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Tick bite-induced alpha-gal syndrome and immunologic responses in an alpha-gal deficient murine model

Sharma, Surendra Raj, Choudhary, Shailesh K., Vorobiov, Julia, Commins, Scott P., Karim, Shahid·2024·Frontiers in Immunology
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1336883PMC PMC10882631

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Abstract

Introduction: Alpha-Gal Syndrome (AGS) is a delayed allergic reaction due to specific IgE antibodies targeting galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal), a carbohydrate found in red meat. This condition has gained significant attention globally due to its increasing prevalence, with more than 450,000 cases estimated just in the United States alone. Previous research has established a connection between AGS and tick bites, which sensitize individuals to α-gal antigens and elevate the levels of specific IgE. However, the precise mechanism by which tick bites influence the host’s immune system and contribute to the development of AGS remains poorly understood. This study investigates various factors related to ticks and the host associated with the development of AGS following a tick bite, using mice with a targeted disruption of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (AGKO) as a model organism. Methods: Lone-star tick ( Amblyomma americanum ) and gulf-coast tick ( Amblyomma maculatum ) nymphs were used to sensitize AGKO mice, followed by pork meat challenge. Tick bite site biopsies from sensitized and non-sensitized mice were subjected to mRNA gene expression analysis to assess the host immune response. Antibody responses in sensitized mice were also determined. Results: Our results showed a significant increase in the total IgE, IgG1, and α-gal IgG1 antibodies titers in the lone-star tick-sensitized AGKO mice compared to the gulf-coast tick-sensitized mice. Pork challenge in Am. americanum -sensitized mice led to a decline in body temperature after the meat challenge. Gene expression analysis revealed that Am. americanum bites direct mouse immunity toward Th2 and facilitate host sensitization to the α-gal antigen. Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that specific tick species may increase the risk of developing α-gal-specific IgE and hypersensitivity reactions or AGS, thereby providing opportunities for future research on the mechanistic role of tick and host-related factors in AGS development.

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Figure 1 Sensitization of AGKO mice with tick nymphs. Schematics of tick-bite induced sensitization, collection of tick-bite site biopsy site for immune gene expression, and oral meat challenge (A). Quantitation of total IgE (B), alpha-gal specific IgE (C), total IgG1 (D), and alpha-gal specific IgG1 (E). Each dot represents an individual mouse and error bars represent the geometric mean with a 95% confidence interval. The dotted line shows a limit of detection of alpha-gal sIgE. Aa represents a group of mice (N=10) infested with Amblyomma americanum, Am represents a group of mice (N=6) infested with Amblyomma maculatum and Ctrl represents a group of mice with no infestation (N=16). Mice without nymph infestation exhibited untraceable total IgE, even at 60-fold plasma dilutions. IgE analysis plot includes six pooled replicate samples (from N=16) demonstrating IgE detection. The analysis plot for both total IgG1 and α-gal-specific IgG1 incorporated the examination of 10 replicate samples from control mice and those infested with Aa, along with 6 replicate samples from mice infested with Am. Fifteen nymphs were used per mouse in each round of infestation.
Figure 1 Sensitization of AGKO mice with tick nymphs. Schematics of tick-bite induced sensitization, collection of tick-bite site biopsy site for immune gene expression, and oral meat challenge (A). Quantitation of total IgE (B), alpha-gal specific IgE (C), total IgG1 (D), and alpha-gal specific IgG1 (E). Each dot represents an individual mouse and error bars represent the geometric mean with a 95% confidence interval. The dotted line shows a limit of detection of alpha-gal sIgE. Aa represents a group of mice (N=10) infested with Amblyomma americanum, Am represents a group of mice (N=6) infested with Amblyomma maculatum and Ctrl represents a group of mice with no infestation (N=16). Mice without nymph infestation exhibited untraceable total IgE, even at 60-fold plasma dilutions. IgE analysis plot includes six pooled replicate samples (from N=16) demonstrating IgE detection. The analysis plot for both total IgG1 and α-gal-specific IgG1 incorporated the examination of 10 replicate samples from control mice and those infested with Aa, along with 6 replicate samples from mice infested with Am. Fifteen nymphs were used per mouse in each round of infestation.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Anaphylaxis in tick infested mice following post-oral challenge with 400 mg of cooked pork kidney homogenates. Body temperature was recorded at baseline and post-oral challenge and a drop in body temperature >3 was considered as a sign of severe anaphylaxis. The two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed for statistical significance; *** P<0.001; **** P<0.0001. Aa, Amblyomma americanum; Am, Amblyomma maculatum; Ctrl, no infestation.
Figure 2 Anaphylaxis in tick infested mice following post-oral challenge with 400 mg of cooked pork kidney homogenates. Body temperature was recorded at baseline and post-oral challenge and a drop in body temperature >3 was considered as a sign of severe anaphylaxis. The two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed for statistical significance; *** P<0.001; **** P<0.0001. Aa, Amblyomma americanum; Am, Amblyomma maculatum; Ctrl, no infestation.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Repeated sensitization of AGKO mice via nymph tick bite and analysis of tick engorgement (A) Engorgement weight of Amblyomma americanum nymph tick recovered during different stage of sensitization of AGKO mice (N=5). (B) Engorgement weight of Amblyomma maculatum nymph tick recovered during different stage of sensitization of AGTKO mice (N=5). Statistical test-students t-test. **, p<0.01, ns not significant.
Figure 3 Repeated sensitization of AGKO mice via nymph tick bite and analysis of tick engorgement (A) Engorgement weight of Amblyomma americanum nymph tick recovered during different stage of sensitization of AGKO mice (N=5). (B) Engorgement weight of Amblyomma maculatum nymph tick recovered during different stage of sensitization of AGTKO mice (N=5). Statistical test-students t-test. **, p<0.01, ns not significant.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Differential gene transcription in biopsy site at tick attachment. (A) Sample correlation heatmap. (B) Volcano plot with dotted line displays mean gene expression fold change ≥ 2.0 and ≤ -2.0 between tick-infested mice and control infestation. The dashed red line shows where adjusted p value = 0.01. (C) Heat map of genes displaying two-fold change and p-Adjusted value ≥0.01. The legend displays mapping to row-wise Z-scores. Aa, Amblyomma americanum; 1S, first sensitization; 2S, second sensitization; 3S, third sensitization; TR1-TR6, Aa infested mice; CR1-CR6, non-infested mice.
Figure 4 Differential gene transcription in biopsy site at tick attachment. (A) Sample correlation heatmap. (B) Volcano plot with dotted line displays mean gene expression fold change ≥ 2.0 and ≤ -2.0 between tick-infested mice and control infestation. The dashed red line shows where adjusted p value = 0.01. (C) Heat map of genes displaying two-fold change and p-Adjusted value ≥0.01. The legend displays mapping to row-wise Z-scores. Aa, Amblyomma americanum; 1S, first sensitization; 2S, second sensitization; 3S, third sensitization; TR1-TR6, Aa infested mice; CR1-CR6, non-infested mice.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Heat map representation of differentially transcribed genes involved in cell migration and recruitment of leucocytes to tick-infestation sites. (A) Cell population present on site of tick attachment based on gene characteristics determined by NanoString cell type profiler. (B) Chemokine and chemokine receptors, (C) Cell adhesion, vascular permeability and leucocyte migration. (D) Plasminogen and complement activation. Aa, Amblyomma americanum; 1S, first sensitization; 2S, second sensitization; 3S, third sensitization.
Figure 5 Heat map representation of differentially transcribed genes involved in cell migration and recruitment of leucocytes to tick-infestation sites. (A) Cell population present on site of tick attachment based on gene characteristics determined by NanoString cell type profiler. (B) Chemokine and chemokine receptors, (C) Cell adhesion, vascular permeability and leucocyte migration. (D) Plasminogen and complement activation. Aa, Amblyomma americanum; 1S, first sensitization; 2S, second sensitization; 3S, third sensitization.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Heat map representation of differentially transcribed genes involved in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. (A) Cytokines and cytokine receptors. (B) Pattern recognizing receptor (PRR), toll-like receptor (TLR) and inflammasome activation. (C) MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway. (D) Interferon and antiviral responses. (E) JAK-STAT signaling pathway. (F) Other inflammatory response genes.
Figure 6 Heat map representation of differentially transcribed genes involved in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. (A) Cytokines and cytokine receptors. (B) Pattern recognizing receptor (PRR), toll-like receptor (TLR) and inflammasome activation. (C) MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway. (D) Interferon and antiviral responses. (E) JAK-STAT signaling pathway. (F) Other inflammatory response genes.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Modulation of genes involved in antigen presentation and Th1 response. (A) Heat map showing representation of differentially transcribed genes involved in antigen presentation. (B, C) Dot plots showing transcript counts of Treg transcription factor Foxp3 and Th1 transcription factor Tbx21. Each dot represents an individual mouse. The dotted line shows the limit of detection.
Figure 7 Modulation of genes involved in antigen presentation and Th1 response. (A) Heat map showing representation of differentially transcribed genes involved in antigen presentation. (B, C) Dot plots showing transcript counts of Treg transcription factor Foxp3 and Th1 transcription factor Tbx21. Each dot represents an individual mouse. The dotted line shows the limit of detection.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Modulation of genes involved in B cell signaling and Th2 response. Heat map showing representation of differentially transcribed genes involved in B cell signaling and Th2 response (A). Dot plot showing differential transcription of cytokine IL-4 and its receptor (B, C), cytokine IL-21 and its receptor (D, E), cytokine IL-13 receptor (F) and ER stress response factor XBP-1 (G). Each dot represents an individual mouse. The dotted line shows the limit of detection.
Figure 8 Modulation of genes involved in B cell signaling and Th2 response. Heat map showing representation of differentially transcribed genes involved in B cell signaling and Th2 response (A). Dot plot showing differential transcription of cytokine IL-4 and its receptor (B, C), cytokine IL-21 and its receptor (D, E), cytokine IL-13 receptor (F) and ER stress response factor XBP-1 (G). Each dot represents an individual mouse. The dotted line shows the limit of detection.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Sharma, S. R., Choudhary, S. K., Vorobiov, J., Commins, S. P., & Karim, S.
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2024-02-08
Volume
14
ISSN
1664-3224
DOI
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1336883
PMC
PMC10882631
Cited by
23
References
2
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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