Cited by 315Iron Metabolism and DisordersTrace Elements in HealthChild Nutrition and Water Access

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Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development

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Radlowski, Emily C., Johnson, Rodney W.·2013·Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00585PMC PMC3779843

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Abstract

Iron deficiency is the most common form of nutrient deficiency worldwide. It is highly prevalent due to the limited availability of high quality food in developing countries and poor dietary habits in industrialized countries. According to the World Health Organization, it affects nearly 2 billion people and up to 50% of women who are pregnant. Maternal anemia during pregnancy is especially burdensome to healthy neurodevelopment in the fetus because iron is needed for proper neurogenesis, development, and myelination. Maternal anemia also increases the risk of low birth weight, either due to premature birth or fetal growth restriction, which is associated with delayed neurocognitive development and even psychiatric illness. As rapid neurodevelopment continues after birth infants that received sufficient iron in utero, but that receive a low iron diet after 6 months of age, also show deficits in neurocognitive development, including impairments in learning and memory. Unfortunately, the neurocognitive complications of iron deficiency during critical pre- and postnatal periods of brain development are difficult to remedy, persisting into adulthood. Thus, preventing iron deficiency in the pre- and postnatal periods is critical as is devising new means to recapture cognitive function in individuals who experienced early iron deficiency. This review will discuss the prevalence of pre- and postnatal iron deficiency, the mechanism, and effects of iron deficiency on brain and cognitive development.

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Distortion product otoacoustic emissions in newborn babies with and without late-term maternal iron deficiency anaemia
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“ID during the pregnancy affects the foetus along with the mother and the neuro-cognitive/sensory complications due to ID during this period may persist into adulthood (e.g., Sharma, 2003; Beard, 2008; Kalaivani, 2009; Sharma and Shankar, 2010; Radlowski and Johnson, 2013; Saluja et al., 2016).”
Background
Pregnancy Complicated with Hereditary Spherocytosis: A Case Report and Literature Analysis
刘, 丽. (2023) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2023.1381712
Her Flesh and Blood
Miller, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.003.0003
Gut Feeling
Miller, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.003.0005
So Metal
Miller, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.003.0002
Preface
Miller, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.002.0005
Conclusions
Miller, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.003.0008
Bled Dry
Miller, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.003.0007
Blood from a Stone
Miller, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.003.0006
Copyright Page
Miller, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.002.0003
Out for Blood
Miller, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.003.0004
Ironing Out Evolutionary and Social Theory
Miller, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665718.003.0001
Efficacy of Iron-Fortification in Complementary Feeding for Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children of Bangladesh
Arzu, M. A. C., Azim, A., Uddin, M. S., Das, D., Islam, S., Akter, W., Ahmed, R., & Chowdhury, M. S. (2023) · American Journal of Health Research · doi:10.11648/j.ajhr.20231106.11
Prevalence of iron deficiency in pregnant women in Austria: a prospective cross-sectional study.Preprint
Zeisler, H., Dietrich, W., Heinzl, F., Klaritsch, P., Humpel, V., Wimazal, F., Mörtl, M., Obruca, C., Ramoni, A., Tiechl, J., et al. (2024) · doi:10.22541/au.170665798.81323952/v1
The Beneficial Impact of Iron-Fortified Complementary Feeding in the Burden of Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) in Children of Bangladesh
Ali, A., Rahman, Z., Akter, M., Uddin, M. J., Das, J., & Uddin, G. M. (2024) · World Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.11648/j.wjfst.20240801.12
Incidence of Latent Iron Deficiency in Infants Born More than 34 Weeks Gestational Age with and Without Risk Factors for Poor In-Utero Iron StatusPreprint
Babu, P. A., Garg, A. K., & Patnaik, S. K. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4759094
Assessment of iron status and red cell parameters in healthy term small for gestational age neonates at birth
Hossain, A., Rahman, S., Akter, S., Jahan, I., Dey, S. K., Mannan, A., & Shahidullah, M. (2024) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/cep.2023.01445
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Early or delayed cord clamping during transition of term newborns: does it make any difference in cerebral tissue oxygenation?
Arcagök, B. C., Bilgen, H. S., Ozdemir, H., Memişoğlu, A., Save, D., & Özek, E. (2024) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-024-01707-9
“…higher hemoglobin and hematocrit levels during the early neo-natal period [17–20], increased total body iron stores [19, 21], elevated circulating ferritin levels at 2–4 months of age [4, 21], and a lower incidence of iron deficiency anemia at around 4 months of age [12, 18, 22] in term infants.”
Background
Retracted
Delayed cord clamping: Perceptions, practices and influencers among the healthcare providers of selected healthcare facilities in Bangladesh
Jabeen, S., Salam, S. S., Gillespie, S., Hasan, M., Islam, S., Chowdhury, A. T., Ameen, S., Balen, J., Rahman, A. E., Arifeen, S. E., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313938
Neuroimaging Ancillary Study of the IV Iron RAPIDIRON/RAPIDIRON KIDS TrialPreprint
Dean, D., Hattiholi, V. V., Kamate, M., Thomason, M. E., Talekar, K. S., Patted, A., Thind, S., Bradford-Rogers, J., DeSantis, D., Guerrero-Gonzalez, J. M., et al. (2025) · doi:10.12688/verixiv.725.1
Iron Deficiency and Poor Cognition in Children
Hamad, M. A., & Abdelhaq, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_340-1
An Introduction to Iron in the Body
Pavord, S. R., & Roy, N. B. A. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394210916.ch1
Routine investigations v/s Serum ferritin in screening of iron deficiency anaemia in second trimester pregnant women
Begum, I. U., Sajjan, G. R., & Thobbi, V. A. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.33545/gynae.2025.v9.i4a.1656
Correlation of Neonatal Birth Weight with Maternal Serum Ferritin Level in PAEC General Hospital, Islamabad
Ashraf, M., Khalid, A., Sher, Z., Mukhtar, A., Mushtaq, S., & Zahra, S. (2025) · Journal of The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Pakistan · doi:10.71104/jsogp.v15i3.912
Iron deficiencyanemia and pregnancy: Treatment options
Викторовна, Ш. Е., Ивановна, Б. М., Dolgih, D. D., Semenova, N. A., & Shilovskaya, A. A. (2025) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/ms2025-330
Deficiency and Development: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Effects of Iron Deficiency on Human Development
Mohammed, M., Konda, M., & Ganti, L. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.92544
“Beyond poor blood health and red blood cell formation, inadequate iron intake during early development may impair cognitive development, decrease work productivity and efficiency, and could potentially impact the ongoing cycle of poverty in developing regions [2-4].”
Importance of Micronutrients for Brain Development
Biesalski, H. K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99121-9_13
Additional file 1 of Adapting prenatal iron supplementation to maternal needs results in optimal child neurodevelopment: a follow-up of the ECLIPSES Study
Iglesias‐Vázquez, L., Hernández‐Martínez, C., Voltas, N., Canals, J. V., Coronel, P., Gimeno, M., & Arija, V. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21152845

Authors: Radlowski, E. C., & Johnson, R. W.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Corresponding author: Johnson, Rodney W.
ORCID: Johnson, Rodney W.
Venue: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2013
Volume: 7
Pages: 585-585
ISSN: 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00585
PMC: PMC3779843
OpenAlex: W1980560945
Cited by: 315
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 2.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG016710)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD069899)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
Keywords: iron deficiency, neurocognitive development, low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, brain development, neurogenesis, myelination, learning and memory impairment, cognitive recovery, iron deficiency prevention

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Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development

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