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Cited by 475Infant Nutrition and HealthBreastfeeding Practices and InfluencesGut microbiota and health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 133 of the 133 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Mother’s Milk: A Purposeful Contribution to the Development of the Infant Microbiota and Immunity

Open access
Le Doare, Kirsty, Holder, Beth, Bassett, Aisha, Pannaraj, Pia S.·2018·Frontiers in Immunology
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00361PMC PMC5863526
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Abstract

Breast milk is the perfect nutrition for infants, a result of millions of years of evolution. In addition to providing a source of nutrition, breast milk contains a diverse array of microbiota and myriad biologically active components that are thought to guide the infant's developing mucosal immune system. It is believed that bacteria from the mother's intestine may translocate to breast milk and dynamically transfer to the infant. Such interplay between mother and her infant is a key to establishing a healthy infant intestinal microbiome. These intestinal bacteria protect against many respiratory and diarrheal illnesses, but are subject to environmental stresses such as antibiotic use. Orchestrating the development of the microbiota are the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the synthesis of which are partially determined by the maternal genotype. HMOs are thought to play a role in preventing pathogenic bacterial adhesion though multiple mechanisms, while also providing nutrition for the microbiome. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, carry a diverse cargo, including mRNA, miRNA, and cytosolic and membrane-bound proteins, and are readily detectable in human breast milk. Strongly implicated in cell-cell signaling, EVs could therefore may play a further role in the development of the infant microbiome. This review considers the emerging role of breast milk microbiota, bioactive HMOs, and EVs in the establishment of the neonatal microbiome and the consequent potential for modulation of neonatal immune system development.

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Figure 1 Factors that influence maternal breast milk microbiome and proposed mechanism of how breast milk may alter the infant gut microbiome and health outcome. A myriad of environmental, genetic, and immune factors personalize a mother’s milk for delivery to her infant. Starting from the initial feeding, the breast milk microbes and human milk oligosaccharides contribute to the composition and diversity of the infant gut microbiome. The initial gut microbes may continue to promote colonization of a healthy community or an aberrant community. During the critical window of immune development, the community types may induce metabolic alterations leading to differing immune phenotypes and long-term health outcomes. SCFA, short-chain fatty acids.
Figure 1 Factors that influence maternal breast milk microbiome and proposed mechanism of how breast milk may alter the infant gut microbiome and health outcome. A myriad of environmental, genetic, and immune factors personalize a mother’s milk for delivery to her infant. Starting from the initial feeding, the breast milk microbes and human milk oligosaccharides contribute to the composition and diversity of the infant gut microbiome. The initial gut microbes may continue to promote colonization of a healthy community or an aberrant community. During the critical window of immune development, the community types may induce metabolic alterations leading to differing immune phenotypes and long-term health outcomes. SCFA, short-chain fatty acids.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Mechanism of action of HMO to prevent aberrant pathogen colonization. HMO may bind directly to bacteria in the gut lumen causing conformational change in bacterial binding sites and preventing binding to cell receptors; alternatively, HMO may bind directly to gut epithelial cells causing altered expression of cell receptors, which prevent pathogen binding to gut epithelial cells. HMO, human milk oligosaccharide.
Figure 2 Mechanism of action of HMO to prevent aberrant pathogen colonization. HMO may bind directly to bacteria in the gut lumen causing conformational change in bacterial binding sites and preventing binding to cell receptors; alternatively, HMO may bind directly to gut epithelial cells causing altered expression of cell receptors, which prevent pathogen binding to gut epithelial cells. HMO, human milk oligosaccharide.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Le Doare, K., Holder, B., Bassett, A., & Pannaraj, P. S.
Affiliations
  • Imperial College London (GB)
  • Children's Hospital Los Angeles (US)
  • University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author
Pannaraj, Pia S.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2018-02-28
Volume
9
Pages
361-361
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fimmu.2018.00361
PMC
PMC5863526
OpenAlex
W2791745812
Cited by
475
References
133
Citations by year
2026: 31 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 17
FWCI
7.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (K23 HD072774-02)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords
breast milk, infant microbiome, neonatal gut microbiota, human milk oligosaccharides, extracellular vesicles, exosomes, mucosal immunity, maternal genotype, pathogen adhesion, antibiotic exposure, cell-to-cell communication
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Breast Feeding, Humans, Immunity, Maternally-Acquired, Infant, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Milk, Human, Infant Formula, Microbiota

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