The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development
Open accessAbstract
Iron deficiency is the most common form of nutrient deficiency worldwide. It is highly prevalent due to the limited availability of high quality food in developing countries and poor dietary habits in industrialized countries. According to the World Health Organization, it affects nearly 2 billion people and up to 50% of women who are pregnant. Maternal anemia during pregnancy is especially burdensome to healthy neurodevelopment in the fetus because iron is needed for proper neurogenesis, development, and myelination. Maternal anemia also increases the risk of low birth weight, either due to premature birth or fetal growth restriction, which is associated with delayed neurocognitive development and even psychiatric illness. As rapid neurodevelopment continues after birth infants that received sufficient iron in utero, but that receive a low iron diet after 6 months of age, also show deficits in neurocognitive development, including impairments in learning and memory. Unfortunately, the neurocognitive complications of iron deficiency during critical pre- and postnatal periods of brain development are difficult to remedy, persisting into adulthood. Thus, preventing iron deficiency in the pre- and postnatal periods is critical as is devising new means to recapture cognitive function in individuals who experienced early iron deficiency. This review will discuss the prevalence of pre- and postnatal iron deficiency, the mechanism, and effects of iron deficiency on brain and cognitive development.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the neurocognitive damage elicited by iron deficiency during this period is irreversible and will persist into adulthood [176].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [176]
In the citing paper
“There is a wide consensus regarding the critical importance of appropriate iron supply during neurodevelopment from birth, and even before, up to the first years of life”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [176]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Two new Later Stone Age sites from the Final Pleistocene in the Falémé Valley, eastern Senegal
Ndiaye, M., Lespez, L., Tribolo, C., Rassé, M., Hadjas, I., Davidoux, S., Huysecom, É., & Douze, K. (2024) · Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000667478 · Cited by 24,214
Home visits: a strategy to improve newborn survival - Authors' reply
(2008) · Americanae (AECID Library) · doi:10.1016/s0140 · Cited by 22,524
(1996) · Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) · doi:10.1111/j · Cited by 5,486
Rice, D., & Barone, S. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.00108s3511 · Cited by 2,944
Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993–2005
McLean, E., Cogswell, M., Egli, I., Wojdyla, D., & de Benoist, B. (2009) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980008002401 · Cited by 2,734
The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity
Beck, S., WOJDYLA, D. M., Say, L., Betrán, A. P., Meraldi, M., Requejo, J. H., Rubens, C. E., Menon, R., & Look, P. V. (2009) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.08.062554 · Cited by 2,190 · cited 1×
“As the incidence of both these conditions is increasing worldwide (Beck et al., 2010; Martin et al., 2010; Danaei et al., 2011), it is likely that iron deficiency in infants will become an even greater concern in the future.”
BackgroundSTRESS AND HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY
McEwen, B. S. (1999) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.105 · Cited by 2,087 · cited 2×
“This phase of rapid growth represents a sensitive period, wherein environmental insults alter neurodevelopment (McEwen, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialPyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
Spruston, N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2286 · Cited by 1,688 · cited 3×
“Like dendritic arbor structure, a spine’s morphology can impact its function (Spruston, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe developmental role of serotonin: news from mouse molecular genetics
Gaspar, P., Cases, O., & Maroteaux, L. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1256 · Cited by 1,297 · cited 1×
“The SERT, which is responsible for re-uptake of serotonin within the brain, is the predominant mechanism controlling strength and duration of serotonergic neurotransmission (Gaspar et al., 2003).”
BackgroundDanaei, G., Finucane, M. M., Lin, J. K., Singh, G. M., Paciorek, C. J., Cowan, M. J., Farzadfar, F., Stevens, G. A., Lim, S. S., Riley, L. M., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62036-3 · Cited by 1,239
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 104 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 315
Koubaa, S., Hällström, T., Brismar, K., Hellström, P. M., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2015) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0741-7 · Cited by 21
“Iron is essential for normal fetal development of several vital organs including the central nervous system [6].”
BackgroundGerman, K. R., Vu, P. T., Grelli, K. N., Denton, C. C., Lee, G., & Juul, S. E. (2017) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.10.041 · Cited by 21
(2001) · Practice Nursing · doi:10.12968/pnur.2001.12.1.4459 · Cited by 21
The Role of Iron in the Susceptibility of Neonatal Mice to Escherichia coli K1 Sepsis
Michels, K. R., Lambrecht, N., Carson, W. F., Schaller, M. A., Lukacs, N. W., & Bermick, J. (2019) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz282 · Cited by 20
“While we found that marginal iron deficiency during pregnancy protected against neonatal sepsis, this is not a reasonable treatment strategy due to the importance of iron in neurodevelopment [46].”
BackgroundStrategies to reduce blood product utilization in obstetric practice
Neb, H., Zacharowski, K. D., & Meybohm, P. (2017) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000463 · Cited by 20
Abioye, A. I., Aboud, S., Premji, Z. G., Etheredge, A. J., Gunaratna, N. S., Sudfeld, C. R., Noor, R. A., Hertzmark, E., Spiegelman, D. L., Duggan, C., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-019-0512-z · Cited by 21
“predisposes to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as maternal mortality, operative delivery, preterm birth, and early infant mortality [4–7] and may also negatively influence cognitive function in the children [8].”
BackgroundCochrane, K. M., Hutcheon, J. A., & Karakochuk, C. D. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac135 · Cited by 19
Chen, H.-Q., Wang, X., Wang, M., Liu, Y., Yan, Z., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Z. (2015) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00206 · Cited by 19
Greminger, A. R., & Mayer‐Pröschel, M. (2015) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1177/1759091415569911 · Cited by 19
“In the central nervous system (CNS), iron is an essential cofactor for many enzymes including those involved in energy metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and the process of myelination (Conrad et al., 2000; Rao et al., 2003; Eden, 2005; Brotanek et al., 2007; Tran et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2008; Collard, 2009; Tod…”
BackgroundClinical and Epidemiological profile of Anemia in central India
Ratre, B. K., Patel, D. N. P., Patel, D. U., Jain, D. R., Sharma, D. V. K., & Professor in Medicine, G. (2014) · International Journal of Medical Research and Review · doi:10.17511/ijmrr.2014.i01.09 · Cited by 19
“Impact of anemia is more on pregnant women and children.(6-14) The term "Anemia" refers to reduction below normal in the concentration of hemoglobin, Hematocrit or Red blood cells in the blood.”
BackgroundUse of the Electronic Health Record to Assess Prevalence of Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy
Sharma, A. J., Ford, N. D., Bulkley, J. E., Jenkins, L. M., Vesco, K. K., & Williams, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab254 · Cited by 18
Iron status in small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age infants at birth
Kim, H. A., Park, S.-H., & Lee, E. J. (2018) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/kjp.2018.06653 · Cited by 18
Nampijja, M., Mutua, A. M., Elliott, A. M., Muriuki, J. M., Abubakar, A. A., Webb, E. L., & Atkinson, S. H. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14071452 · Cited by 21
Mwakawanga, D. L., & Mselle, L. T. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234854 · Cited by 17
“Early cord clamping (ECC) may be associated with negative neonatal outcomes such as hypoxia, infections, delayed psychomotor development, and anaemia [17, 18].”
BackgroundPeriodic limb movements and restless legs syndrome in children with a history of prematurity
Cielo︎, C. M., DelRosso, L. M., Tapia, I. E., Biggs, S. N., Nixon, G. M., Meltzer, L. J., Traylor, J. T., Kim, J. Y., & Marcus, C. L. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.02.009 · Cited by 17
Effects of intrauterine latent iron deficiency on auditory neural maturation in full-term newborns
Pallone, L. V., de Jesus, F. A., Gonçalves, G. A., Navarra, L. C., Melo, D. G., Ferreira, R. A., & Germano, C. M. R. (2018) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2018.08.007 · Cited by 17
“10 in the univariate model (Spearman correlation) were included in the multiple model to evaluate the contribution of each one of these variables; (2) analysis in a stepwise processes where the non-contribute predictors were excluded by the statistical a 1”
MethodWhat Does Iron Mean to an Oligodendrocyte?
Wade, Q. W., & Connor, J. R. (2025) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.70043 · Cited by 16
“Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world, reportedly affecting approximately two billion people (Radlowski and Johnson 2013).”
Prevalence of iron deficiency in pregnant women: A prospective cross‐sectional Austrian study
Zeisler, H., Dietrich, W., Heinzl, F., Klaritsch, P., Humpel, V., Moertl, M. G., Obruca, C., Wimazal, F., Ramoni, A., Tiechl, J., et al. (2021) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2588 · Cited by 16
“It is important for the obstetrician to know that human brain and cognitive development begin in the third trimester of pregnancy (Radlowski & Johnson, 2013).”
BackgroundIsasi, E., Figares, M., Abudara, V., & Olivera‐Bravo, S. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-022-02798-3 · Cited by 16
“Since the hippocampus constitutes a highly vulnerable region to ID during development [15, 33], we then studied some components of the hippocampal NVU in the ID animal model previously characterized.”
BackgroundLiu, J., Zhao, S. R., & Reyes, T. M. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms160818129 · Cited by 15
“Beyond protein, iron deficiency in early life, a well characterized risk factor for impaired cognitive development [82], has also been shown to reduce DNA methylation in”
BackgroundBath, S. C., & Rayman, M. P. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516001616 · Cited by 15
“A number of population groups, most notably menstruating women, are at risk of Fe deficiency((35,36)).”
BackgroundMcCarthy, P. J., Zundel, H. R., Johnson, K. R., Blohowiak, S. E., & Kling, P. J. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology · doi:10.1097/mph.0000000000000536 · Cited by 15
“newborns as indicated as SGA, (2) IDM, (3) maternal anemia, (4) maternal obesity, (5) low SES, and/or (6) maternal minority status.”
BackgroundJones, A. D., Shi, Z., Lambrecht, N., Jiang, Y., Wang, J., Burmeister, M., Ming, L., & Lozoff, B. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab133 · Cited by 16
Hajianfar, H., Abbasi, K., Azadbakht, L., Esmaeilzadeh, A., Mollaghasemi, N., & Arab, A. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition Research · doi:10.7762/cnr.2020.9.1.52 · Cited by 14
“Studies have demonstrated that ID correlates with increased risk of infant mortality and morbidity [10], neurodevelopmental disorders that involve the infant's future life [12], and high susceptibility of both mother and infant to infection [13,14].”
BackgroundFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Iron Homeostasis
Bradley, R., Lakpa, K. L., Burd, M., Mehta, S., Katusic, M. Z., & Greenmyer, J. R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204223 · Cited by 14
Nutritional influences on human neurocognitive functioning
Smith, M., & Scholey, A. B. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00358 · Cited by 14
“With respect to specific micronutrient deficiencies that translate to adverse neurocognitive outcomes, Radlowski and Johnson (2013) reviewed the literature relating to the most common global nutrient deficiency, namely iron deficiency.”
BackgroundErnährungsarmut bei Kindern – Ursachen, Folgen, COVID-19
Biesalski, H. K. (2021) · Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-1553-3202 · Cited by 15
“Lebensjahres von besonderer Bedeutung wie die Untersuchungen von Radlowsky und Mitarbeitern zeigen [87].”
BackgroundFrequent blood donation and offspring birth weight—a next‐generation association?
Rigas, A. S., Pedersen, O. B., Sørensen, E., Thørner, L. W., Larsen, M. H., Katz, L. M., Nielsen, K. R., Titlestad, K. E., Edgren, G., Rostgaard, K., et al. (2018) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.15072 · Cited by 14
“Education in years (pater) † 14 (13;15) 14.”
Gilder, M. E., Simpson, J. A., Bancone, G., McFarlane, L., Shah, N., van Aalsburg, R., Paw, M. K., Pimanpanarak, M., Wiladphaingern, J., Min, A. M., et al. (2019) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2019.1621589 · Cited by 13
“nancy have demonstrated lifelong negative health consequences for infants including poor pregnancy outcomes such as small for gestational age and preterm delivery, and later effects on educational performance, work capacity and productivity [6].”
BackgroundPutting donor health first in strategies to mitigate donor iron deficiency
Mast, A. E. (2017) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.14074 · Cited by 12
Cognitive control inhibition networks in adulthood are impaired by early iron deficiency in infancy
Cecilia, A., Campos, P. D. P., Donna, C., Hafiz, R., Sussanne, R., Lozoff, B., & Biswal, B. B. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103089 · Cited by 13
“ID in infancy also alters dopaminergic receptors, reducing the activity of dopamine transporters and potentially altering the cognitive circuits where dopamine is the most important neurotransmitter (Pino et al., 2017; Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
Ringshaw, J. E., Hendrikse, C. J., Wedderburn, C. J., Bradford, L. E., Williams, S. R., Nyakonda, C. N., Subramoney, S., Lake, M. T., Burd, T., Hoffman, N., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03838-6 · Cited by 11
“Additionally, antenatal maternal anaemia and iron status are well-known risk factors for poorer general paediatric neurocognitive outcomes in multiple settings [18–20], including South Africa [1].”
Eshetu, H. B., Diress, M., Belay, D. G., Seid, M. A., Chilot, D., Sinamaw, D., Simegn, W., Tareke, A. A., Seid, A. M., Andualem, A. A., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280466 · Cited by 11
Iglesias‐Vázquez, L., Voltas, N., Hernández‐Martínez, C., Canals, J., Coronel, P., Gimeno, M., Basora, J., & Arija, V. (2023) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2023.02.006 · Cited by 13
Snoek, K. M., van de Woestijne, N., Willemsen, S. P., Klaassen, R. A., Galjaard, S., Laven, J. S. E., Steegers‐Theunissen, R. P. M., & Schoenmakers, S. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14040736 · Cited by 13
Kukuia, K. K. E., Torbi, J., Amoateng, P., Adutwum-Ofosu, K. K., Koomson, A. E., Appiah, F., Tagoe, T. A., Mensah, J. A., Ameyaw, E. O., Adi‐Dako, O., et al. (2022) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.04.004 · Cited by 11
“Several studies have shown a positive association between deficiency in iron and depressive disorders (Corwin et al., 2003; Beard and Connor, 2003; Georgieff, 2008; Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
BackgroundInhibition of Sirtuin 2 exerts neuroprotection in aging rats with increased neonatal iron intake
Liu, Z., Wang, X., Wang, M., Liu, Y., Bai, J., Yan, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2014) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.145361 · Cited by 10
“, 2014), and severe iron deficiency early in life can result in impaired brain development (Lozoff and Georgieff, 2006; Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
BackgroundRigas, A. S., Pedersen, O. B., Rostgaard, K., Sørensen, E., Erikstrup, C., Hjalgrim, H., & Ullum, H. (2019) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.15193 · Cited by 10
Leslie, M. S., Park, J., Briggs, L., El-Banna, M. M., & Greene, J. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-02912-8 · Cited by 8
RETRACTED: Low Iron Diet Increases Susceptibility to Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Young Rats
Yu, F., Hao, S., Yang, B., Zhao, Y., & Yang, J. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8080456 · Cited by 10
“Iron deficiency (ID), the most common form of micronutrient deficiency, is the primary cause of anemia, which affects more than two billion people, especially children and pregnant women [1–4].”
Retracted[The role of ferroptosis in chronic diseases].
Chen, J., Xiang, Y., Fang, X., Wang, F., & Min, J. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.02.24 · Cited by 11
Ferritin levels in pregnant Colombian women.
Ramírez‐Vélez, R., González‐Ruíz, K., Correa‐Bautista, J. E., Martínez-Torres, J., Meneses-Echavez, J. F., & Rincón‐Pabón, D. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2015.31.2.7910 · Cited by 10
Xu, K. (2022) · Biochemistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.104360 · Cited by 9
Early-life iron deficiency persistently disrupts affective behaviour in mice
Gundacker, A., Glat, M. J., Wais, J. P., Stöhrmann, P., Pollak, A. J., & Pollak, D. D. (2023) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2023.2191003 · Cited by 10
“Early-life ID has been previously implicated in alterations of neurocognitive development and identified as long-term risk factor for some neuropsychiatric disorders [6,14,18].”
BackgroundMethodNutrient Intake among Pregnant Women in Spain and Poland: A Comparative Analysis
Iglesias-Vázquez, L., Suliburska, J., Kocyłowski, R., Bakinowska, E., & Arija, V. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15143225 · Cited by 9
Microstructural Brain Correlates of Inter-individual Differences in Respiratory Interoception
Nikolova, N. E., Ehmsen, J. F., Banellis, L., Brændholt, M., Steenkjær, C. H., Vejlø, M., Fardo, F., & Allen, M. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0787-24.2025 · Cited by 13
Maternal nutrient intakes from food and drinks consumed in early pregnancy in Ireland
Mullaney, L., Cawley, S., Kennedy, R., O'Higgins, A. C., McCartney, D. M. A., & Turner, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdw106 · Cited by 9
Yusrawati, Y., Defrin, D., & Karmia, H. R. (2019) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.202 · Cited by 9
“Abnormal behaviour and cognition will persist until adulthood despite adequate treatment [4], [5].”
BackgroundDavies, S., Briand, V., Accrombessi, M., Fiévet, N., Bot, B. L., Durand, S., Agbota, G., Yovo, E., Vianou, B., Sossou, D., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111629 · Cited by 9
“90 Maternal iron deficiency also reduces iron stores in the fetus which further exposes neonates to 91 neurodevelopmental risks as infants cannot regulate iron absorption until 6-9 months of age 92 (Radlowski & Johnson, 2013).”
BackgroundNakhid, D., McMorris, C. A., Sun, H., Gibbard, W. B., Tortorelli, C., & Lebel, C. A. (2022) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14928 · Cited by 9
Iron deficiency in astrocytes alters cellular status and impacts on oligodendrocyte differentiation
Marcora, M. S., Mattera, V. S., Goñi, P., Aybar, F., Correale, J. D., & Pasquini, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25334 · Cited by 8
Kubuga, C. K., Kennedy, G., & Song, W. O. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520000604 · Cited by 8
Nutrition and the Developing Brain
Escolano-Margarit, M. V., & Campoy, C. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-37101-8.00047-3 · Cited by 8
Taddese, E., Alemu, D. G., Haider, M. R., & Haile, Z. T. (2022) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.13089 · Cited by 8
Anemia in Women of Reproductive Age
Solovyova, A. V., Gace, V., Станиславовна, Е. К., & Khorolskiy, V. A. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.71520 · Cited by 8
Jaber, N., Al-Remawi, M., Qatouseh, L. F., Ahmad, M. I., & Aiedeh, K. (2020) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101761 · Cited by 6
Kim, S. Y., Wee, J. H., Min, C., Yoo, D. M., & Choi, H. G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186478 · Cited by 8
“For instance, iron functions as a cofactor for neurotransmitter metabolism and DNA synthesis, and it is an essential component of the proteins regulating myelination and pruning of the nervous system [34,35].”
BackgroundNoel, S. C., Fortin-Hamel, L., Haque, M., & Scott, M. E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13971-y · Cited by 8
Understanding iron depletion and overload in blood donors
O’Brien, S. F., & Goldman, M. (2016) · ISBT Science Series · doi:10.1111/voxs.12327 · Cited by 7
Effects of prenatal iron deficiency on neurological development and related disorders in offspring
Zhao, Z., Shi, Y., Sun, M., & Wang, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1637398 · Cited by 9
“Iron is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters as a cofactor of enzymes such as tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase (112).”
Zhu, Z., Zhu, Y., Wang, L., Qi, Q., Huang, L., Andegiorgish, A. K., Elhoumed, M., Cheng, Y., Dibley, M. J., Sudfeld, C. R., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.12.001 · Cited by 6
Sriranjan, J., Kalata, C., Fusch, G., Thomas, K., & Goswami, I. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14245343 · Cited by 6
“Iron deficiency during this critical period of brain development is associated with neurocognitive problems, with lasting impacts extending into late childhood [4,5].”
BackgroundChan, K. C., Tsun, J. G. S., Li, A. M., & Tam, W. H. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521001975 · Cited by 6
“associated with worse cognitive, motor, social emotional as well as neurophysiological development.(5,6) Besides neurodevelopment, iron is also essential for proper immune function affecting both innate and adaptive cell, and has implications for childhood atopic diseases.”
BackgroundDíaz‐López, A., Canals, J., Júlvez, J., Fernández‐Barrés, S., Llop, S., Rebagliato, M., Lertxundi, N., Santa‐Marina, L., Guxens, M., Sunyer, J., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23432-1 · Cited by 6
Maternal factors associated with iron deficiency without anaemia in early pregnancy: ECLIPSES study
Iglesias‐Vázquez, L., Gimeno, M., Coronel, P., Caspersen, I. H., Basora, J., & Arija, V. (2023) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-023-05123-7 · Cited by 6
Use of a web-based dietary assessment tool in early pregnancy
Mullaney, L., O'Higgins, A. C., Cawley, S., Kennedy, R., McCartney, D. M. A., & Turner, M. J. (2016) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-016-1430-x · Cited by 6
“Low iron status in pregnancy has been linked to low birth weight and impaired cognitive development [1, 2].”
BackgroundFortification as an effective strategy to bridge iron gaps during complementary feeding
Dobe, M., Garg, P., & Bhalla, G. (2017) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2017.11.001 · Cited by 6
The Role of Iron Adequacy for Maternal and Fetal Health
Sungkar, A. (2021) · World Nutrition Journal · doi:10.25220/wnj.v05.s1.0002 · Cited by 6
Tian, K., Liu, W., Huang, Y., Zhou, R., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2025.1587457 · Cited by 7
“During this critical period, iron demand surges as new neurons, dendrites, myelin, synapses, and neurotransmitters form (37).”
Prevalence and Determinants of Anemia Among Rural Women: A Comprehensive Review
Waheed, M., Batool, S., Hussain, H. I., Liaqat, U.-E.-S., Arshad, A., Hasnain, M. M., Riaz, M. M., Fatima, M., & Talib, S. (2025) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2025.2580013 · Cited by 5
“Researchers are paying growing attention to how maternal ID affects brain and cognitive development in newborns (Radlowski and Johnson 2013).”
Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction in Perinatal Iron Deficiency
Rao, R. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16071092 · Cited by 5
Iglesias‐Vázquez, L., Hernández‐Martínez, C., Voltas, N., Canals, J., Coronel, P., Gimeno, M., & Arija, V. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05033-y · Cited by 5
Blood donation and iron deficiency
Rigas, A. S., Pedersen, O. B., Erikstrup, C., Hjalgrim, H., & Ullum, H. (2016) · ISBT Science Series · doi:10.1111/voxs.12309 · Cited by 6
Madi, N. M., & El‐Saka, M. H. (2018) · Alexandria Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajme.2018.05.003 · Cited by 5
“Another possible mechanism could explain the improvement of the memory impairment might be due to transferrin-mediated iron transport of LF in the brain, it could be evidenced by that iron deficiency during early life led to the subsequent impairment of both PA and active avoidance learning in rats.(24) Also, it was s…”
Kirichuk, A. A., Skalny, A. A., Додхоев, Д. С., Геннадиевна, С. М., Grabeklis, A. R., Ajsuvakova, O. P., Tinkov, A. A., Notova, S. V., Bjørklund, G., Tinkova, M. N., et al. (2019) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.06.018 · Cited by 5
Pengaruh Zat Besi dan Seng terhadap Perkembangan Balita serta Implementasinya
Purnamasari, D. M., Lubis, L., & Gurnida, D. A. (2020) · Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan · doi:10.25026/jsk.v2i4.194 · Cited by 5
“Penelitian pada tikus menunjukkan bahwa densitas serotonin transporter (SERT) dan norepinefrin transporter berubah akibat defisiensi zat besi [20].”
InfluentialIron Deficiency in Newborn Infants: Global Rewards for Recognizing and Treating This Silent Malady
Christensen, R. D., Bahr, T. M., & Ward, D. M. (2022) · Newborn · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0021 · Cited by 6
Lo, Y. L., & Cheng, S. (2022) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7327-7_7 · Cited by 5
Gestational and postnatal age associations for striatal tissue iron deposition in early infancy
Cabral, L. M., Calabro, F. J., Rasmussen, J. M., Foran, W., Moore, L. A., Graham, A. M., O’Connor, T. G., Wadhwa, P. D., Entringer, S., Fair, D. A., et al. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101286 · Cited by 6
Parodi, E., Ferrero, A., Perrone, B., Saracco, P., Giraudo, M. T., & Regoli, D. (2018) · Pediatrics & Neonatology · doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2018.01.013 · Cited by 5
Antidepressant Prescription in Pregnancy
Andrade, C. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.20f13347 · Cited by 6
Anemia and Iron Supplement in Pregnancy: A Mini Review
Namazi, A. (2018) · JOJ Nursing & Health Care · doi:10.19080/jojnhc.2018.07.555711 · Cited by 5
Yun, L., Yu-mei, Z., Vallish, B., Tang, Q., & Feng, C. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.48717 · Cited by 5
Shamah‐Levy, T., Méndez‐Gómez‐Humarán, I., Pineda, E. B. G., Cuevas‐Nasú, L., & Villalpando, S. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516003019 · Cited by 4
“Fe deficiency in utero appears to have direct effects on brain maturation indicators in premature infants((11)).”
BackgroundAssociation of Prenatal Maternal Anemia with Tics and Tourette’s Syndrome in Offspring
Liu, Y., Chen, V. C., Liao, Y., & Chen, Y. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11101038 · Cited by 4
“Low maternal serum ferritin not only hinders the fetus from accumulating iron but also jeopardizes the later development of iron homeostasis in the infant [8].”
BackgroundRestless Legs and Iron Deficiency: Unraveling the Hidden Link and Unlocking Relief
Alzaabi, F. M., Tarawneh, D. J. A., Tarawneh, Y. J. A., Khan, A., Khan, M. A. M., Siddiqui, T. W., Siddiqui, R. W., Nishat, S. M. H., Alzaabi, A. A., & Siddiqui, S. W. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.82413 · Cited by 4
Impact of Iron Deficiency on the Growth and Bioelectrical Profile of Different Gut Bacteria
Quarta, E., Bourqqia‐Ramzi, M., Muñoz‐Rodriguez, D., Esteban, M. T., Murciano, A., González, Á. M., Conejero‐Meca, F. J., Lombardo‐Hernandez, J., Mansilla‐Guardiola, J., Baroni, S., et al. (2025) · MicrobiologyOpen · doi:10.1002/mbo3.70015 · Cited by 4
Bhasin, J., Fotedar, A., Chakravarty, A., Kulkarni, A., Bhalla, G., Anwar, F., & Rao, S. (2018) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_239_17 · Cited by 4
“[10,11] Iron fortification appears to be the most practical and feasible approach for anemia prevention and control although it has multifactorial etiology.[12,13] The present study provides a preliminary evidence about the benefit of IFIC in the Indian setting, and similar effects are reported by others.”
ResultCognitive and Behavioral Consequences of Brain Iron Deficiency
Aboussaleh, Y., & Bikri, S. (2022) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6467-0_8 · Cited by 4
Iglesias‐Vázquez, L., Canals, J., Hernández‐Martínez, C., Voltas, N., & Arija, V. (2023) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13595 · Cited by 4
“…iron deficiency (ID) has been associated with poorer cognitive development, intelligence quotient (IQ), and executive functions in children, even in mild stages without signs of anaemia (Gaillard et al., 2014; Hernández ‐ Martínez et al., 2011; McCarthy et al., 2021; Radlowski & Johnson, 2013).”
BackgroundHao, X., Guo, Y., Lu, J., Zhu, L., Yan, S., Tao, F., & Huang, K. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02411-z · Cited by 4
Popa, E., Ungureanu, M. I., Slănină, A. M., Poroch, M., Popa, A., Avram, R. I., Petroaie, A. D., Bacușcă, A. I., & Coman, A. E. (2024) · Family Medicine and Primary Care Open Access · doi:10.29011/2688-7460.100258 · Cited by 4
“Unfortunately, the neurocognitive alterations caused by iron deficiency during the critical prenatal period of brain development are difficult to reverse and persist later in life [14].”
BackgroundThe effect of a low iron diet and early life methylmercury exposure in Daphnia pulex
Hudson, S. L., Doke, D. A., & Gohlke, J. M. (2016) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.012 · Cited by 4
“…blood pressure, increased serum lipid profiles, and reduced myelination and subsequent neurocognitive effects in humans and rodent models (Zimmermann and Hurrell, 2007; Brabin et al., 2013; Gambling et al., 2003; Li et al., 2014; Sherman, 1979; Yu et al., 1986; Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
BackgroundAssessing the Impact of Serum Ferritin on Life Skills in Children with ADHD
Okuyucu, M., Kavakcı, M., Terzioğlu, M., Gökler, M. E., & Tarakçıoğlu, M. C. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12080972 · Cited by 3
Handari, S. R. T., Anies, Kartasurya, M. I., & Nugraheni, S. A. (2022) · Bali Medical Journal · doi:10.15562/bmj.v11i3.3783 · Cited by 3
Miller, E. M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.001.0001 · Cited by 3
Campbell, R. K., Dewage, B. G., Cordero, C., Maldonado, L. E., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., Daviglus, M. L., & Argos, M. (2024) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104419 · Cited by 6
Rahman, S., Wallberg, L., Rahman, A. M., Ekström, E., Kippler, M. J., Hamadani, J. D., & Rahman, S. M. (2024) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2024.2390269 · Cited by 3
“Deficits accrued during this period are believed to have detrimental effects on the neuro-development of the foetus [11,12].”
BackgroundSchieffer, K. M., Peters, D. G., Richter, C. K., Loc, W. S., & Pawelczyk, J. A. (2015) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.12357 · Cited by 3
Anemia after Pediatric Congenital Heart Surgery
Jutras, C., La, K. A., Gerardis, G., Richard, R., & Pont‐Thibodeau, G. D. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Intensive Care · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1725119 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Radlowski, E. C., & Johnson, R. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Rodney W.
- ORCID
- Johnson, Rodney W.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 585-585
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3779843
- OpenAlex
- W1980560945
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG016710)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD069899)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Keywords
- iron deficiency, neurocognitive development, low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, brain development, neurogenesis, myelination, learning and memory impairment, cognitive recovery, iron deficiency prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
