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What learning theories can teach us in designing neurofeedback treatments
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Popular definitions of neurofeedback point out that neurofeedback is a process of operant conditioning which leads to self-regulation of brain activity. Self-regulation of brain activity is considered to be a skill. The aim of this paper is to clarify that not only operant conditioning plays a role in the acquisition of this skill. In order to design the learning process additional references have to be derived from classical conditioning, two-process-theory and in particular from skill learning and research into motivational aspects. The impact of learning by trial and error, cueing of behavior, feedback, reinforcement, and knowledge of results as well as transfer of self-regulation skills into everyday life will be analyzed in this paper. In addition to these learning theory basics this paper tries to summarize the knowledge about acquisition of self-regulation from neurofeedback studies with a main emphasis on clinical populations. As a conclusion it is hypothesized that learning to self-regulate has to be offered in a psychotherapeutic, i.e., behavior therapy framework.
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“Notably, no explicit strategies or instructions were given as, with few exceptions [204], implicit strategies have been shown to produce better outcomes [205–210].”
From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [206]
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“Manual, rather than automated, thresholding was chosen as it has been reported to lead to better EEG-learning [125, 173, 206, 208].”
From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [206]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Strehl, U.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Strehl, Ute
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014-11-06
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 894-894
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4222234
- OpenAlex
- W2038534511
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2503/4-2, STR 597/7-1, 597/7-1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- neurofeedback, learning theory, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, two-process theory, skill acquisition, self-regulation of brain activity, motivation, trial-and-error learning, feedback, reinforcement, knowledge of results, behavior therapy, clinical populations
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