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Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity
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Owing to its memory and plasticity, the immune system (IS) is capable of recording all the immunological experiences and stimuli it was exposed to. The combination of type, dose, intensity, and temporal sequence of antigenic stimuli that each individual is exposed to has been named "immunobiography." This immunological history induces a lifelong continuous adaptation of the IS, which is responsible for the capability to mount strong, weak or no response to specific antigens, thus determining the large heterogeneity of immunological responses. In the last years, it is becoming clear that memory is not solely a feature of adaptive immunity, as it has been observed that also innate immune cells are provided with a sort of memory, dubbed "trained immunity." In this review, we discuss the main characteristics of trained immunity as a possible contributor to inflammaging within the perspective of immunobiography, with particular attention to the phenotypic changes of the cell populations known to be involved in trained immunity. In conclusion, immunobiography emerges as a pervasive and comprehensive concept that could help in understanding and interpret the individual heterogeneity of immune responses (to infections and vaccinations) that becomes particularly evident at old age and could affect immunosenescence and inflammaging.
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“To address this issue, Franceschi et al. proposed the concept of “immunobiography,” which considers the unique history of antigenic exposure that shapes an individual’s immune system over time.374”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [374]
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“Inflammaging is considered a chronic, sterile inflammation characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory mediators in the circulation including IL-6, TNF, CXCL8, CCL2, CRP, and PLA2GD”
From COVID-19 and the human innate immune system (2021) · cites this paper as Franceschi et al., 2017
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Metadata
- Authors
- Franceschi, C., Salvioli, S., Garagnani, P., de Eguileor, M., Monti, D., & Capri, M.
- Affiliations
- Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (IT)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Salvioli, Stefano
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-08-15
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 982-982
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5559470
- OpenAlex
- W2747602890
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Seventh Framework Programme (602757)
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (634821)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- trained immunity, inflammaging, immunosenescence, immunological memory, vaccine response, infection response
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