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Cited by 303Amino Acid Enzymes and MetabolismNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchSulfur Compounds in Biology

Astrocytic Control of Biosynthesis and Turnover of the Neurotransmitters Glutamate and GABA

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Schousboe, Arne, Bak, Lasse K., Waagepetersen, Helle S.·2013·Frontiers in Endocrinology
DOI 10.3389/fendo.2013.00102PMC PMC3744088
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Abstract

Glutamate and GABA are the quantitatively major neurotransmitters in the brain mediating excitatory and inhibitory signaling, respectively. These amino acids are metabolically interrelated and at the same time they are tightly coupled to the intermediary metabolism including energy homeostasis. Astrocytes play a pivotal role in the maintenance of the neurotransmitter pools of glutamate and GABA since only these cells express pyruvate carboxylase, the enzyme required for de novo synthesis of the two amino acids. Such de novo synthesis is obligatory to compensate for catabolism of glutamate and GABA related to oxidative metabolism when the amino acids are used as energy substrates. This, in turn, is influenced by the extent to which the cycling of the amino acids between neurons and astrocytes may occur. This cycling is brought about by the glutamate/GABA - glutamine cycle the operation of which involves the enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and phosphate-activated glutaminase together with the plasma membrane transporters for glutamate, GABA, and glutamine. The distribution of these proteins between neurons and astrocytes determines the efficacy of the cycle and it is of particular importance that GS is exclusively expressed in astrocytes. It should be kept in mind that the operation of the cycle is associated with movement of ammonia nitrogen between the two cell types and different mechanisms which can mediate this have been proposed. This review is intended to delineate the above mentioned processes and to discuss quantitatively their relative importance in the homeostatic mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of optimal conditions for the respective neurotransmission processes to operate.

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Authors
Schousboe, A., Bak, L. K., & Waagepetersen, H. S.
Affiliations
University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author
Schousboe, Arne
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Frontiers in Endocrinology
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Frontiers Media SA
Published
2013
Volume
4
Pages
102-102
ISSN
1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fendo.2013.00102
PMC
PMC3744088
OpenAlex
W2061534302
Cited by
303
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  • Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
Keywords
astrocytes, glutamate, GABA, neurotransmitter synthesis, pyruvate carboxylase, glutamine synthetase, phosphate-activated glutaminase, glutamate transporters, GABA transporters, glutamine transporter, energy metabolism, ammonia transport, neurotransmitter homeostasis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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