, the Jujuy Valley belongs to the Yungas region, specifically the Montane Forests district.

    “Biogeographically, it belongs to the Yungas region, specifically the Montane Forests district (Arana et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arana et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Inkas detected silver mines on the Saypurú hill and moved further into the Chaco.

    “Later, they detected the presence of silver mines on the Saypurú hill, moving further into the Chaco.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The Avá, also known as Chiriguanos, are a Guaraní-speaking people who inhabit the eastern foothills of the Andes in Bolivia and Argentina.

    “The Avá, also known pejoratively in historical documentation as the Chiriguanos, are a Guaraní-speaking who inhabit the eastern foothills of the Andes in Bolivia and Argentina.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    There is no consensus on the destination of the agricultural surplus produced in the eastern frontier.

    “However, there is no consensus on the destination of the agricultural surplus produced in the eastern frontier.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Agua Hedionda was part of the southeastern frontier of the Inka Empire in an area without previous occupations by local populations.

    “Agua Hedionda was part of the southeastern frontier of the Inka Empire in an area without previous occupations by local populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Inkas built a series of fortresses (pukaras) to control the eastern frontier, mainly managed by mitayos.

    “To protect themselves, the Inkas built a series of fortresses or pukaras to control the frontier, mainly managed by mitayos (Alconini, 2004;Saignes, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Alconini, 2004 source
    • cites Saignes, 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    The Inkas' objective at Samaipata was agricultural production, and they negotiated with local Arawak groups.

    “Their objective was agricultural production, so they negotiated with local Arawak groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    The Inkas had a way of life centered on the valleys and lowlands for the exploitation of specific resources, particularly the large-scale production of maize (Zea mays).

    “On one hand, the Inkas had a way of life centered on the valleys and lowlands for the exploitation of specific resources, particularly the large-scale production of maize (Zea mays).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Territoriality involves a constant interplay of territorialization and deterritorialization resulting from ongoing conflicts and struggles among the Inka, Avá, and Spanish.

    “Thus, the discussion in these pages leads us to think about territoriality from a more complex perspective, which involves a constant interplay of territorialization and deterritorialization, the result of ongoing conflicts and struggles among these three fronts: Inka, Avá, and Spanish.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    Exchanges in the colonial economy were complemented by enslaved people and goods from Castile, which acquired symbolic and monetary value because they were imported from elsewhere.

    “These exchanges were complemented by enslaved people and goods from Castile, which, both of which acquired another symbolic and monetary value due to being imported from elsewhere.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Since their arrival in the Atlantic, metals from the Andean region were among the most sought-after goods by Guaraní groups.

    “Since their arrival in the Atlantic, metals from the Andean region were among the most sought-after goods by the Guaraní groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Guaraní villages utilized extensive crop cultivation to support relatively dense populations but were not sedentary.

    “Although these villages utilized extensive crop cultivation to support relatively dense populations, they were not in any sense sedentary.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clastres, 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Over the last 500 years, Guaraní-speaking groups have displayed a diverse array of social forms, from small mobile Aché family units to large 16th-century village formations.

    “Over the course of the last 500 years, Guaraní-speaking groups have displayed a diverse array of social forms, from the Aché in Paraguay, who until recently lived in small, mobile family units and subsisted primarily through hunting and foraging, to the large village formations, documented in the 16th century (Clastres, 1998).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clastres, 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The success built around Potosí led to a regional specialization of neighboring spaces, which contributed goods, crafts, and livestock, resulting in an expansion of regional transport networks through winter grazing and mule raising.

    “The success built around Potosí led to a regional specialization of neighboring spaces, which contributed goods, crafts, and livestock, resulting in an expansion in regional transport networks in the following years through winter grazing and mule raising.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    With the arrival of the Avá in the 16th century or shortly before, these relationships became problematic and contentious.

    “With the arrival of the Avá in the 16th century or shortly before, these relationships became problematic and contentious.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The clash between the Inkas, Avá, and Spaniards in the Jujuy Valley stemmed not only from attempts at domination and territorialization but also from different visions and conceptions regarding nature and the use and modification of the landscape.

    “the clash between them stemmed not only from attempts at domination and territorialization but also, within it, from different visions and conceptions regarding nature and the use and modification of the landscape in question.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Andean societies established a close and respectful relationship with the natural world.
    • Rests on an assumption: Plant and animal species were considered for their utility by both Indigenous Andeans and Spaniards.
    • Rests on an assumption: Indigenous Andeans understood that the relationship between humans and the surrounding environment went beyond productive ambitions.
    • Rests on an assumption: For the Inkas and the Avá, territories were associated with particular biomes, and their worldviews were structured by and structuring these relationships.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Guaraní mobility can be understood as a form of circulation rather than migration, consisting of a continuous flow of people and objects between the Atlantic Forest and neighboring biomes.

    “According to Stokes (2022), Guaraní mobility can be understood as a form of circulation rather than migration, as it consisted of a continuous flow of people and objects between the Atlantic Forest and neighboring biomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stokes, 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    With the arrival of the Spaniards, there was a disruption of the relationships between populations and ecosystems, as the objective of the colonists was the exploitation of natural resources within an emerging capitalist framework.

    “With the arrival of the Spaniards, there was a disruption of the relationships between populations and ecosystems, as the objective of the colonists was the exploitation of natural resources within an emerging capitalist framework.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The expansion of Arawak groups reached the Rio de La Plata basin in Argentina.

    “The expansion of these groups even reached the Rio de La Plata basin in Argentina (Bonomo et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bonomo et al., 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    After Rojas died in Salta, Captain Heredia continued the conquest, crossing the valley until reaching the Quebrada de Humahuaca.

    “After Rojas died in Salta, Captain Heredia continued the conquest, crossing the valley until reaching the Quebrada de Humahuaca.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The Spanish invasion radically altered the scenario.

    “The Spanish invasion radically altered this scenario.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    This territory was the battleground between groups that saw in it the necessary conditions and resources to assert themselves and take possession of it.

    “This territory was the battleground between groups that saw in it the necessary conditions and resources to assert themselves and take possession of it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These three groups clashed over agricultural areas or mineral extraction, exerting their material and symbolic power to achieve the deterritorialization of their opponents.

    “Whether it was for agricultural areas or mineral extraction, these three groups clashed, exerting their material and symbolic power to achieve the deterritorialization of their opponents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The same mode of anti-production prevented the Inkas from expanding into Avá territories, as there were no intermediaries to negotiate or establish alliance networks.

    “This same mode of anti-production prevented the Inkas from expanding into Avá territories, as, similar to what happened on the borders of the empire with non-centralized social formations, there were no intermediaries to negotiate or establish alliance networks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Initially, the economy focused on the productions of each region to achieve surpluses that would subsequently enable the expansion of commercial activities.

    “Initially, the economy focused on the productions of each region to achieve surpluses that would subsequently enable the expansion of commercial activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Salcedo failed in his mission, as did Captain Chaves, another envoy of Almagro.

    “Salcedo failed in his mission, as did Captain Chaves, another envoy of Almagro.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Increased westward circulation occurred in search of the sources of metals and for the control of distribution routes.

    “Possibly, increased westward circulation occurred in search of the sources of metals and for the control of distribution routes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    There was an effective presence of Yungas and Chaco populations in the pukara, or at least close ties with them were established.

    “Consequently, there was an effective presence of these populations in the pukara, or at least close ties with them were established.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Guaraní writers and communities emphasize long-term Guaraní travel routes crossing South America.

    “In this regard, contributions by Guaraní writers and communities are gaining increasing recognition, with these accounts emphasizing the long-term Guaraní travel routes crossing South America (Popygua, 2017;Ladeira, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Popygua, 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ladeira, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Guaraní village inhabitants regularly dismantled and moved their settlements, practicing shifting agriculture.

    “Instead, Guaraní village inhabitants regularly dismantled and moved their settlements, practicing shifting agriculture, clearing forest in new areas to plant their crops and letting the forest regrow over their previous fields.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clastres, 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    According to early colonial sources, while men were engaged in warfare, women cultivated crops and transported goods over long distances.

    “According to early colonial sources, while men were engaged in warfare, women cultivated crops and transported goods over long distances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites early colonial sources

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Internal disputes among the Conquistadors led them to seek new conquests, forming their own individual armies.

    “Internal disputes among the Conquistadors led them to seek new conquests, forming their own individual armies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The cultural and territorial clash generated conflicts, but also processes of hybridization and mutual adaptation that shaped the configuration of the territory and its use over time.

    “This cultural and territorial clash generated conflicts, but also processes of hybridization and mutual adaptation that shaped the configuration of the territory and its use over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    The process of land grants and encomiendas led to the deculturation of the Indigenous population, as they lost their lands and original habits in favor of individuation.

    “This process also led to the deculturation of the Indigenous population, as they not only witnessed their lands being distributed but also had to resist the loss of their original habits in favor of a process of individuation (Zanolli and Lorandi, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zanolli and Lorandi, 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Lands were granted to Spanish colonists through land grants and encomiendas, which provided both a piece of land and Indigenous labor to work it.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Guaraní-speaking groups comprise one branch of a broader movement of groups from the Tupian language family out of the Amazon into the Atlantic Forest and the Yungas.

    “According to linguistic and archaeological reconstructions, Guaraní-speaking groups comprise one branch of a broader movement of groups from the Tupian language family out of the Amazon into the Atlantic Forest and the Yungas (Noelli, 1996).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Noelli, 1996 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Modes of production were intrinsically linked to the environment, and each group developed adaptive strategies to harness the natural resources available in their surroundings.

    “Modes of production were intrinsically linked to the environment, and each group developed adaptive strategies to harness the natural resources available in their surroundings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Inka productive activities defined and shaped different ways of living and contributed to the region's diverse landscapes and architecture.

    “These productive activities also defined and shaped different ways of living, while simultaneously contributing to the region's diverse landscapes and architecture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Indigenous Jujuíes sensed what was going to happen and prepared for the arrival of the Spaniards.

    “Meanwhile,”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vergara, 1961

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    With the arrival of the Spanish invaders, territorial borders changed, as the Spanish attempted to achieve expansive territorial dominance with fixed boundaries.

    “With the arrival of the Spanish invaders, this changed, as they attempted to achieve expansive territorial dominance with fixed boundaries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In any territory, multiple forms of territoriality always coexist, each with its own dynamics and meanings.

    “Porto-Gonçalves (2009) reminds us that in any territory, multiple forms of territoriality always coexist, each with its own dynamics and meanings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Porto-Gonçalves (2009) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The abrupt arrival of the Spanish brought significant changes to the Inka model, although the Europeans also utilized certain Indigenous strategies and institutions for their own benefit.

    “The abrupt arrival of the Spanish brought significant changes to the Inka model, although the Europeans also utilized certain Indigenous strategies and institutions for their own benefit.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Arawak populations had great socio-cultural variability despite belonging to a common linguistic family.

    “Although belonging to a common linguistic family, these Arawak populations had great socio-cultural variability (Jaimes, 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jaimes, 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    News of great riches and labor in the Kingdom of Chile motivated Diego de Almagro to venture southward in the mid-1530s.

    “News of great riches and labor in the Kingdom of Chile motivated Diego de Almagro to venture southward in the mid-1530s (Ortiz, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ortiz, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The foundation of 1593 integrated the Valley into a circuit of cattle capture and breeding to supply miners in Córdoba and Santa Fe, about 1,000 km south of Jujuy, ending in the mining center of Potosí.

    “integrating the Valley into a circuit of cattle capture and breeding to supply the miners who were starting their work in the present-day provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe, about 1,000 km south of Jujuy (Conti and Sica, 2011;Sica, 2019) (see Figure 5), and ending in the mining center of Potosí.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Conti and Sica, 2011 source
    • cites Sica, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Arawak groups in the Paraná River Basin had access to exchange networks and exchanged metals with Andean groups.

    “There is evidence that the Arawak groups located in the Paraná River Basin already had access to these networks and exchanged metals with the Andean groups (Bonomo et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bonomo et al., 2019 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Communal lands became the exclusive property of individuals, establishing a private model of exploitation.

    “Consequently, communal lands became the exclusive property of individuals, establishing a private model of exploitation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Lands were granted to Spanish colonists through land grants and encomiendas, which provided both a piece of land and Indigenous labor to work it.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The cultural paradigm of Andean societies included environmental care, making use of and benefiting from the landscape without generating massive changes in the occupied areas.

    “the cultural paradigm surrounding these societies included (and continues to include) environmental care, making use of and benefiting from the landscape without generating massive changes in the occupied areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Andean societies established a close and respectful relationship with the natural world.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Although there was a line of defensive pukaras, this did not necessarily imply conflictual relations, at least not permanently.

    “Although there was a line of defensive pukaras, this did not necessarily imply conflictual relations, at least not permanently.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The use of the landscape took on diverse meanings: for some it was the space they inhabited and shared, while for the Spaniards the landscape was the means and end to satisfy their economic aspirations.

    “the use of the landscape took on diverse meanings, as while for some it was the space they inhabited and shared, for others-the Spaniards-the landscape was the means and end to satisfy their economic aspirations-both individual and monarchical.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
86 of 86

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Inka mode of production and the Spanish mode of production in the Jujuy Valley are mutually exclusive because one emphasized agricultural production and the other needed land for cattle grazing.

    “Both activities are mutually exclusive, so the imposition of the new mode of production entailed different territorialities, spatialities, and struggles and resistances by Indigenous groups.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The first two Spanish foundations were erected on pukaras, and the third on a plain that is the intermediate space between both fortresses.

    “The first two foundations were erected on pukaras, and the third one on a plain that seems to be the intermediate space between both fortresses.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Spanish invasion initiated a process of collapse of Indigenous societies that continues to have ongoing effects today.

    “From the arrival of Columbus in 1492, a process of collapse of Indigenous societies began, which continues to have ongoing effects today.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Production is tied to the appropriation of a surplus by a ruling elite.

    “If we understand production to be tied to the appropriation of a surplus by a ruling elite, then Avá internal conflict and mobility prevented such a system from ever developing.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Lands were granted to Spanish colonists through land grants and encomiendas, which provided both a piece of land and Indigenous labor to work it.

    “To solidify their conquest, lands were granted to Spanish colonists through land grants and encomiendas, which not only provided a piece of land but also Indigenous labor to work it.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    By 1570, Viceroy Toledo successfully organized a colonial economic system specialized in the production of silver minerals destined for the external market.

    “By 1570, Toledo, the viceroy of Peru, successfully organized a colonial economic system specialized in the production of silver minerals destined for the external market.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Indigenous populations were required to subsidize the Spanish economy through tribute, mita labor, and work on encomienda lands to supply the internal market.

    “Meanwhile, Indigenous populations were required to subsidize the Spanish economy through tribute, mita labor, and work on what had become encomienda lands, to supply the internal market.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Spanish distributed encomiendas and redefined the mita system for forced labor, stipulating shifts and methods without regard for human costs.

    “They distributed encomiendas and redefined the mita system for forced labor, stipulating shifts and methods without regard for human costs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Jujuy Valley was a territory in dispute from pre-Hispanic times.

    “The Jujuy Valley emerged as a territory in dispute from pre-Hispanic times”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Different Indigenous groups and communities coexisted in the Jujuy Valley before the Inka period.

    “different Indigenous groups and communities coexisted”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some of the pre-Inka Indigenous groups in the Jujuy Valley were under Inka rule.

    “some of them were under Inka rule, as a result of the territorialization and territoriality practiced by the latter during their period of dominance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Spanish maintained productive areas that had been established or expanded under Inka rule.

    “The Spanish, on the other hand, swept through during the invasion, maintaining those productive areas that had been established or expanded under Inka rule”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cattle grazing became another way to use the Jujuy Valley space after the Spanish invasion.

    “which, later on, would see cattle grazing as another way to make use of this space.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Avá practiced mobile agriculture supplemented by hunting, fishing, and foraging, and sought out biomes that facilitated this way of life.

    “the Avá, with their logic of mobile agriculture, sought out biomes that would facilitate this way of life, supplemented by hunting, fishing, and foraging.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Jujuy plain encompassed a biotic area that satisfied the interests of all three groups (Inkas, Avá, Spaniards).

    “the Jujuy plain encompassed a biotic area that satisfied the interests of all three of these groups”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Existing literature on the impact of the clash of these cultures mostly refers to two of them (Indigenous American and Spanish), without considering multiple ways of understanding nature within the former.

    “Existing literature on the impact of the clash of these cultures mostly refers to two of them, Indigenous American and Spanish, without considering that within the former, multiple ways of understanding nature at a cultural level coexisted”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Andean societies established a close and respectful relationship with the natural world.

    “Andean societies established a close and respectful relationship with the natural world.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Plant and animal species were considered for their utility by both Indigenous Andeans and Spaniards.

    “Plant and animal species were considered for their utility by both Indigenous Andeans and Spaniards”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Indigenous Andeans understood that the relationship between humans and the surrounding environment went beyond productive ambitions.

    “although the former understood from their worldview that the relationship between humans and the surrounding environment went beyond productive ambitions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    For the Inkas and the Avá, territories were associated with particular biomes, and their worldviews were structured by and structuring these relationships.

    “for the case of the Inkas and the Avá, territories were associated with particular biomes; their worldviews being structured by and structuring these relationships.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Inkas and the Spaniards characterized their territoriality by formal settlement, dominating the territory and its inhabitants.

    “Among the Inkas and the Spaniards, this was characterized by formal settlement, thus dominating the territory and its inhabitants”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    For the Avá, their mobile itinerary meant that occupation of territories was not established through the foundation of cities or the implementation of state bureaucracies.

    “for the Avá, their mobile itinerary meant that occupation of territories was not established through the foundation of cities or the implementation of state bureaucracies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Inka organized significant population redistributions but maintained a system that was inward-focused at its core, providing provisions for populations across the Empire and extracting a surplus for the benefit of the ruling Inka elite.

    “The Inka organized significant population redistributions but maintained a system that was inward-focused at its core, providing provisions for populations across the Empire and extracting a surplus for the benefit of the ruling Inka elite.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Avá system was predominantly inward-focused, did not seek to generate surpluses, and had no social stratification that required it, so it cannot be described as production-focused.

    “The Avá system was also predominantly inwardfocused, although it is clear that the Avá in this sense did not seek to generate surpluses, as there was no social stratification that required it, meaning that their system cannot in this sense be described as production-focused.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Spanish model was oriented toward overseas exports, as the potential gains from the implemented production system were for the metropolis.

    “As for the Spanish model, it was oriented toward overseas exports, as the potential gains from the implemented production system were for the metropolis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    All three groups (Inkas, Avá, Spaniards) took an interest in precious metals.

    “this can be observed in the case of mining, with all three groups taking an interest in precious metals.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Inkas and Spaniards installed and executed architectural, economic, and social structures, while the Avá disputed power with them and mitigated against internal concentration of power through constant splintering and decentralization.

    “The Inkas and Spaniards, by installing and executing their architectural, economic, and social structures and the Avá, disputing power with the Inkas and the Spaniards while also mitigating against the internal concentration of power through constant splintering and decentralization.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Although there is no material evidence of Avá presence in the Valley, their geographic position is right on the border, both east and south, of these peoples.

    “Although we do not yet have material evidence of the Avá presence in the Valley, their geographic position is right on the border, both east and south, of these peoples.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Jujuy Valley was a central location for communication and the transportation of resources between the Governorate of Tucumán and Upper Peru.

    “the valley was a central location for communication and the transportation of resources between the Governorate of Tucumán and Upper Peru.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Jujuy Valley served as the gateway for the exploitation of the mineral wealth of the Jujuy Puna.

    “it served as the gateway for the exploitation of the mineral wealth of the Jujuy Puna.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Subsequently, with a concrete territorial plan, the Spanish attempted to found the city twice, only to be thwarted by the resistance of local Indigenous peoples.

    “Subsequently, with a concrete territorial plan, the Spanish attempted to found the city twice, only to be thwarted by the resistance of local Indigenous peoples.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    This resistance persisted for 30 years and was led by the Omaguaca, Calchaquí, and Avá peoples.

    “This resistance persisted for 30 years and was led by the Omaguaca, Calchaquí, and Avá peoples.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It was only after the founding of the city of Salta to the south that the third and definitive foundation became possible.

    “It was only after the founding of the city of Salta to the south that the third and definitive foundation became possible.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The urban space of the Valley was modified to meet the needs of the Spanish, and the lands, along with their inhabitants and resources, were distributed in grants.

    “The urban space of the Valley was modified to meet the needs of the Spanish, and the lands, along with their inhabitants and resources, were distributed in grants.”
34 of 34

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 35 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 44

  1. Ambasch, 2006, Yungas y paisajes arqueológicos, Análisis y aportes a la arqueología del Valle de Jujuy
  2. Arana, 2021, Esquema Biogeográfico de la República Argentina.
  3. Assadourian, 1982, El sistema de la economía colonial
  4. Boman, 1992, Antiquites de la region Andine et du desert d'Atacama
  5. Candela, 2018, Entre la Pluma y la Cruz: El Clérigo Martín González y la Desconocida Historia de su Defensa de los Indios del Paraguay, Documentos Inéditos (1543–1575)
  6. Clastres, 1987, Society against the State
  7. Clastres, 1994, Archeology of Violence
  8. Cremonte, 2013, “Diferentes modalidades de estructuración de la frontera suroriental Inka en el actual territorio de Jujuy,”, Al borde del imperio: paisajes sociales, materialidad y memoria en áreas periféricas del Noroeste Argentino, 57
  9. Cremonte, 2005, Ordenamiento espacial y arquitectura del sitio inkaico Agua Hedionda, Cuad. FHyCS-UNJu, 29, 23
  10. Cruz, 2017, “Memorias de montañas y metales. Incas y Chiriguanaes en el este de los Andes,”, 205
  11. D'Altroy, 2002, Los Incas
  12. de Argarañaz, 1594, Expedientes, 1594–1606 (Legajo 1, Carpeta 1, f. 44v)
  13. Díaz del Guzmán, 1979, Relación de la Entrada a los Chiriguanos
  14. Garavaglia, 1984, “Un Modo de Produccion Subsidiario: La Organizacion Economica de las Comunidades Guaranizadas Durante los Siglos XVII–XVIII en la Formacion Regional Altoperuana-Rioplatense,”, 161
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Metadata

Authors
Vaquer, J. M., Llapur, L., & Stokes, F.
Affiliations
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
  • Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology (DE)
Corresponding author
Stokes, Freg
ORCID
Vaquer, José María
Venue
Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2024-09-13
Volume
3
ISSN
2813-432X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fearc.2024.1450968
OpenAlex
W4402516685
Cited by
0
References
35
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Latin American history and culture
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords
modes of production, Inca Empire, early colonial period, Spanish conquest, mining workforce, cattle breeding, muleteering, dried beef, resistance strategies, territorial control, landscape and environment

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