Inhibition of IL-34 Unveils Tissue-Selectivity and Is Sufficient to Reduce Microglial Proliferation in a Model of Chronic Neurodegeneration
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The proliferation and activation of microglia, the resident macrophages in the brain, is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prion disease. Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is critically involved in regulating microglial proliferation, and CSF1R blocking strategies have been recently used to modulate microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. However, CSF1R is broadly expressed by many cell types and the impact of its inhibition on the innate immune system is still unclear. CSF1R can be activated by two independent ligands, CSF-1 and interleukin 34 (IL-34). Recently, it has been reported that microglia development and maintenance depend on IL-34 signaling. In this study, we evaluate the inhibition of IL-34 as a novel strategy to reduce microglial proliferation in the ME7 model of prion disease. Selective inhibition of IL-34 showed no effects on peripheral macrophage populations in healthy mice, avoiding the side effects observed after CSF1R inhibition on the systemic compartment. However, we observed a reduction in microglial proliferation after IL-34 inhibition in prion-diseased mice, indicating that microglia could be more specifically targeted by reducing IL-34. Overall, our results highlight the challenges of targeting the CSF1R/IL34 axis in the systemic and central compartments, important for framing any therapeutic effort to tackle microglia/macrophage numbers during brain disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Inhibition of IL-34 results in reduced microglia proliferation.
“while the inhibition of IL-34 resulted in reduced microglia proliferation [52].”
From Loss of Homeostatic Microglia Signature in Prion Diseases (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Wang, Y., Szretter, K. J., Vermi, W., Gilfillan, S., Rossini, C., Cella, M., Barrow, A. D., Diamond, M. S., & Colonna, M. (2012) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2360 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease
Heneka, M. T., Golenbock, D. T., & Latz, E. (2015) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3102 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Discovery of a Cytokine and Its Receptor by Functional Screening of the Extracellular Proteome
Lin, H., Lee, E., Hestir, K., Leo, C., Huang, M., Bosch, E., Halenbeck, R., Wu, G., Zhou, A. J., Behrens, D., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1154370 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Hume, D. A., & MacDonald, K. P. A. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-09-379214 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Stanley, E. R., & Heard, P. M. (1977) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40265-1 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Spangenberg, E. E., Lee, R. J., Najafi, A. R., Rice, R. A., Elmore, M. R. P., Blurton-Jones, M., West, B. L., & Green, K. N. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aww016 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Sasmono, R. T., Oceandy, D., Pollard, J. W., Tong, W., Pavli, P., Wainwright, B. J., Ostrowski, M. C., Himes, S. R., & Hume, D. A. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-02-0569 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Greter, M., Lelios, I., Pelczar, P., Hoeffel, G., Price, J., Leboeuf, M., Kündig, T. M., Frei, K., Ginhoux, F., Merad, M., et al. (2012) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.001 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Vitamin D Is Required for ILC3 Derived IL-22 and Protection From Citrobacter rodentium Infection
Lin, Y., Arora, J., Diehl, K. C., Bora, S. A., & Cantorna, M. T. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00001 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Olmos-Alonso, A., Schetters, S. T. T., Sri, S., Askew, K., Mancuso, R., Vargas-Caballero, M., Holscher, C., Perry, V. H., & Gomez-Nicola, D. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv379 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Self-citationDagher, N. N., Najafi, A. R., Kayala, K. M. N., Elmore, M. R. P., White, T. E., Medeiros, R., West, B. L., & Green, K. N. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0366-9 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
MacDonald, K. P. A., Palmer, J. S., Cronau, S. L., Seppanen, E. J., Olver, S. D., Raffelt, N. C., Kuns, R. D., Pettit, A. R., Clouston, A. D., Wainwright, B. J., et al. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-266296 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Regulation of Microglial Proliferation during Chronic Neurodegeneration
Gómez-Nicola, D., Fransen, N. L., Suzzi, S., & Perry, V. H. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4440-12.2013 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationSosna, J., Philipp, S., Albay, R., Reyes-Ruiz, J. M., Baglietto-Vargas, D., LaFerla, F. M., & Glabe, C. G. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0244-x · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Wei, S., Nandi, S., Chitu, V., Yeung, Y.-G., Yu, W., Huang, M., Williams, L. T., Lin, H., & Stanley, E. R. (2010) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.1209822 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Nandi, S., Gökhan, Ş., Dai, X.-M., Wei, S., Enikolopov, G., Lin, H., Mehler, M. F., & Stanley, E. R. (2012) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.03.026 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Innate immune responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
Lavoie, É. G., Wangdi, T., & Kazmierczak, B. I. (2011) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2011.07.011 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
CSF1R inhibitor JNJ-40346527 attenuates microglial proliferation and neurodegeneration in P301S mice
Mancuso, R., Fryatt, G., Cleal, M., Obst, J., Pipi, E., Monzón-Sandoval, J., Ribe, E., Winchester, L., Webber, C., Nevado, A., et al. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz241 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationCavalcanti, M. G., Cunha, A. F. D. A., & Peralta, J. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00858 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
CSF‐1 Controls Cerebellar Microglia and Is Required for Motor Function and Social Interaction
Kana, V., Desland, F. A., Casanova-Acebes, M., Ayata, P., Badimon, A., Nabel, E., Yamamuro, K., Sneeboer, M., Tan, I.-L., Flanigan, M. E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20182037 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Easley‐Neal, C., Foreman, O., Sharma, N., Zarrin, A. A., & Weimer, R. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02199 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Function of CSF1 and IL34 in Macrophage Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Cancer
Lin, W., Xu, D., Austin, C. D., Caplazi, P., Senger, K., Sun, Y., Jeet, S., Young, J., Delarosa, D., Suto, E., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02019 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Atypical inflammation in the central nervous system in prion disease
Perry, V. H., Cunningham, C. M., & Boche, D. (2002) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/00019052-200206000-00020 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural Basis for the Dual Recognition of Helical Cytokines IL-34 and CSF-1 by CSF-1R
Ma, X., Lin, W., Chen, Y., Stawicki, S. S., Mukhyala, K., Wu, Y. R., Martin, F., Bazán, J. F., & Starovasnik, M. A. (2012) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2012.02.010 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
CSF1R antagonism limits local restimulation of antiviral CD8+ T cells during viral encephalitis
Funk, K. E., & Klein, R. S. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1397-4 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
A neuroprotective role for microglia in prion diseases
Zhu, C., Herrmann, U. S., Falsig, J., Abakumova, I., Nuvolone, M., Schwarz, P., Frauenknecht, K., Rushing, E. J., & Aguzzi, A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20151000 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The Role of Microglia in Synaptic Stripping and Synaptic Degeneration: A Revised Perspective
Perry, V. H., & O'Connor, V. M. (2010) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1042/an20100024 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationPhenotypic impacts of CSF1R deficiencies in humans and model organisms
Hume, D. A., Caruso, M., Ferrari-Cestari, M., SUMMERS, K. M., Pridans, C., & Irvine, K. M. (2019) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.mr0519-143r · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Sweet, M. J., Campbell, C., Sester, D. P., Xu, D., McDonald, R. C., Stacey, K. J., Hume, D. A., & Liew, F. Y. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.392 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Wang, Y., & Colonna, M. (2014) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201344365 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Recent Advances of Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) Kinase and Its Inhibitors
El–Gamal, M. I., Al-Ameen, S. K., Al-Koumi, D. M., Hamad, M. G., Jalal, N. A., & Oh, C. (2018) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00873 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Carelli, V., D’Adamo, P., Valentino, M. L., Morgia, C. L., Ross‐Cisneros, F. N., Caporali, L., Maresca, A., Polosa, P. L., Barboni, P., Negri, A. M. D., et al. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv339 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Genovese, M. C., Hsia, E. C., Belkowski, S. M., Chien, C., Masterson, T. J., Thurmond, R. L., Manthey, C. L., Yan, X., Ge, T., Franks, C. F., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.141580 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Targeting IL-34 in chronic inflammation
Masteller, E. L., & Wong, B. R. (2014) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.016 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Role of Microglia in Prion Diseases: A Paradigm of Functional Diversity
Obst, J., Simon, E., Mancuso, R., & Gómez‐Nicola, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00207 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationBarve, R. A., Zack, M. D., Weiss, D., Song, R.-H., Beidler, D. R., & Head, R. D. (2013) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.019 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
LPS regulates a set of genes in primary murine macrophages by antagonising CSF-1 action
Sester, D. P., Trieu, A., Brion, K., Schroder, K., Ravasi, T., Robinson, J. A., McDonald, R. C., Ripoll, V. M., Wells, C. A., Suzuki, H., et al. (2005) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2005.05.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ma, D., Doi, Y., Jin, S., Li, E., Sonobe, Y., Takeuchi, H., Mizuno, T., & Suzumura, A. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.071 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Polygenic analysis of inflammatory disease variants and effects on microglia in the aging brain
Felsky, D., Patrick, E., Schneider, J. A., Mostafavi, S., Gaiteri, C., Patsopoulos, N. A., Bennett, D. A., & Jager, P. L. D. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0272-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Martin-Estebane, M., & Gomez-Nicola, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00149 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Righi, M., Sassano, M., Valsasnini, P., Shammah, S., & Ricciardi‐Castagnoli, P. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Csf1r-EGFP Transgene Provides a Novel Marker for Monocyte Subsets in Sheep
Pridans, C., Davis, G. M., Sauter, K. A. D., Lisowski, Z. M., Corripio‐Miyar, Y., Raper, A., Lefèvre, L., Young, R. A., McCulloch, M. E. B., Lillico, S. G., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1502336 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Obst, J., Simon, É., Martín‐Estebané, M., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.976118 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
To Kill a Microglia: A Case for CSF1R Inhibitors
Green, K. N., Crapser, J. D., & Hohsfield, L. A. (2020) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2020.07.001 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Targeting CSF-1R represents an effective strategy in modulating inflammatory diseases
Xiang, C., Li, H., & Tang, W. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106566 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
IL-34 and CSF-1, deciphering similarities and differences at steady state and in diseases
Freuchet, A., Salama, A., Remy, S., Guillonneau, C., & Anegón, I. (2021) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.3ru1120-773r · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Colony stimulating factors in the nervous system
Chiţu, V., Biundo, F., & Stanley, E. R. (2021) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2021.101511 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Regulation of microglia population dynamics throughout development, health, and disease
Hammond, B. P., Manek, R., Kerr, B. J., Macauley, M. S., & Plemel, J. R. (2021) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24047 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The aging mouse CNS is protected by an autophagy-dependent microglia population promoted by IL-34
Berglund, R., Cheng, Y., Piket, E., Adzemovic, M. Z., Zeitelhofer, M., Olsson, T. P., Guerreiro‐Cacais, A. O., & Jagodic, M. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44556-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pons, V., Lévesque, P., Plante, M.-M., & Rivest, S. (2021) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-020-00747-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The molecular determinants of microglial developmental dynamics
Barry-Carroll, L., & Gómez‐Nicola, D. (2024) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-024-00813-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Implications of microglial heterogeneity in spinal cord injury progression and therapy
Fang, Y., Qin, Z.-H., Zhang, Y., & Ning, B. (2022) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114239 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Martin-Estebane, M., & Gomez-Nicola, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00149 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Single-cell-led drug repurposing for Alzheimer’s disease
Parolo, S., Mariotti, F., Bora, P., Carboni, L., & Domenici, E. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27420-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Garcia‐Agudo, L. F., Steixner-Kumar, A. A., Curto, Y., Barnkothe, N., Hassouna, I. A., Jähne, S., Butt, U. J., Grewe, K., Weber, M. S., Green, K., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109548 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
TNFAIP3 Reduction-of-Function Drives Female Infertility and CNS Inflammation
Zammit, N. W., McDowell, J., Warren, J. A., Muskovic, W., Gamble, J., Shi, Y., Kaczorowski, D. C., Chan, C., Powell, J. E., Ormandy, C. J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.811525 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A fast non-parametric test of association for multiple traits
Garrido-Martín, D., Calvo, M., Reverter, F., & Guigó, R. (2023) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-023-03076-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Loss of Homeostatic Microglia Signature in Prion Diseases
Wang, Y., Hartmann, K., Thies, E., Mohammadi, B., Altmeppen, H., Sepulveda-Falla, D., Glatzel, M., & Krasemann, S. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11192948 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Towards using 3D cellular cultures to model the activation and diverse functions of macrophages
Cutter, S. W., Wright, M. D., Reynolds, N. P., & Binger, K. J. (2023) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20221008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Molecular landscape of the overlap between Alzheimer’s disease and somatic insulin-related diseases
Ruisch, I. H., Widomska, J., Witte, W. D., Mota, N. R., Fanelli, G., van Gils, V., Jansen, W. J., Vos, S. J. B., Fóthi, Á., Barta, C., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01609-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Stables, J., Pal, R., Bradford, B. M., Carter‐Cusack, D., Taylor, I., Pridans, C., Khan, N., Woodruff, T. M., Irvine, K. M., SUMMERS, K. M., et al. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106743 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Xia, Y., Chen, C., Chen, J., Hu, C., Yang, W., Wang, L., Liu, L., Gao, L.-P., Wu, Y.-Z., Chen, D.-D., et al. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-022-02989-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Attack of the Clones: Microglia in Health and Disease
Manjally, A. V., & Tay, T. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.831747 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Duarte, C. L., Yamada, C., Ngala, B., Garcia, C., Akkaoui, J., Bîrsa, M., Ho, A., Nusbaum, A., AlQallaf, H., John, V., et al. (2023) · Molecular Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1111/omi.12437 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Defined human tri-lineage brain microtissuesPreprint
Uenaka, T., Jung, S., Kumar, I., Vodehnal, K., Rastogi, M., Yoo, Y., Koontz, M., Thome, C., Li, W., Chan, T. C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668605 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Murata, A., & Tokoyoda, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1590687 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Turğut, F. S., Öztürk, M., Bulut, M., Gökcüoğlu, S., Kızıl, N., & Mete, N. (2026) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547261428864 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A fast non-parametric test of association for multiple traitsPreprint
Garrido-Martín, D., Calvo, M., Reverter, F., & Guigó, R. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.493041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Human IL-34 Deficiency Primes Microglia Toward Alzheimer’s Disease-Associated StatesPreprint
Hernández-Rasco, F., Ruiz, R. R., de Rojas, I., Puerta, R., Garcia-Mayor, C., Espinosa‐Oliva, A. M., García‐Revilla, J., Bayón-Buján, P., Rivera-Ramos, A., Oualit, F. R., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.21.26346696 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Additional file 1 of A fast non-parametric test of association for multiple traits
Garrido-Martín, D., Calvo, M., Reverter, F., & Guigó, R. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24303326
Additional file 2 of A fast non-parametric test of association for multiple traits
Garrido-Martín, D., Calvo, M., Reverter, F., & Guigó, R. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24303447
Defined human tri-lineage brain microtissues
Uenaka, T., Jung, S., Kumar, I., Vodehnal, K., Rastogi, M., Yoo, Y., Koontz, M., Thome, C., Li, W., Chan, T. C., et al. (2025) · Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) · doi:10.13016/m2y2ln-j1l8
Translational perspectives of next-generation cytokine therapies for musculoskeletal disorders
Kalinkovich, A., & Livshits, G. (2026) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2026.157194
Peng, Y., Jin, C. J., Sun, Y., Mu, W., & Zheng, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1898176
IL-34 in neurological homeostasis and its multifaceted roles in central nervous system diseases
Xin, Y., Liao, Y., Cao, X., Zhu, X., & Wang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1860233
- Authors
- Obst, J., Simon, E., Martin-Estebane, M., Pipi, E., Barkwill, L. M., Gonzalez-Rivera, I., Buchanan, F., Prescott, A. R., Faust, D., Fox, S., Brownlees, J., Taylor, D., Perry, V. H., Nuthall, H., Atkinson, P. J., Karran, E., Routledge, C., & Gomez-Nicola, D.
- Affiliations
- Southampton General Hospital (GB)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- LifeArc (GB)
- Eli Lilly (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Eisai (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Alzheimer’s Research UK (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-10-08
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 579000-579000
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7580706
- OpenAlex
- W3092144067
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Dementia Consortium
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Prion Diseases and Protein Misfolding
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- IL-34, microglial proliferation, CSF1R inhibition, prion disease, neurodegeneration, peripheral macrophages, CSF-1, Alzheimer's disease, innate immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Brain, Disease Models, Animal, Interleukins, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Nerve Degeneration, Signal Transduction, Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Genes, fms, Prion Diseases, Microglia, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Antibodies, Neutralizing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
