Functional and Effective Connectivity: A Review
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, neuroimaging has become a predominant technique in systems neuroscience. One might envisage that over the next 20 years the neuroimaging of distributed processing and connectivity will play a major role in disclosing the brain's functional architecture and operational principles. The inception of this journal has been foreshadowed by an ever-increasing number of publications on functional connectivity, causal modeling, connectomics, and multivariate analyses of distributed patterns of brain responses. I accepted the invitation to write this review with great pleasure and hope to celebrate and critique the achievements to date, while addressing the challenges ahead.
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There is now a large movement in neuroimaging studies toward viewing functional integration or connectivity, superseding functional segregation and the localizationist viewpoint.
“In short, there is now a large movement in neuroimaging studies toward viewing the functional integration or connectivity, superseding functional segregation and the localizationist viewpoint.41”
From Graph theory analysis of complex brain networks: new concepts in brain mapping applied to neurosurgery (2016) · cites this paper as [41]
Two notions are essential to the brain's functional organization: functional segregation and integration.
“Two notions are essential to the brain’s functional organization: functional segregation and integration (91).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [91]
Many factors other than the direct anatomical node-to-node connection true strength can affect correlation coefficients, including variations in signal amplitude and noise level.
“many factors other than the direct anatomical node-to-node connection “true strength” can affect correlation coefficients, including variations in signal amplitude and noise level [48].”
From Functional connectomics from resting-state fMRI (2013) · cites this paper as [48]
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“It can be indexed by numerous statistical approaches, e.g., correlation analysis, autoregressive models, principal or independent component analysis (PCA, ICA) (Friston, 2011).”
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“EC approaches allow inferences about the influence one neural system exerts over another (Friston, 2011), have been used, to a lesser extent.”
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Changing Brain Networks Through Non-invasive Neuromodulation
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“Connectivity in brain networks can indeed be assessed in different ways (Friston, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialOngoing physiological processes in the cerebral cortex
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“According to Friston (2011) the most prevalent approaches to effective connectivity analysis are dynamic causal modeling (DCM), structural equation modeling, and Granger causality; however, each of them have some important limitations.”
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A Framework for Outlier Description Using Constraint Programming
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Lattice physics approaches for neural networks
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- Authors
- Friston, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Friston, Karl J.
- ORCID
- Friston, Karl J.
- Venue
- Brain Connectivity
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-36
- ISSN
- 2158-0014 (ISSN-L)
- 2158-0022
- OpenAlex
- W2061564920
- Cited by
- 3,415
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 211 · 2025: 282 · 2024: 241 · 2023: 247 · 2022: 302 · 2021: 313 · 2020: 288 · 2019: 298 · 2018: 275 · 2017: 259 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 170 · 2014: 139 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 47.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Connectivity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (088130)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- functional connectivity, effective connectivity, connectomics, causal models, brain functional architecture, systems neuroscience
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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