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Somatosensation Evoked by Cortical Surface Stimulation of the Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Open accessAbstract
Electrical stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex using intracranial electrodes is crucial for the evocation of artificial somatosensations, typically tactile sensations associated with specific regions of the body, in brain-machine interface (BMI) applications. The qualitative characteristics of these artificially evoked somatosensations has been well documented. As of yet, however, the quantitative aspects of these evoked somatosensations, that is to say the quantitative relationship between intensity of electrical stimulation and perceived intensity of the resultant somatosensation remains obscure. This study aimed to explore this quantitative relationship by surface electrical stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex in two human participants undergoing electrocorticographic monitoring prior to surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy. Electrocorticogram electrodes on the primary somatosensory cortical surface were stimulated with varying current intensities, and a visual analogue scale was employed to provide a quantitative measure of intensity of the evoked sensations. Evoked sensations included those of the thumb, tongue, and hand. A clear linear relationship between current intensity and perceived intensity of sensation was observed. These findings provide novel insight into the quantitative nature of primary somatosensory cortex electrical stimulation-evoked sensation for development of somatosensory neuroprosthetics for clinical use.
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By tailoring nanoparticles to specific therapeutic objectives, such as mitigating oxidative stress or reducing inflammation, researchers are developing more effective and targeted Alzheimer's disease treatments.
“By tailoring NPs to specific therapeutic objectives, such as mitigating oxidative stress or reducing inflammation, researchers are developing more effective and targeted AD treatments [205].”
From Targeted Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Early and Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [205]
The Introduction and Discussion address electrical stimulation of the somatosensory cortex and artificial sensory feedback, not nanoparticle treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. Searches for nanoparticles, oxidative stress, inflammation, and Alzheimer’s treatments found no passage addressing the attributed claim. The cited passages have no page numbers in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEarly-stage Alzheimer's disease treatments aim to prevent amyloid-beta accumulation and address oxidative damage, with nanoparticles delivering therapeutics directly to affected areas to minimize systemic side effects; late-stage treatments focus on combating neuroinflammation and extensive neuronal loss, with nanoparticles capable of encapsulating multiple drugs to address these complex issues.
“Early-stage treatments: Aim to prevent amyloid-beta accumulation and address oxidative damage. NPs can deliver therapeutics directly to affected areas, minimizing systemic side effects [204].Late-stage treatments: Focus on combating neuroinflammation and extensive neuronal loss. NPs capable of encapsulating multiple drugs offer a means to address these complex issues concurrently [205].”
From Targeted Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Early and Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [205]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe integration of therapeutic and diagnostic functionalities (theragnostics) holds promise for real-time treatment monitoring, paving the way for personalized medicine approaches.
“The integration of therapeutic and diagnostic functionalities (theragnostics) holds promise for real-time treatment monitoring, paving the way for personalized medicine approaches [205].”
From Targeted Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Early and Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [205]
The Introduction discusses somatosensory feedback for brain–machine interfaces, and the Discussion considers the clinical feasibility of cortical stimulation. A search of our copy for theragnostics, treatment monitoring, and personalized medicine found no passage addressing the claimed integration of therapeutic and diagnostic functions. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kirin, S. C., Yanagisawa, T., Oshino, S., Edakawa, K., Tanaka, M., Kishima, H., & Nishimura, Y.
- Affiliations
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (JP)
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (JP)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Yanagisawa, Takufumi
- Nishimura, Yukio
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-09-24
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 1019-1019
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6769168
- OpenAlex
- W2976517643
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (Strategic Research Program for Brain Sciences, Brain/MINDS)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (KAKENHI 23680061, JP17H06032, JP15H05710)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJPR1506, JPMJCR18A5, JPMJER1801)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- primary somatosensory cortex, stimulation intensity, brain-computer interface, electrocorticography, drug-resistant epilepsy, tactile perception
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