Cited by 475Infant Nutrition and HealthBreastfeeding Practices and InfluencesGut microbiota and health

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Mother’s Milk: A Purposeful Contribution to the Development of the Infant Microbiota and Immunity

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Le Doare, Kirsty, Holder, Beth, Bassett, Aisha, Pannaraj, Pia S.·2018·Frontiers in Immunology

DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00361PMC PMC5863526

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Abstract

Breast milk is the perfect nutrition for infants, a result of millions of years of evolution. In addition to providing a source of nutrition, breast milk contains a diverse array of microbiota and myriad biologically active components that are thought to guide the infant's developing mucosal immune system. It is believed that bacteria from the mother's intestine may translocate to breast milk and dynamically transfer to the infant. Such interplay between mother and her infant is a key to establishing a healthy infant intestinal microbiome. These intestinal bacteria protect against many respiratory and diarrheal illnesses, but are subject to environmental stresses such as antibiotic use. Orchestrating the development of the microbiota are the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the synthesis of which are partially determined by the maternal genotype. HMOs are thought to play a role in preventing pathogenic bacterial adhesion though multiple mechanisms, while also providing nutrition for the microbiome. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, carry a diverse cargo, including mRNA, miRNA, and cytosolic and membrane-bound proteins, and are readily detectable in human breast milk. Strongly implicated in cell-cell signaling, EVs could therefore may play a further role in the development of the infant microbiome. This review considers the emerging role of breast milk microbiota, bioactive HMOs, and EVs in the establishment of the neonatal microbiome and the consequent potential for modulation of neonatal immune system development.

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Authors: Le Doare, K., Holder, B., Bassett, A., & Pannaraj, P. S.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
Children's Hospital Los Angeles (US)
University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author: Pannaraj, Pia S.
ORCID: Holder, Beth
Pannaraj, Pia S.
Venue: Frontiers in Immunology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2018-02-28
Volume: 9
Pages: 361-361
ISSN: 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00361
PMC: PMC5863526
OpenAlex: W2791745812
Cited by: 475
References: 133
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 17
FWCI: 7.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (K23 HD072774-02)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords: breast milk, infant microbiome, neonatal gut microbiota, human milk oligosaccharides, extracellular vesicles, exosomes, mucosal immunity, maternal genotype, pathogen adhesion, antibiotic exposure, cell-to-cell communication
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Breast Feeding, Humans, Immunity, Maternally-Acquired, Infant, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Milk, Human, Infant Formula, Microbiota

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Mother’s Milk: A Purposeful Contribution to the Development of the Infant Microbiota and Immunity

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