CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 256Mesenchymal stem cell researchCAR-T cell therapy researchBiomedical Ethics and Regulation

Cell Therapy: Types, Regulation, and Clinical Benefits

Open access
El-Kadiry, Abed El-Hakim, Rafei, Moutih, Shammaa, Riam·2021·Frontiers in Medicine
DOI 10.3389/fmed.2021.756029PMC PMC8645794
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Cell therapy practices date back to the 19 th century and continue to expand on investigational and investment grounds. Cell therapy includes stem cell- and non–stem cell-based, unicellular and multicellular therapies, with different immunophenotypic profiles, isolation techniques, mechanisms of action, and regulatory levels. Following the steps of their predecessor cell therapies that have become established or commercialized, investigational and premarket approval-exempt cell therapies continue to provide patients with promising therapeutic benefits in different disease areas. In this review article, we delineate the vast types of cell therapy, including stem cell-based and non–stem cell-based cell therapies, and create the first-in-literature compilation of the different “multicellular” therapies used in clinical settings. Besides providing the nuts and bolts of FDA policies regulating their use, we discuss the benefits of cell therapies reported in 3 therapeutic areas—regenerative medicine, immune diseases, and cancer. Finally, we contemplate the recent attention shift toward combined therapy approaches, highlighting the factors that render multicellular therapies a more attractive option than their unicellular counterparts.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fmed.2021.756029

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A graft-versus-host reaction might develop after implantation due to the cellular component.

    “On the other hand, a graft-versus-host reaction might develop after implantation due to the cellular component [223].”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [223]

    The Stem Cell Transplant section (page unavailable) identifies graft-versus-host disease as a possible outcome of stem-cell transplantation and notes that grafts contain immune cells. It does not establish that a graft-versus-host reaction can follow implantation generally, or explicitly attribute such a reaction to an implanted product’s cellular component. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 298

  1. [1]Kim I. A brief overview of cell therapy and its product. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. (2013) 39: 201. 10.5125/jkaoms.2013.39.5.201 24471045 PMC3858137 · DOI
  2. [3]Lefrère JJ Berche P. La thérapeutique du docteur Brown-Séquard. Ann Endocrinol. (2010) 71: 69– 75. 10.1016/j.ando.2010.01.003 20167305 · DOI
  3. [5]Mount NM Ward SJ Kefalas P Hyllner J. Cell-based therapy technology classifications and translational challenges. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. (2015) 370: 20150017. 10.1098/rstb.2015.0017 26416686 PMC4634004 · DOI
  4. [6]Golchin A Farahany TZ. Biological products: cellular therapy and FDA approved products. Stem Cell Rev Reports. (2019) 15: 166– 75. 10.1007/s12015-018-9866-1 30623359 · DOI
  5. [7]Maeder ML Gersbach CA. Genome-editing technologies for gene and cell therapy. Mol Ther. (2016) 24: 430– 46. 10.1038/mt.2016.10 26755333 PMC4786923 · DOI
  6. [8]Golchin A Hosseinzadeh S Roshangar L. The role of nanomaterials in cell delivery systems. Med Mol Morphol. (2018) 51: 1– 12. 10.1007/s00795-017-0173-8 29170827 · DOI
  7. [9]De Pieri A Rochev Y Zeugolis DI. Scaffold-free cell-based tissue engineering therapies: advances, shortfalls and forecast. NPJ Regen Med. (2021) 6: 1– 15. 10.1038/s41536-021-00133-3 33782415 PMC8007731 · DOI
  8. [28]Jaenisch R Young R. Stem Cells, the molecular circuitry of pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming. Cell. (2008) 132: 567– 82. 10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.015 18295576 PMC4142810 · DOI
  9. [29]Zakrzewski W Dobrzyński M Szymonowicz M Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. (2019) 10: 68. 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 30808416 PMC6390367 · DOI
  10. [30]Singh VK Saini A Kalsan M Kumar N Chandra R. Describing the stem cell potency: the various methods of functional assessment and in silico diagnostics. Front Cell Dev Biol. (2016) 4: 134. 10.3389/fcell.2016.00134 27921030 PMC5118841 · DOI
  11. [31]Kato Y Tani T Sotomaru Y Kurokawa K Kato JY Doguchi H. Eight calves cloned from somatic cells of a single adult. Science. (1998) 282: 2095– 8. 10.1126/science.282.5396.2095 9851933 · DOI
  12. [32]Takahashi K Tanabe K Ohnuki M Narita M Ichisaka T Tomoda K. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. (2007) 131: 861– 72. 10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019 18035408 · DOI · Paper page
  13. [33]Hanna JH Saha K Jaenisch R. Pluripotency and cellular reprogramming: facts, hypotheses, unresolved issues. Cell. (2010) 143: 508– 25. 10.1016/j.cell.2010.10.008 21074044 PMC3032267 · DOI
  14. [34]Müller FJ Schuldt BM Williams R Mason D Altun G Papapetrou EP. A bioinformatic assay for pluripotency in human cells. Nat Methods. (2011) 8: 315– 7. 10.1038/nmeth.1580 21378979 PMC3265323 · DOI
  15. [35]Bhattacharya B Miura T Brandenberger R Mejido J Luo Y Yang AX. Gene expression in human embryonic stem cell lines: unique molecular signature. Blood. (2004) 103: 2956– 64. 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3314 15070671 · DOI
  16. [36]Sperger JM Chen X Draper JS Antosiewicz JE Chon CH Jones SB. Gene expression patterns in human embryonic stem cells and human pluripotent germ cell tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2003) 100: 13350– 5. 10.1073/pnas.2235735100 14595015 PMC263817 · DOI
  17. [38]Suárez-Fariñas M Noggle S Heke M Hemmati-Brivanlou A Magnasco MO. Comparing independent microarray studies: the case of human embryonic stem cells. BMC Genomics. (2005) 6: 99. 10.1186/1471-2164-6-99 16042783 PMC1183205 · DOI
  18. [39]Schmidt R Plath K. The roles of the reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2 and Klf4 in resetting the somatic cell epigenome during induced pluripotent stem cell generation. Genome Biol. (2012) 13: 251. 10.1186/gb-2012-13-10-251 23088445 PMC3491406 · DOI
  19. [40]Kim J Chu J Shen X Wang J Orkin SH. An extended transcriptional network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Cell. (2008) 132: 1049– 61. 10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.039 18358816 PMC3837340 · DOI
  20. [41]Pan G Tian S Nie J Yang C Ruotti V Wei H. Whole-genome analysis of histone H3 lysine 4 and lysine 27 methylation in human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. (2007) 1: 299– 312. 10.1016/j.stem.2007.08.003 18371364 · DOI · Paper page
  21. [42]Nichols J Smith A. Naive and primed pluripotent states. Cell Stem Cell. (2009) 4: 487– 92. 10.1016/j.stem.2009.05.015 19497275 · DOI
  22. [43]Santos F Hendrich B Reik W Dean W. Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation in the early mouse embryo. Dev Biol. (2002) 241: 172– 82. 10.1006/dbio.2001.0501 11784103 · DOI
  23. [46]Wesselschmidt RL. The teratoma assay: an in vivo assessment of pluripotency. Methods Mol Biol. (2011) 767: 231– 41. 10.1007/978-1-61779-201-4_17 21822879 · DOI
  24. [47]Keller GM. In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol. (1995) 7: 862– 9. 10.1016/0955-0674(95)80071-9 8608017 · DOI
  25. [48]Wakayama T Tabar V Rodriguez I Perry ACF Studer L Mombaerts P. Differentiation of embryonic stem cell lines generated from adult somatic cells by nuclear transfer. Science (80-). (2001) 292: 740– 3. 10.1126/science.1059399 11326103 · DOI
  26. [49]Chu DT Nguyen TT Tien NLB Tran DK Jeong JH Anh PG. Recent Progress of stem cell therapy in cancer treatment: molecular mechanisms and potential applications. Cells. (2020) 9: 563. 10.3390/cells9030563 32121074 PMC7140431 · DOI
  27. [50]Evans MJ Kaufman MH. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature. (1981) 292: 154– 6. 10.1038/292154a0 7242681 · DOI
  28. [51]Thomson JA Itskovitz-Eldor J Shapiro SS Waknitz MA Swiergiel JJ Marshall VS. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science. (1998) 282: 1145– 7. 10.1126/science.282.5391.1145 9804556 · DOI
  29. [53]Poulos J. The limited application of stem cells in medicine: a review. Stem Cell Res Ther. (2018) 9: 1. 10.1186/s13287-017-0735-7 29291747 PMC5749007 · DOI
  30. [54]Wysoczynski M. A realistic appraisal of the use of embryonic stem cell-based therapies for cardiac repair. Eur Heart J. (2020) 41: 2397– 404B. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz787 31778154 PMC7327535 · DOI
  31. [55]Schwartz SD Hubschman JP Heilwell G Franco-Cardenas V Pan CK Ostrick RM. Embryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary report. Lancet. (2012) 379: 713– 20. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60028-2 22281388 · DOI · Paper page
  32. [56]Menasché P Vanneaux V Hagège A Bel A Cholley B Cacciapuoti I. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors for severe heart failure treatment: first clinical case report. Eur Heart J. (2015) 36: 2011– 7. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv189 25990469 · DOI · Paper page
  33. [57]Bragança J Lopes JA Mendes-Silva L Santos JMA. Induced pluripotent stem cells, a giant leap for mankind therapeutic applications. World J Stem Cells. (2019) 11: 421– 30. 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i7.421 31396369 PMC6682501 · DOI
  34. [58]Kavyasudha C Macrin D ArulJothi KN Joseph JP Harishankar MK Devi A. Clinical applications of induced pluripotent stem cells – stato attuale. Adv Exp Med Biol. (2018) 1079: 127– 49. 10.1007/5584_2018_173 29480445 · DOI
  35. [59]Mandai M Watanabe A Kurimoto Y Hirami Y Morinaga C Daimon T. Autologous induced stem-cell–derived retinal cells for macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. (2017) 376: 1038– 46. 10.1056/NEJMoa1608368 28296613 · DOI
  36. [60]Chagastelles PC Nardi NB. Biology of stem cells: an overview. Kidney Int Suppl. (2011) 1: 63– 7. 10.1038/kisup.2011.15 25028627 PMC4089750 · DOI
  37. [62]Gurusamy N Alsayari A Rajasingh S Rajasingh J. Adult stem cells for regenerative therapy. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. (2018) 160: 1– 22. 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.07.009 30470288 · DOI
  38. [63]Mosaad YM. Hematopoietic stem cells: an overview. Transfus Apher Sci. (2014) 51: 68– 82. 10.1016/j.transci.2014.10.016 25457002 · DOI
  39. [65]Grochowski C Radzikowska E Maciejewski R. Neural stem cell therapy—brief review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. (2018) 173: 8– 14. 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.07.013 30053745 · DOI
  40. [66]Shammaa R El-Kadiry AEH Abusarah J Rafei M. Mesenchymal stem cells beyond regenerative medicine. Front Cell Dev Biol. (2020) 8: 72. 10.3389/fcell.2020.00072 32133358 PMC7040370 · DOI
  41. [67]Wei X Yang X Han Z Qu F Shao L Shi Y. Mesenchymal stem cells: a new trend for cell therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin. (2013) 34: 747– 54. 10.1038/aps.2013.50 23736003 PMC4002895 · DOI
  42. [70]Horwitz EM Prockop DJ Fitzpatrick LA Koo WWK Gordon PL Neel M. Transplantability and therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Nat Med. (1999) 5: 309– 13. 10.1038/6529 10086387 · DOI
  43. [71]García-Olmo D García-Arranz M Herreros D Pascual I Peiro C Rodríguez-Montes JA. Phase I clinical trial of the treatment of crohn's fistula by adipose mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Dis Colon Rectum. (2005) 48: 1416– 23. 10.1007/s10350-005-0052-6 15933795 · DOI
  44. [72]Rasulov MF Vasil'chenkov AV Onishchenko NA Krasheninnikov ME Kravchenko VI Gorshenin TL. First experience in the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of a patient with deep skin burns. Bull Exp Biol Med. (2005) 139: 141– 4. 10.1007/s10517-005-0232-3 16142297 · DOI
  45. [73]Qayyum AA Mathiasen AB Mygind ND Kühl JT Jørgensen E Helqvist S. Adipose-derived stromal cells for treatment of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (mystromalcell trial): a randomized placebo-controlled study. Stem Cells Int. (2017) 2017: 5237063. 10.1155/2017/5237063 29333165 PMC5733128 · DOI
  46. [74]Comella K Parcero J Bansal H Perez J Lopez J Agrawal A. Effects of the intramyocardial implantation of stromal vascular fraction in patients with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Transl Med. (2016) 14: 158. 10.1186/s12967-016-0918-5 27255774 PMC4890248 · DOI
  47. [75]Aly RM. Current state of stem cell-based therapies: an overview. Stem Cell Investig. (2020) 7: 8. 10.21037/sci-2020-001 32695801 PMC7367472 · DOI
  48. [76]Farge D Passweg J Van Laar JM Marjanovic Z Besenthal C Finke J. Autologous stem cell transplantation in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: report from the EBMT/EULAR registry. Ann Rheum Dis. (2004) 63: 974– 81. 10.1136/ard.2003.011205 15249325 PMC1755096 · DOI
  49. [78]Locatelli F Algeri M Trevisan V Bertaina A. Remestemcel-L for the treatment of graft versus host disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. (2017) 13: 43– 56. 10.1080/1744666X.2016.1208086 27399600 · DOI
  50. [80]Le Blanc K Rasmusson I Sundberg B Götherström C Hassan M Uzunel M. Treatment of severe acute graft-versus-host disease with third party haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells. Lancet. (2004) 363: 1439– 41. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16104-7 15121408 · DOI · Paper page
  51. [81]Panés J García-Olmo D Van Assche G Colombel JF Reinisch W Baumgart DC. Long-term efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy (Cx601) for Complex Perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. (2018) 154: 1334– 42. 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.020 29277560 · DOI
  52. [82]Singer NG Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of inflammation. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis. (2011) 6: 457– 78. 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130230 21073342 · DOI
  53. [83]Ramalingam S Shah A. Stem cell therapy as a treatment for autoimmune disease—updates in lupus, scleroderma, and multiple sclerosis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. (2021) 21: 22. 10.1007/s11882-021-00996-y 33759038 · DOI
  54. [84]Lisukov IA Sizikova SA Kulagin AD Kruchkova I V Gilevich A V Konenkova LP. High-dose immunosuppression with autologous stem cell transplantation in severe refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. (2004) 13: 89– 94. 10.1191/0961203304lu491oa 14995000 · DOI
  55. [85]Burt RK Traynor A Statkute L Barr WG Rosa R Schroeder J. Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Med Assoc. (2006) 295: 527– 35. 10.1001/jama.295.5.527 16449618 · DOI
  56. [86]Traynor AE Corbridge TC Eagan AE Barr WG Liu Q Oyama Y. Prevalence and reversibility of pulmonary dysfunction in refractory systemic lupus: improvement correlates with disease remission following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Chest. (2005) 127: 1680– 9. 10.1378/chest.127.5.1680 15888846 · DOI
  57. [87]Ramaswamy S Jain S Ravindran V. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for auto immune rheumatic diseases. World J Transplant. (2016) 6: 199. 10.5500/wjt.v6.i1.199 27011918 PMC4801796 · DOI
  58. [88]Muzes G Sipos F. Issues and opportunities of stem cell therapy in autoimmune diseases. World J Stem Cells. (2019) 11: 212– 21. 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i4.212 31110602 PMC6503459 · DOI
  59. [89]Hügle T Daikeler T. Stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases. Haematologica. (2010) 95: 185– 8. 10.3324/haematol.2009.017038 20139390 PMC2817019 · DOI
  60. [91]Sharkis SJ Jones RJ Civin C Jang YY. Pluripotent stem cell-based cancer therapy: promise and challenges. Sci Transl Med. (2012) 4: 127ps9. 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003920 22461639 PMC3397797 · DOI
  61. [92]Di Nicola M Carlo-Stella C Mortarini R Baldassari P Guidetti A Gallino GF. Boosting T cell-mediated immunity to tyrosinase by vaccinia virus-transduced, CD34+-derived dendritic cell vaccination: a phase I trial in metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res. (2004) 10: 5381– 90. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0602 15328176 · DOI
  62. [93]Mackensen A Herbst B Chen J-L K¨ohlerk¨ohler G Noppen C Herr W. Phase I study in melanoma patients of a vaccine with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells generated in vitro from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Cancer. (2000) 86: 385– 92. 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000501)86:3<385::aid-ijc13>3.0.co;2-t 10760827 · DOI
  63. [94]Niess H von Einem JC Thomas MN Michl M Angele MK Huss R. Treatment of advanced gastrointestinal tumors with genetically modified autologous mesenchymal stromal cells (TREAT-ME1): study protocol of a phase I/II clinical trial. BMC Cancer. (2015) 15: 237. 10.1186/s12885-015-1241-x 25879229 PMC4393860 · DOI
  64. [95]Schweizer MT Wang H Bivalacqua TJ Partin AW Lim SJ Chapman C. A phase I study to assess the safety and cancer-homing ability of allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in men with localized prostate cancer. Stem Cells Transl Med. (2019) 8: 441– 9. 10.1002/sctm.18-0230 30735000 PMC6477003 · DOI
  65. [96]Ruano D López-Martín JA Moreno L Lassaletta Á Bautista F Andión M. First-in-human, first-in-child trial of autologous MSCs carrying the oncolytic virus icovir-5 in patients with advanced tumors. Mol Ther. (2020) 28: 1033– 42. 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.01.019 32053771 PMC7132606 · DOI
  66. [97]Zhang CL Huang T Wu BL He WX Liu D. Stem cells in cancer therapy: opportunities and challenges. Oncotarget. (2017) 8: 75756– 66. 10.18632/oncotarget.20798 29088907 PMC5650462 · DOI
  67. [98]Azar J Bahmad HF Daher D Moubarak MM Hadadeh O Monzer A. The use of stem cell-derived organoids in disease modeling: an update. Int J Mol Sci. (2021) 22: 7667. 10.3390/ijms22147667 34299287 PMC8303386 · DOI
  68. [100]Kurmann AA Serra M Hawkins F Rankin SA Mori M Astapova I. Regeneration of thyroid function by transplantation of differentiated pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. (2015) 17: 527– 42. 10.1016/j.stem.2015.09.004 26593959 PMC4666682 · DOI · Paper page
  69. [101]Tortorella I Argentati C Emiliani C Martino S Morena F. The role of physical cues in the development of stem cell-derived organoids. Eur Biophys J. (2021) 1: 1– 13. 10.1007/s00249-021-01551-3 34120215 PMC8964551 · DOI
  70. [102]Dye BR Hill DR Ferguson MA Tsai YH Nagy MS Dyal R. In vitro generation of human pluripotent stem cell derived lung organoids. Elife. (2015) 2015: 1– 25. 10.7554/eLife.05098.029 25803487 PMC4370217 · DOI
  71. [103]Chen YW Huang SX de Carvolho ALRT Ho SH Islam MN Volpi S. A three-dimensional model of human lung development and disease from pluripotent stem cells. Nat Cell Biol. (2017) 19: 542– 9. 10.1038/ncb3510 28436965 PMC5777163 · DOI
  72. [105]Freedman BS Brooks CR Lam AQ Fu H Morizane R Agrawal V. Modelling kidney disease with CRISPR-mutant kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent epiblast spheroids. Nat Commun. (2015) 6: 1– 13. 10.1038/ncomms9715 26493500 PMC4620584 · DOI
  73. [106]Soltanian S Matin MM. Cancer stem cells and cancer therapy. Tumor Biol. (2011) 32: 425– 40. 10.1007/s13277-011-0155-8 21318290 · DOI
  74. [107]Codd AS Kanaseki T Torigo T Tabi Z. Cancer stem cells as targets for immunotherapy. Immunology. (2018) 153: 304– 14. 10.1111/imm.12866 29150846 PMC5795182 · DOI
  75. [108]Atashzar MR Baharlou R Karami J Abdollahi H Rezaei R Pourramezan F. Cancer stem cells: a review from origin to therapeutic implications. J Cell Physiol. (2020) 235: 790– 803. 10.1002/jcp.29044 31286518 · DOI
  76. [109]Lathia J Liu H Matei D. The clinical impact of cancer stem cells. Oncologist. (2020) 25: 123– 31. 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0517 32043793 PMC7011672 · DOI
  77. [111]Sánchez A Schimmang T García-Sancho J. Cell and tissue therapy in regenerative medicine In: López-Larrea C López-Vázquez A Suárez-Álvarez B editors. Stem Cell Transplantation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. New York, NY: Springer. p. 89– 102. 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_7 22457105 · DOI
  78. [112]Naranda J Gradišnik L Gorenjak M Vogrin M Maver U. Isolation and characterization of human articular chondrocytes from surgical waste after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). PeerJ. (2017) 2017: e3079. 10.7717/peerj.3079 28344902 PMC5363257 · DOI
  79. [113]Burzynski L Pugh N Clarke M. Platelet isolation and activation assays. Bio-Protocol. (2019) 9: e3405. 10.21769/BioProtoc.3405 33654906 PMC7853946 · DOI
  80. [114]Niu J Ren Y Zhang T Yang X Zhu W Zhu H. Retrospective comparative study of the effects of dendritic cell vaccine and cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy with that of chemotherapy alone and in combination for colorectal cancer. Biomed Res Int. (2014) 2014: 214727. 10.1155/2014/214727 25210706 PMC4151605 · DOI
  81. [115]Koch U Radtke F. Mechanisms of T cell development and transformation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. (2011) 27: 539– 62. 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154008 21740230 · DOI
  82. [116]Nordon RE Schindhelm K. Ex vivo manipulation of cell subsets for cell therapies. Artif Organs. (1996) 20: 396– 402. 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1996.tb04522.x 8725617 · DOI
  83. [117]U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Guidance for human somatic cell therapy and gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther. (2001) 12: 303– 14. 10.1089/10430340150218431 11177566 · DOI
  84. [118]Fox IJ Chowdhury JR. Hepatocyte transplantation. Am J Transplant. (2004) 4: 7– 13. 10.1111/j.1600-6135.2004.0340.x 14871269 · DOI
  85. [119]Iansante V Mitry RR Filippi C Fitzpatrick E Dhawan A. Human hepatocyte transplantation for liver disease: current status and future perspectives. Pediatr Res. (2018) 83: 232– 40. 10.1038/pr.2017.284 29149103 · DOI · Paper page
  86. [120]Hering BJ Clarke WR Bridges ND Eggerman TL Alejandro R Bellin MD. Phase 3 trial of transplantation of human islets in type 1 diabetes complicated by severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care. (2016) 39: 1230– 40. 10.2337/dc15-1988 27208344 PMC5317236 · DOI · Paper page
  87. [121]Rickels MR Robertson RP. Pancreatic islet transplantation in humans: recent progress and future directions. Endocr Rev. (2019) 40: 631– 68. 10.1210/er.2018-00154 30541144 PMC6424003 · DOI · Paper page
  88. [122]June CH Riddell SR Schumacher TN. Adoptive cellular therapy: a race to the finish line. Sci Transl Med. (2015) 7: 280ps7. 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3643 25810311 · DOI
  89. [123]Lee HJ Kim YA Sim CK Heo SH Song IH Park HS. Expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their potential for application as adoptive cell transfer therapy in human breast cancer. Oncotarget. (2017) 8: 113345– 59. 10.18632/oncotarget.23007 29371915 PMC5768332 · DOI
  90. [124]Rohaan MW Wilgenhof S Haanen JBAG. Adoptive cellular therapies: the current landscape. Virchows Arch. (2019) 474: 449– 61. 10.1007/s00428-018-2484-0 30470934 PMC6447513 · DOI
  91. [125]Rosenberg SA Yannelli JR Yang JC Topalian SL Schwartzentruber DJ Weber JS. Treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma with autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin 2. J Natl Cancer Inst. (1994) 86: 1159– 66. 10.1093/jnci/86.15.1159 8028037 · DOI
  92. [126]Yee C Thompson JA Byrd D Riddell SR Roche P Celis E. Adoptive T cell therapy using antigen-specific CD8+ T cell clones for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma: in vivo persistence, migration, and antitumor effect of transferred T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2002) 99: 16168– 73. 10.1073/pnas.242600099 12427970 PMC138583 · DOI
  93. [127]Garrido F Ruiz-Cabello F Aptsiauri N. Rejection versus escape: the tumor MHC dilemma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. (2017) 66: 259– 71. 10.1007/s00262-016-1947-x 28040849 PMC11028748 · DOI
  94. [128]Linnemann C Schumacher TNM Bendle GM. T-cell receptor gene therapy: critical parameters for clinical success. J Invest Dermatol. (2011) 131: 1806– 16. 10.1038/jid.2011.160 21677669 · DOI
  95. [130]Sadelain M Rivière I Riddell S. Therapeutic T cell engineering. Nature. (2017) 545: 423– 31. 10.1038/nature22395 28541315 PMC5632949 · DOI
  96. [131]Chu F Cao J Neelalpu SS. Versatile CAR T-cells for cancer immunotherapy. Wspolczesna Onkol. (2017) 2: 73– 80. 10.5114/wo.2018.73892 29628798 PMC5885071 · DOI
  97. [132]Gross G Waks T Eshhar Z. Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1989) 86: 10024– 8. 10.1073/pnas.86.24.10024 2513569 PMC298636 · DOI
  98. [133]Kuwana Y Asakura Y Utsunomiya N Nakanishi M Arata Y Itoh S. Expression of chimeric receptor composed of immunoglobulin-derived V resions and T-cell receptor-derived C regions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1987) 149: 960– 8. 10.1016/0006-291X(87)90502-X 3122749 · DOI
  99. [134]Brentjens RJ Latouche JB Santos E Marti F Gong MC Lyddane C. Eradication of systemic B-cell tumors by genetically targeted human T lymphocytes co-stimulated by CD80 and interleukin-15. Nat Med. (2003) 9: 279– 86. 10.1038/nm827 12579196 · DOI · Paper page
  100. [135]Tian Y Li Y Shao Y Zhang Y. Gene modification strategies for next-generation CAR T cells against solid cancers. J Hematol Oncol. (2020) 13: 1– 16. 10.1186/s13045-020-00890-6 32423475 PMC7236186 · DOI
  101. [136]Wang J Hu Y Huang H. Current development of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Stem Cell Investig. (2018) 5: 44. 10.21037/sci.2018.11.05 30701179 PMC6327156 · DOI
  102. [137]Yang F Jin H Wang J Sun Q Yan C Wei F. Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) for cancer treatment. Adv Exp Med Biol. (2016) 909: 169– 239. 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_4 27240459 · DOI
  103. [138]Mazumder A Rosenberg SA. Successful immunotherapy of natural killer-resistant established pulmonary melanoma metastases by the intravenous adoptive transfer of syngeneic lymphocytes activated in vitro by interleukin 2. J Exp Med. (1984) 159: 495– 507. 10.1084/jem.159.2.495 6141211 PMC2187217 · DOI
  104. [139]Schmidt-Wolf I Lefterova P Mehta B Fernandez L Huhn D Blume K. Phenotypic characterization and identification of effector cells involved in tumor cell recognition of cytokine-induced killer cells. Exp Hematol. (1993) 21: 1673– 9. Available online at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7694868/ (accessed July 4, 2021). 7694868
  105. [140]Chien YH Meyer C Bonneville M. γδ T cells: first line of defense and beyond. Annu Rev Immunol. (2014) 32: 121– 55. 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120216 24387714 · DOI
  106. [141]Wu D Wu P Wu X Ye J Wang Z Zhao S. Ex vivo expanded human circulating vδ1 γδT cells exhibit favorable therapeutic potential for colon cancer. Oncoimmunology. (2015) 4: 1– 13. 10.4161/2162402X.2014.992749 25949914 PMC4404819 · DOI
  107. [142]Kiessling R Klein E Wigzell H. “Natural” killer cells in the mouse. I Cytotoxic cells with specificity for mouse moloney leukemia cells specificity and distribution according to genotype. Eur J Immunol. (1975) 5: 112– 7. 10.1002/eji.1830050208 1234049 · DOI
  108. [143]Atkins M Kunkel L Sznol M Rosenberg S. High-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma: long-term survival update. Cancer J Sci Am. (2000) 6: S11– 4. Available online at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10685652/ (accessed July 4, 2021). 10685652
  109. [144]Parkhurst MR Riley JP Dudley ME Rosenberg SA. Adoptive transfer of autologous natural killer cells leads to high levels of circulating natural killer cells but does not mediate tumor regression. Clin Cancer Res. (2011) 17: 6287– 97. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-1347 21844012 PMC3186830 · DOI
  110. [145]Ledford KJ Zeigler F Bartel RL. Ixmyelocel-T, an expanded multicellular therapy, contains a unique population of M2-like macrophages. Stem Cell Res Ther. (2013) 4: 134. 10.1186/scrt345 24405629 PMC4029268 · DOI
  111. [146]Ledford KJ Murphy N Zeigler F Bartel RL Tubo R. Therapeutic potential of ixmyelocel-T, an expanded autologous multicellular therapy for treatment of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther. (2015) 6: 25. 10.1186/s13287-015-0007-3 25889271 PMC4413547 · DOI
  112. [148]Bartel RL Cramer C Ledford K Longcore A Parrish C Stern T. The aastrom experience. Stem Cell Res Ther. (2012) 3: 26. 10.1186/scrt117 22776246 PMC3580464 · DOI
  113. [149]Buisseret L Garaud S De Wind A Van den Eynden G Boisson A Solinas C. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte composition, organization and PD-1/PD-l1 expression are linked in breast cancer. Oncoimmunology. (2017) 6: e1257452. 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1257452 28197375 PMC5283629 · DOI
  114. [151]Wolff M Shillington JM Rathbone C Piasecki SK Barnes B. Injections of concentrated bone marrow aspirate as treatment for discogenic pain: a retrospective analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. (2020) 21: 135. 10.1186/s12891-020-3126-7 32111220 PMC7049206 · DOI
  115. [152]Badalamenti G Fanale D Incorvaia L Barraco N Listì A Maragliano R. Role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with solid tumors: can a drop dig a stone? Cell Immunol. (2019) 343: 103753. 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.01.013 29395859 · DOI
  116. [153]Chen L Han X. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy of human cancer: past, present, and future. J Clin Invest. (2015) 125: 3384– 91. 10.1172/JCI80011 26325035 PMC4588282 · DOI
  117. [154]Lee M Li J Li J Fang S Zhang J Vo ATT. Tet2 inactivation enhances the antitumor activity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Cancer Res. (2021) 81: 1965– 76. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-3213 33589517 PMC8137576 · DOI
  118. [156]Man YG Stojadinovic A Mason J Avital I Bilchik A Bruecher B. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells promoting tumor invasion and metastasis: existing theories. J Cancer. (2013) 4: 84– 95. 10.7150/jca.5482 23386907 PMC3564249 · DOI
  119. [157]Blazar BA Heppner GH. In situ lymphoid cells of mouse mammary tumors. J Immunol. (1978) 120: 1876– 80. 659881
  120. [158]Zettergren JG Luberoff DE Pretlow TG. Separation of lymphocytes from disaggregated mouse malignant neoplasms by sedimentation in gradients of ficoll in tissue culture medium. J Immunol. (1973) 111: 836– 40. 4741299
  121. [159]Spiess PJ Yang JC Rosenberg SA. In vivo antitumor activity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expanded in recombinant interleukin-2. J Natl Cancer Inst. (1987) 79: 1067– 75. 3500355
  122. [160]Rosenberg SA Spiess P Lafreniere R. A new approach to the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Science. (1986) 233: 1318– 21. 10.1126/science.3489291 3489291 · DOI
  123. [161]Geukes Foppen MH Donia M Svane IM Haanen JBAG. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for the treatment of metastatic cancer. Mol Oncol. (2015) 9: 1918– 35. 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.018 26578452 PMC5528735 · DOI
  124. [162]Nirmal AJ Regan T Shih BB Hume DA Sims AH Freeman TC. Immune cell gene signatures for profiling the microenvironment of solid tumors. Cancer Immunol Res. (2018) 6: 1388– 400. 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0342 30266715 · DOI
  125. [163]Newman AM Liu CL Green MR Gentles AJ Feng W Xu Y. Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles. Nat Methods. (2015) 12: 453– 7. 10.1038/nmeth.3337 25822800 PMC4739640 · DOI · Paper page
  126. [164]Radvanyi LG. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy: addressing prevailing questions. Cancer J. (2015) 21: 450– 64. 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000162 26588676 · DOI
  127. [165]Jiménez-Reinoso A Nehme-Álvarez D Domínguez-Alonso C Álvarez-Vallina L. Synthetic TILs: engineered tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with improved therapeutic potential. Front Oncol. (2021) 10: 593848. 10.3389/fonc.2020.593848 33680923 PMC7928359 · DOI
  128. [166]Schmidt-Wolf IGH Finke S Trojaneck B Denkena A Lefterova P Schwella N. Phase I clinical study applying autologous immunological effector cells transfected with the interleukin-1 gene in patients with metastatic renal cancer, colorectal cancer and lymphoma. Br J Cancer. (1999) 81: 1009– 16. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690800 10576658 PMC2362953 · DOI
  129. [167]Semino C Martini L Queirolo P Cangemi G Costa R Alloisio A. Adoptive immunotherapy of advanced solid tumors: an eight year clinical experience. Anticancer Res. (1999) 19: 5645– 59. Available online at: https://europepmc.org/article/med/10697634 (accessed July 1, 2021). 10697634
  130. [168]Young J Liu C Persechini P. Molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte-mediated killing. Braz J Med Biol Res. (1988) 21: 1145– 53. Available online at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3074838/ (accessed July 1, 2021). 3074838
  131. [169]Hollister SJ. Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering. Nat Mater. (2005) 4: 518– 24. 10.1038/nmat1421 16003400 · DOI
  132. [170]Nichol JW Khademhosseini A. Modular tissue engineering: engineering biological tissues from the bottom up. Soft Matter. (2009) 5: 1312– 9. 10.1039/b814285h 20179781 PMC2826124 · DOI
  133. [173]Yamato M Okano T. Cell sheet engineering. Mater Today. (2004) 7: 42– 7. 10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00234-2 · DOI
  134. [174]Matsuda N Shimizu T Yamato M Okano T. Tissue engineering based on cell sheet technology. Adv Mater. (2007) 19: 3089– 99. 10.1002/adma.20070197825855820 · DOI
  135. [175]Haraguchi Y Shimizu T Sasagawa T Sekine H Sakaguchi K Kikuchi T. Fabrication of functional three-dimensional tissues by stacking cell sheets in vitro. Nat Protoc. (2012) 7: 850– 8. 10.1038/nprot.2012.027 22481530 · DOI
  136. [176]Sekine H Shimizu T Sakaguchi K Dobashi I Wada M Yamato M. In vitro fabrication of functional three-dimensional tissues with perfusable blood vessels. Nat Commun. (2013) 4: 1– 10. 10.1038/ncomms2406 23360990 PMC3660653 · DOI
  137. [177]Sakaguchi K Shimizu T Horaguchi S Sekine H Yamato M Umezu M. In vitro engineering of vascularized tissue surrogates. Sci Rep. (2013) 3: 1– 7. 10.1038/srep01316 23419835 PMC3575583 · DOI
  138. [178]Kikuchi T Shimizu T Wada M Yamato M Okano T. Automatic fabrication of 3-dimensional tissues using cell sheet manipulator technique. Biomaterials. (2014) 35: 2428– 35. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.014 24370007 · DOI
  139. [180]Zaulyanov L Kirsner RS. A review of a bi-layered living cell treatment (Apligraf ®) in the treatment of venous leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers. Clin Interv Aging. (2007) 2: 93. 10.2147/ciia.2007.2.1.93 18044080 PMC2684073 · DOI
  140. [181]Chen M Przyborowski M Berthiaume F. Stem cells for skin tissue engineering and wound healing. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. (2009) 37: 399– 421. 10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v37.i4-5.50 20528733 PMC3223487 · DOI
  141. [182]Zuk PA Zhu M Mizuno H Huang J Futrell JW Katz AJ. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: Implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng. (2001) 7: 211– 28. 10.1089/107632701300062859 11304456 · DOI · Paper page
  142. [183]Traktuev DO Merfeld-Clauss S Li J Kolonin M Arap W Pasqualini R. Population of multipotent CD34-positive adipose stromal cells share pericyte and mesenchymal surface markers, reside in a periendothelial location, and stabilize endothelial networks. Circ Res. (2008) 102: 77– 85. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.159475 17967785 · DOI
  143. [184]Matsumoto D Sato K Gonda K Takaki Y Shigeura T Sato T. Cell-assisted lipotransfer: supportive use of human adipose-derived cells for soft tissue augmentation with lipoinjection. Tissue Eng. (2006) 12: 3375– 82. 10.1089/ten.2006.12.3375 17518674 · DOI
  144. [185]Glass GE Ferretti P. Adipose-derived stem cells in aesthetic surgery. Aesthetic Surg J. (2019) 39: 423– 38. 10.1093/asj/sjy160 29982396 · DOI
  145. [189]Ntege EH Sunami H Shimizu Y. Advances in regenerative therapy: a review of the literature and future directions. Regen Ther. (2020) 14: 136– 53. 10.1016/j.reth.2020.01.004 32110683 PMC7033303 · DOI
  146. [191]Guo J Nguyen A Banyard DA Fadavi D Toranto JD Wirth GA. Stromal vascular fraction: a regenerative reality? part 2: mechanisms of regenerative action. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. (2016) 69: 180– 8. 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.10.014 26546112 · DOI
  147. [192]Cutler C Antin JH. Peripheral blood stem cells for allogeneic transplantation: a review. Stem Cells. (2001) 19: 108– 17. 10.1634/stemcells.19-2-108 11239165 · DOI
  148. [194]Anderlini P Rizzo JD Nugent ML Schmitz N Champlin RE Horowitz MM. Peripheral blood stem cell donation: an analysis from the international bone marrow transplant registry (IBMTR) and European group for blood and marrow transplant (EBMT) databases. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2001) 27: 689– 92. 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702875 11360107 · DOI
  149. [195]Rindy LJ Chambers AR. Bone Marrow Aspiration Biopsy. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing (2021). Available online at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32644658 (accessed May 30, 2021).
  150. [196]Gorin NC. Bone marrow harvesting for HSCT. In: The EBMT Handbook: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p. 109– 15. 10.1007/978-3-030-02278-5_14 · DOI
  151. [198]Imam MA Mahmoud SSS Holton J Abouelmaati D Elsherbini Y Snow M. systematic review of the concept and clinical applications of bone marrow aspirate concentrate in orthopaedics. Sicot J. (2017) 3: 17. 10.1051/sicotj/2017007 29792397 PMC5966837 · DOI
  152. [199]Amouzegar A Dey BR Spitzer TR. peripheral blood or bone marrow stem Cells? practical considerations in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transfus Med Rev. (2019) 33: 43– 50. 10.1016/j.tmrv.2018.11.003 30528986 · DOI
  153. [200]Ho AD Haas R Champlin RE. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Treasure Island, FL: CRC Press (2000).
  154. [201]Teipel R Oelschlägel U Wetzko K Schmiedgen M Kramer M Rücker-Braun E. Differences in cellular composition of peripheral blood stem cell grafts from healthy stem cell donors mobilized with either granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone or G-CSF and plerixafor. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. (2018) 24: 2171– 7. 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.06.023 29935214 · DOI
  155. [202]Gyger M Stuart RK Perreault C. Immunobiology of allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells mobilized with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2000) 26: 1– 16. 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702464 10918400 · DOI
  156. [203]Körbling M Anderlini P. Peripheral blood stem cell versus bone marrow allotransplantation: does the source of hematopoietic stem cells matter? Blood. (2001) 98: 2900– 8. 10.1182/blood.V98.10.2900 11698269 · DOI
  157. [204]Yasui K Matsumoto K Hirayama F Tani Y Nakano T. Differences between peripheral blood and cord blood in the kinetics of lineage-restricted hematopoietic cells: implications for delayed platelet recovery following cord blood transplantation. Stem Cells. (2003) 21: 143– 51. 10.1634/stemcells.21-2-143 12634410 · DOI
  158. [205]Robin M Ruggeri A Labopin M Niederwieser D Tabrizi R Sanz G. Comparison of unrelated cord blood and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in adults with myelodysplastic syndrome after reduced-intensity conditioning regimen: a collaborative study from eurocord (Cord blood committee of cellular therapy & immunobiology working party of EBMT) and chronic malignancies working party. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. (2015) 21: 489– 95. 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.11.675 25529382 · DOI
  159. [206]Passweg JR Baldomero H Gratwohl A Bregni M Cesaro S Dreger P. The EBMT activity survey: 1990-2010. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2012) 47: 906– 23. 10.1038/bmt.2012.66 22543746 · DOI
  160. [207]Passweg JR Baldomero H Bader P Bonini C Cesaro S Dreger P. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Europe 2014: more than 40 000 transplants annually. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2016) 51: 786– 92. 10.1038/bmt.2016.20 26901709 PMC4895175 · DOI
  161. [208]Lee DH Ryu KJ Kim JW Kang KC Choi YR. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate and platelet-rich plasma enhanced bone healing in distraction osteogenesis of the Tibia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (2014) 472: 3789– 97. 10.1007/s11999-014-3548-3 24599650 PMC4397746 · DOI
  162. [209]El Kadiry AEH Lumbao C Rafei M Shammaa R. Autologous BMAC therapy improves spinal degenerative joint disease in lower back pain patients. Front Med. (2021) 8: 622573. 10.3389/fmed.2021.622573 33816523 PMC8012529 · DOI
  163. [210]Kouroupis D Ahari AF Correa D Shammaa R. Intralesional injection of bone marrow aspirate concentrate for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the knee secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. (2020) 8: 202. 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00202 32266233 PMC7100546 · DOI
  164. [211]Sugaya H Yoshioka T Kato T Taniguchi Y Kumagai H Hyodo K. Comparative analysis of cellular and growth factor composition in bone marrow aspirate concentrate and platelet-rich plasma. Bone Marrow Res. (2018) 2018: 1– 9. 10.1155/2018/1549826 29682351 PMC5845506 · DOI
  165. [212]Holton J Imam M Ward J Snow M. The basic science of bone marrow aspirate concentrate in chondral injuries. Orthop Rev. (2016) 8: 80– 4. 10.4081/or.2016.6659 27761221 PMC5066111 · DOI
  166. [213]Dragoo JL Guzman RA. Evaluation of the consistency and composition of commercially available bone marrow aspirate concentrate systems. Orthop J Sport Med. (2020) 8: 1– 8. 10.1177/2325967119893634 32010732 PMC6970477 · DOI
  167. [214]Riley RS Hogan TF Pavot DR Forysthe R Massey D Smith E. Pathologist's perspective on bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: I. performing a bone marrow examination. J Clin Lab Anal. (2004) 18: 70– 90. 10.1002/jcla.20008 15065211 PMC6807972 · DOI
  168. [215]Chahla J Mannava S Cinque ME Geeslin AG Codina D LaPrade RF. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate harvesting and processing technique. Arthrosc Tech. (2017) 6: e441– 5. 10.1016/j.eats.2016.10.024 28580265 PMC5443590 · DOI
  169. [216]Kim GB Seo MS Park WT Lee GW. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate: its uses in osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci. (2020) 21: 3224. 10.3390/ijms21093224 32370163 PMC7247342 · DOI
  170. [217]Pavlovic V Ciric M Jovanovic V Stojanovic P. Platelet rich plasma: a short overview of certain bioactive components. Open Med. (2016) 11: 242– 7. 10.1515/med-2016-0048 28352802 PMC5329835 · DOI
  171. [218]Dhurat R Sukesh M. Principles and methods of preparation of platelet-rich plasma: a review and author′s perspective. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. (2014) 7: 189. 10.4103/0974-2077.150734 25722595 PMC4338460 · DOI
  172. [219]Kojok K El-Kadiry AE-H Merhi Y. Role of NF-κB in platelet function. Int J Mol Sci. (2019) 20: 4185. 10.3390/ijms20174185 31461836 PMC6747346 · DOI
  173. [220]El-Kadiry AE-H Merhi Y. The role of the proteasome in platelet function. Int J Mol Sci. (2021) 22: 3999. 10.3390/ijms22083999 33924425 PMC8069084 · DOI
  174. [221]Fitzpatrick J Bulsara MK McCrory PR Richardson MD Zheng MH. Analysis of platelet-rich plasma extraction: variations in platelet and blood components between 4 common commercial kits. Orthop J Sport Med. (2017) 5: 1– 8. 10.1177/2325967116675272 28210651 PMC5302100 · DOI
  175. [222]Kitamura Y Suzuki M Tsukioka T Isobe K Tsujino T Watanabe T. Spectrophotometric determination of platelet counts in platelet-rich plasma. Int J Implant Dent. (2018) 4: 1– 8. 10.1186/s40729-018-0140-8 30276491 PMC6167270 · DOI
  176. [223]De Oliveira LA Soares RO Buzzi M Mourao CFAB Kawase T Kuckelhaus SAS. Cell and platelet composition assays by flow cytometry: basis for new platelet-rich fibrin methodologies. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. (2020) 34: 1379– 90. 10.23812/20-278-A 32867466 · DOI
  177. [224]Everts P Onishi K Jayaram P Lana JF Mautner K. Platelet-rich plasma: new performance understandings and therapeutic considerations in 2020. Int J Mol Sci. (2020) 21: 1– 36. 10.20944/preprints202010.0069.v1 33096812 PMC7589810 · DOI
  178. [225]Alsousou J Ali A Willett K Harrison P. The role of platelet-rich plasma in tissue regeneration. Platelets. (2013) 24: 173– 82. 10.3109/09537104.2012.684730 22647081 · DOI
  179. [226]Redler LH Thompson SA Hsu SH Ahmad CS Levine WN. Platelet-rich plasma therapy: a systematic literature review and evidence for clinical use. Phys Sportsmed. (2011) 39: 42– 51. 10.3810/psm.2011.02.1861 21378486 · DOI
  180. [234]Mao AS Mooney DJ. Regenerative medicine: current therapies and future directions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2015) 112: 14452– 9. 10.1073/pnas.1508520112 26598661 PMC4664309 · DOI
  181. [235]DiMasi JA Hansen RW Grabowski HG. The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs. J Health Econ. (2003) 22: 151– 85. 10.1016/S0167-6296(02)00126-1 12606142 · DOI · Paper page
  182. [236]Avorn J. The $2.6 billion pill — methodologic and policy considerations. N Engl J Med. (2015) 372: 1877– 9. 10.1056/NEJMp1500848 25970049 · DOI
  183. [237]Beall RF Hwang TJ Kesselheim AS. Pre-market development times for biologic versus small-molecule drugs. Nat Biotechnol. (2019) 37: 708– 11. 10.1038/s41587-019-0175-2 31213674 · DOI
  184. [238]Jarrige M Frank E Herardot E Martineau S Darle A Benabides M. The future of regenerative medicine: cell therapy using pluripotent stem cells and acellular therapies based on extracellular vesicles. Cells. (2021) 10: 240. 10.3390/cells10020240 33513719 PMC7912181 · DOI
  185. [239]Jayabalan P Hagerty S Cortazzo MH. The use of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Phys Sportsmed. (2014) 42: 53– 62. 10.3810/psm.2014.09.2076 25295767 · DOI
  186. [240]Miller LE Parrish WR Roides B Bhattacharyya S. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma injections for symptomatic tendinopathy: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised injection-controlled trials. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. (2017) 3: e000237. 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000237 29177072 PMC5687544 · DOI
  187. [241]Le ADK Enweze L DeBaun MR Dragoo JL. Current clinical recommendations for use of platelet-rich plasma. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. (2018) 11: 624– 34. 10.1007/s12178-018-9527-7 30353479 PMC6220007 · DOI
  188. [242]Vavken P Sadoghi P Palmer M Rosso C Mueller AM Szoelloesy G. Platelet-rich plasma reduces retear rates after arthroscopic repair of small- and medium-sized rotator cuff tears but is not cost-effective. Am J Sports Med. (2015) 43: 3071– 6. 10.1177/0363546515572777 25767267 · DOI
  189. [243]Dallari D Stagni C Rani N Sabbioni G Pelotti P Torricelli P. Ultrasound-guided injection of platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid, separately and in combination, for hip osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med. (2016) 44: 664– 71. 10.1177/0363546515620383 26797697 · DOI
  190. [244]Cole BJ Karas V Hussey K Pilz K Fortier LA. Hyaluronic acid versus platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med. (2017) 45: 339– 46. 10.1177/0363546516665809 28146403 · DOI
  191. [245]A Hamid MS Mohamed Ali MR Yusof A George J Lee LPC. Platelet-rich plasma injections for the treatment of hamstring injuries: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. (2014) 42: 2410– 8. 10.1177/0363546514541540 25073598 · DOI
  192. [246]Sundman EA Cole BJ Fortier LA. Growth factor and catabolic cytokine concentrations are influenced by the cellular composition of platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med. (2011) 39: 2135– 40. 10.1177/0363546511417792 21846925 · DOI
  193. [247]Azuma K Yamanaka S. Recent policies that support clinical application of induced pluripotent stem cell-based regenerative therapies. Regen Ther. (2016) 4: 36– 47. 10.1016/j.reth.2016.01.009 31245486 PMC6581825 · DOI · Paper page
  194. [248]Andia I Maffulli N Burgos-Alonso N. Stromal vascular fraction technologies and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. (2019) 19: 1289– 305. 10.1080/14712598.2019.1671970 31544555 · DOI
  195. [249]Rigotti G Marchi A Galiè M Baroni G Benati D Krampera M. Clinical treatment of radiotherapy tissue damage by lipoaspirate transplant: a healing process mediated by adipose-derived adult stem cells. Plast Reconstr Surg. (2007) 119: 1409– 22. 10.1097/01.prs.0000256047.47909.71 17415234 · DOI
  196. [250]Hudetz D Borić I Rod E Jeleč Ž Radić A Vrdoljak T. The effect of intra-articular injection of autologous microfragmented fat tissue on proteoglycan synthesis in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Genes. (2017) 8: 270. 10.3390/genes8100270 29027984 PMC5664120 · DOI
  197. [251]Yokota N Yamakawa M Shirata T Kimura T Kaneshima H. Clinical results following intra-articular injection of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Regen Ther. (2017) 6: 108– 12. 10.1016/j.reth.2017.04.002 30271845 PMC6134915 · DOI
  198. [252]Moon KC Chung HY Han SK Jeong SH Dhong ES. Possibility of injecting adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells to accelerate microcirculation in ischemic diabetic feet: a pilot study. Int J Stem Cells. (2019) 12: 107– 13. 10.15283/ijsc18101 30836733 PMC6457712 · DOI
  199. [254]Sautereau N Daumas A Truillet R Jouve E Magalon J Veran J. Efficacy of autologous microfat graft on facial handicap in systemic sclerosis patients. Plast Reconstr Surg-Glob Open. (2016) 4: e660. 10.1097/GOX.0000000000000621 27257590 PMC4874304 · DOI
  200. [255]Frese L Dijkman PE Hoerstrup SP. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine. Transfus Med Hemotherapy. (2016) 43: 268– 74. 10.1159/000448180 27721702 PMC5040903 · DOI

200 of 298 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
El-Kadiry, A. E.-H., Rafei, M., & Shammaa, R.
Affiliations
  • Montreal Heart Institute (CA)
  • McGill University (CA)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author
  • Rafei, Moutih
  • Shammaa, Riam
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Medicine
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-11-22
Volume
8
Pages
756029-756029
ISSN
2296-858X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fmed.2021.756029
PMC
PMC8645794
OpenAlex
W3215765083
Cited by
256
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 37 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 13
FWCI
5.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Université de Montréal
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Mesenchymal stem cell research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › CAR-T cell therapy research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biomedical Ethics and Regulation
Keywords
cell therapy, stem cell therapy, FDA regulation, regenerative medicine, immune disorders, cancer immunotherapy, combination therapy, clinical benefit

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review