Cited by 224Immune Response and InflammationImmune responses and vaccinationsImmune cells in cancer

Innate Immune Programing by Endotoxin and Its Pathological Consequences

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Morris, Matthew C., Gilliam, Elizabeth A., Li, Liwu·2015·Frontiers in Immunology

Abstract

Monocytes and macrophages play pivotal roles in inflammation and homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that dynamic programing of macrophages and monocytes may give rise to distinct "memory" states. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a classical pattern recognition molecule, dynamically programs innate immune responses. Emerging studies have revealed complex dynamics of cellular responses to LPS, with high doses causing acute, resolving inflammation, while lower doses are associated with low-grade and chronic non-resolving inflammation. These phenomena hint at dynamic complexities of intra-cellular signaling circuits downstream of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In this review, we examine pathological effects of varying LPS doses with respect to the dynamics of innate immune responses and key molecular regulatory circuits responsible for these effects.

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Crossref · 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00680

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  • Endotoxin causes inflammatory activation mainly via activating TLR4 (with co-receptor MD2) on the cell surface, resulting in NF-κB transcriptional activation of hundreds of inflammatory genes, including pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6 and pro-IL-1β.

    “Endotoxin causes inflammatory activation mainly via activating TLR4 (with co-receptor MD2) on the cell surface, resulting in NF-κB transcriptional activation of hundreds of inflammatory genes, including pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6 and pro-IL-1β [4, 17, 18].”

    From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [17]

  • Chronic low doses of endotoxin can either promote low-grade inflammation, tolerance or resolution, depending on other factors.

    “Chronic low doses of endotoxin can either promote low-grade inflammation, tolerance or resolution, depending on other factors [17].”

    From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [17]

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Authors
Morris, M. C., Gilliam, E. A., & Li, L.
Affiliations
Virginia Tech (US)
Corresponding author
Li, Liwu
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Published
2015-01-06
Volume
5
Pages
680-680
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1994176403
Cited by
224
References
117
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 1
FWCI
3.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL115835)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
Keywords
lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin, innate immunity, monocytes, macrophages, macrophage polarization, TLR4, low-grade inflammation, acute inflammation

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