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Mother’s Milk: A Purposeful Contribution to the Development of the Infant Microbiota and Immunity
Open accessAbstract
Breast milk is the perfect nutrition for infants, a result of millions of years of evolution. In addition to providing a source of nutrition, breast milk contains a diverse array of microbiota and myriad biologically active components that are thought to guide the infant's developing mucosal immune system. It is believed that bacteria from the mother's intestine may translocate to breast milk and dynamically transfer to the infant. Such interplay between mother and her infant is a key to establishing a healthy infant intestinal microbiome. These intestinal bacteria protect against many respiratory and diarrheal illnesses, but are subject to environmental stresses such as antibiotic use. Orchestrating the development of the microbiota are the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the synthesis of which are partially determined by the maternal genotype. HMOs are thought to play a role in preventing pathogenic bacterial adhesion though multiple mechanisms, while also providing nutrition for the microbiome. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, carry a diverse cargo, including mRNA, miRNA, and cytosolic and membrane-bound proteins, and are readily detectable in human breast milk. Strongly implicated in cell-cell signaling, EVs could therefore may play a further role in the development of the infant microbiome. This review considers the emerging role of breast milk microbiota, bioactive HMOs, and EVs in the establishment of the neonatal microbiome and the consequent potential for modulation of neonatal immune system development.
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“Some of the bacterial species found in human breast milk, such as Lactobacillus spp. (sensu lato) and Bifidobacterium spp., may transfer from the maternal gut via an entero-mammary pathway, a recently discovered form of mother-neonate communication, and are thought to protect against many respiratory and GI infections (Le Doare et al., 2018).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Le Doare et al., 2018
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Metadata
- Authors
- Le Doare, K., Holder, B., Bassett, A., & Pannaraj, P. S.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pannaraj, Pia S.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-02-28
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 361-361
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5863526
- OpenAlex
- W2791745812
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 17
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (K23 HD072774-02)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- breast milk, infant microbiome, neonatal gut microbiota, human milk oligosaccharides, extracellular vesicles, exosomes, mucosal immunity, maternal genotype, pathogen adhesion, antibiotic exposure, cell-to-cell communication
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Breast Feeding, Humans, Immunity, Maternally-Acquired, Infant, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Milk, Human, Infant Formula, Microbiota
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