Cited by 445Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

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On the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring: a meta-analysis and conceptual framework

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Moser, Jason S., Moran, Tim P., Schroder, Hans S., Donnellan, M. Brent, Yeung, Nick·2013·Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00466PMC PMC3744033

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Abstract

Research involving event-related brain potentials has revealed that anxiety is associated with enhanced error monitoring, as reflected in increased amplitude of the error-related negativity (ERN). The nature of the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring is unclear, however. Through meta-analysis and a critical review of the literature, we argue that anxious apprehension/worry is the dimension of anxiety most closely associated with error monitoring. Although, overall, anxiety demonstrated a robust, "small-to-medium" relationship with enhanced ERN (r = -0.25), studies employing measures of anxious apprehension show a threefold greater effect size estimate (r = -0.35) than those utilizing other measures of anxiety (r = -0.09). Our conceptual framework helps explain this more specific relationship between anxiety and enhanced ERN and delineates the unique roles of worry, conflict processing, and modes of cognitive control. Collectively, our analysis suggests that enhanced ERN in anxiety results from the interplay of a decrease in processes supporting active goal maintenance and a compensatory increase in processes dedicated to transient reactivation of task goals on an as-needed basis when salient events (i.e., errors) occur.

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Figure 1 ERN Waveform and Voltage Map. Neural activity recorded in the post-response period during a flanker task. Response-locked waveform is presented on the left. Dashed line: the ERN is shown as the negative deflection peaking at approximately 50 ms; the ERN is followed by a broad, positive deflection—the error-positivity. Solid line: the CRN is the correct-response counterpart to the ERN. It shows a similar time course and scalp distribution. A voltage map depicting the scalp distribution of the ERN is presented on the right. It shows that the ERN is primarily a fronto-centrally maximal negativity.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 2 Selection of studies. Flow chart depicting the selection of studies used in the meta-analysis.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 3 ERN forest. A forest plot depicting effect sizes (r) between the ERN and measures of anxiety for the meta-analytic average (top), the anxious apprehension and mixed anxiety averages, and individual studies. Error bars depict the 95% confidence interval for the effect size. The dotted line indicates an effect size of 0.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 4 CRN forest. A forest plot depicting effect sizes (r) between the CRN and measures of anxiety for the meta-analytic average (top) and individual studies. Error bars depict the 95% confidence interval for the effect size. The dotted line indicates an effect size of 0.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 5 ΔERN forest. A forest plot depicting effect sizes (r) between the ΔERN and measures of anxiety for the meta-analytic average (top), the anxious apprehension and mixed anxiety averages, and individual studies. Error bars depict the 95% confidence interval for the effect size. The dotted line indicates an effect size of 0.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 6 Working memory load enhances ERN. (Top Left) SWPs elicited during the memory retention interval. (Top Right) Response-locked ERPs as a function of accuracy and WML. (Bottom) A scatterplot depicting the association between WM-related changes in SWPs and ERNs.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 7 Relationship between ERN and GPA is moderated by worry. (Top) Scatterplot showing the relationship between ERN and GPA in the top 50% of the PSWQ distribution (black) and the bottom 50% (gray). (Bottom) Bar graph depicting GPA as a function of ERN and Worry groups which were created by median splits and described in the text. Error bars represent standard error of the mean.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: Moser, J. S., Moran, T. P., Schroder, H. S., Donnellan, M. B., & Yeung, N.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Moser, Jason S.
ORCID: Moser, Jason S.
Moran, Tim P.
Schroder, Hans S.
Yeung, Nick
Venue: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2013
Volume: 7
Pages: 466-466
ISSN: 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00466
PMC: PMC3744033
OpenAlex: W2008540085
Cited by: 445
References: 165
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 2.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: anxiety, error monitoring, error-related negativity, event-related potentials, anxious apprehension, worry, conflict processing, cognitive control, goal maintenance

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On the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring: a meta-analysis and conceptual framework

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