Prevalence of malnutrition based on global leadership initiative in malnutrition criteria for completeness of diagnosis and future risk of malnutrition based on current malnutrition diagnosis: systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: The proposal of the global leadership initiative in malnutrition (GLIM) criteria has received great attention from clinicians. The criteria are mainly used in the research environment and have the potential to be widely used in the clinic in the future. However, the prevalence of malnutrition and risk of future malnutrition based on a current diagnosis of malnutrition are worth exploring. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was performed from the earliest available date to 1 February 2023. According to the diagnostic criteria of the GLIM, we analysed the prevalence of malnutrition by directly adopting the GLIM criteria for diagnosis without a previous nutritional risk screening (one-step approach) and by adopting the GLIM criteria for diagnosis after a nutritional risk screening (two-step approach). The main outcome was the prevalence of malnutrition based on the one-and two-step approaches. Secondary outcomes were the future risk of malnutrition based on the GLIM diagnosis, including mortality within and beyond 1 year. primary outcomes were pooled using random-effects models, and secondary outcomes are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: A total of 64 articles were included in the study, including a total of 47,654 adult hospitalized patients and 15,089 malnourished patients based on the GLIM criteria. Malnutrition was diagnosed by the one-step approach in 18 studies and by the two-step approach in 46 studies. The prevalence of malnutrition diagnosed by the one-and two-step approaches was 53% (95% CI, 42%–64%) and 39% (95% CI, 0.35%–0.43%), respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition diagnosed by the GLIM criteria after a nutritional risk screening was quite different; the prevalence of malnutrition diagnosed by the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS2002) GLIM tool was 35% (95% CI, 29%–40%); however, the prevalence of malnutrition diagnosed by the Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA) GLIM tool was 48% (95% CI, 35%–62%). Among the disease types, the prevalence of malnutrition in cancer patients was 44% (95% CI, 36%–52%), while that in acute and critically ill patients was 44% (95% CI, 33%–56%). The prevalence in patients in internal medicine wards was 40% (95% CI, 34%–45%), while that in patients in surgical wards was 47% (95% CI, 30%–64%). In addition, the mortality risk within 1 year (HR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.95–3.52; I 2 = 77.1%) and beyond 1 year (HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.70–2.45; I 2 = 59.9%) of patients diagnosed with malnutrition by the GLIM criteria was double that of patients with normal nutrition. Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition diagnosed by the GLIM criteria after a nutritional risk screening was significantly lower than the prevalence of malnutrition diagnosed directly by the GLIM criteria. In addition, the mortality risk was significantly greater among malnourished patients assessed by the GLIM criteria. Systematic review registration : identifier CRD42023398454.
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The largest meta-analysis was performed in general hospitalized patients, with 47,654 participants.
“The largest meta‐analysis was performed in general hospitalized patients, with 47,654 participants. 14”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The Methods (Data analysis) identify this as a meta-analysis of adult hospitalized patients, and the Results (Search results) report 64 studies with 47,654 subjects. Our copy does not establish that it was the largest meta-analysis. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMalnutrition prevalence was 40%-50% on average in that meta-analysis.
“Malnutrition prevalence was 40%–50% on average. 14”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The Outcomes > Primary outcomes section reports pooled malnutrition prevalence of 39% with two-step diagnosis and 53% with one-step diagnosis. These figures are broadly around the claimed range, but the paper does not report a single average of 40%–50%; prevalence depends on the diagnostic approach. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEight systematic reviews, some with meta-analyses, of predictive validity (mainly mortality as the outcome) were published.
“Concurrently, eight SRs, some with meta‐analyses, of predictive validity (mainly mortality as the outcome) were published (Table 1). 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The large number of individual validation studies provided the basis for 10 systematic reviews, some including meta-analyses, exploring different aspects and settings of GLIM published through March 5, 2024.
“The large number of individual validation studies has provided the basis for 10 SRs, some including meta‐analyses, exploring different aspects and settings of GLIM (Table 1) published through March 5, 2024.”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The corresponding hazard ratio for beyond 1-year mortality was 2.04 (95% CI, 1.70-2.45).
“The corresponding HR for “beyond 1‐y mortality” was 2.04 (95% CI, 1.70–2.45).”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Among the 64 articles in that meta-analysis, 34 were from Asia, 20 from Europe, nine from the Americas, and one from Oceania.
“Among the 64 articles, 34 were from Asia, 20 from Europe, nine from the Americas, and one from Oceania.”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Many diagnoses were included in that meta-analysis: cancer, COVID-19, renal failure requiring hemodialysis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cerebrovascular accident.
“Many diagnoses were included: cancer, COVID‐19, renal failure requiring hemodialysis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cerebrovascular accident. 14”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Increased 1-year mortality in patients diagnosed with malnutrition by GLIM was indicated by hazard ratio of 2.62 (95% CI, 1.95-3.52).
“Increased 1‐year mortality in patients diagnosed with malnutrition by the GLIM approach was indicated by hazard ratio (HR) of 2.62 (95% CI, 1.95–3.52).”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The systematic reviews included studies conducted in hospital settings, among community-dwelling older adults, and in nursing homes.
“The SRs included studies conducted in hospital settings, 14 among community‐dwelling older adults, 15 and in nursing homes. 15”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
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Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, K., Skonieczna‐Żydecka, K., Folwarski, M., Ruszkowski, J., Świerblewski, M., & Makarewicz, W. (2020) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · doi:10.20960/nh.03185 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Song, H. C., Shin, J., Hwang, J. H., & Kim, S. H. (2022) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.13019 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lauwers, P., Hendriks, J., Bouwel, S. V., Verrijken, A., Dessel, K. V., van Gils, C., Peiffer, F., Yogeswaran, K., Block, C. D. D., & Dirinck, E. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.029 · Cited by 18
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Oguri, M., Ishii, H., Yasuda, K., Sumi, T., Takahashi, H., & Murohara, T. (2021) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.13685 · Cited by 17 · cited 1×
“It has been reported that malnutrition diagnosed by the GLIM criteria is significantly associated with a poor prognosis (6, 15, 78); it will not only increase the complications of patients (79) and prolong the length of hospital stay (80) but also increase the mortality rate (73).”
BackgroundNutritional and Functional Impact of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hospitalized Patients
Uranga, A. G., Martínez, J. G., Esteve-Atiénzar, P. J., Jorgensen, P. E. W., Núñez-Cruz, J. M., del Barrio, L. E., Isasi, I. H., Pomares, F., Perelló-Camacho, E., Fernández-García, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11092424 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Clinical and nutritional predictors of hospital readmission within 30 days
Cruz, P. L. M., Soares, B. L. D. M., da Silva, J. E., & Silva, R. R. D. L. E. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-021-00937-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Predictive role of subcomponents of the left arcuate fasciculus in prognosis of aphasia after stroke
Yu, Q., Wang, H., Li, S., & Dai, Y. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000015775 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mitani, A., Iwai, T., Shichinohe, T., Takeda, H., Kumagai, S., Nishida, M., Sugita, J., & Teshima, T. (2021) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000516994 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kobayashi, H., Inoue, T., Ogawa, M., Abe, T., Tanaka, T., & Kakiuchi, M. (2022) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2022.08.004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Marik, P. E., & Flemmer, M. C. (2011) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066611403260 · Cited by 12 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The rate of a positive diagnosis by the one-step approach is higher than that by the two-step approach, possibly because the two-step approach considers not only the symptoms of malnutrition but also the adverse clinical outcomes of nutritional risk (72, 73).”
BackgroundResultHuang, S., Niu, Y., Liu, X.-W., Gu, Z., Huang, A., & Wu, J. (2021) · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111514 · Cited by 12
Liu, Z., Shen, Z.-L., Zang, W., Zhou, J. W., Yu, Z., Zhang, P., & Yan, X. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14122409 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zou, Y., Xu, H., Lyu, Q., Weng, M., Cui, J., Shi, H., & Song, C. (2022) · Hematological Oncology · doi:10.1002/hon.3107 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Jiang, H., Zhu, M.-W., Deng, H.-F., Wang, L., Wang, X., Yang, G.-Y., Wei, J.-M., & Chen, W. (2021) · JPEN - Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2296 · Cited by 11
Self-citationWöhler, K. (2012) · Ortsregister · doi:10.1515/transcript.9783839419687.243 · Cited by 9
Thomas, J. M., Delaney, C., & Miller, M. D. (2022) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522000344 · Cited by 7
Sousa, F. I. D. S. E., Medeiros, L. T., Braga, R. M., Daltro, A. F. C. S., & Maia, C. (2022) · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111889 · Cited by 4
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 92 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [41]Hiraike T Momoki C Habu D. Comparison of the adequacy of geriatric nutritional risk index with that of the mini nutritional assessment-short form and global leadership initiative on malnutrition criteria in assessing nutritional status to predict the 1-year prognosis of hospitalized Japanese older adults: a single-institutional cohort study. BMC Geriatr. (2023) 23: 35. doi: 10.1186/s12877-023-03740-5 36670357 PMC9854135 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hakim, B. N. A., Xuan, N. J., & Oslan, S. N. H. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12152850 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“For decades, malnutrition, particularly undernutrition in hospitalized patients, has received significant attention [99].”
BackgroundCederholm, T., & Bosaeus, I. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2212159 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5-year update
Cederholm, T., Jensen, G. L., Correia, M. I. T. D., González, M. C., Fukushima, R., Pisprasert, V., Blaauw, R., Cárdenas, D., Fernando Carrasco, N., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., et al. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.03.018 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Predictive validity: Concurrently, eight SRs, some with meta-analyses, of predictive validity (mainly mortality as the outcome) were published [14 e 21] (Table 1).”
InfluentialGLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update
Jensen, G. L., Cederholm, T., Correia, M. I. T. D., Gonzalez, M. C., Fukushima, R., Pisprasert, V., Blaauw, R., Braz, D. C., Carrasco, F., Cruz Jentoft, A. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2756 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Exploring the intersections of frailty, sarcopenia, and cachexia with malnutrition
Jensen, G. L., & Cederholm, T. (2024) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.11180 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bridging gaps in cancer cachexia Care: Current insights and future perspectives
Bianchini, C., Bonomo, P., Bossi, P., Caccialanza, R., & Fabi, A. (2024) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102717 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
García-Fuente, I., Corral-Gudino, L., Gabella-Martín, M., Olivet-de-la-Fuente, V. E., Pérez-Nieto, J., & Miramontes-González, P. (2024) · Revista clínica española (Ed. impresa) · doi:10.1016/j.rceng.2024.03.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sulosaari, V., Beurskens, J., Laviano, A., & Erickson, N. (2024) · Seminars in Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2024.151798 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Arifin, H., Chu, Y.-H., Chen, R., Lee, C.-K., Liu, D., Kustanti, C. Y., Sukartini, T., Banda, K., & Chou, K.-R. (2025) · Journal of cancer survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-025-01747-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
García-Fuente, I., Corral-Gudino, L., Gabella-Martín, M., Olivet-de-la-Fuente, V. E., Pérez-Nieto, J., & Miramontes-González, P. (2024) · Revista clínica española (Ed. impresa) · doi:10.1016/j.rce.2024.02.006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nutritional risk screening: a need to guide Alice in Nutritionland
Jager-Wittenaar, H., Sealy, M., Naumann, E., & de van der Schueren, M. (2024) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000001051 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chen, M.-Y., Wang, S.-A., Yang, J.-Y., Bai, J.-W., Gu, J.-Y., Luo, H.-L., Zhang, X.-D., Han, Y., Shao, J.-H., Xu, Y., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1375053 · Cited by 7
The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM)
Jensen, G. L., & Compher, C. W. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.06.028 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fu, H., Li, P., Yang, J., & Jiang, H. (2024) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s485400 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“29 GLIM has also shown good predictive utility in patients with other diseases, such as chronic liver disease and heart failure.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFu, H., Li, P., Sun, S., & Li, L. (2024) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s471127 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“22 GLIM has also shown good predictive utility in patients with other diseases, such as chronic liver disease 23 and heart failure.”
BackgroundKłęk, S., Barazzoni, R., Blaauw, R., Burgos, R., Cardenas, D., Cederholm, T., Compher, C. W., Sánchez-Corrales, P., Crane, R., Cuerda, C., et al. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106768 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Arifin, H., Chen, R., Sung, C., Chiang, K., & Chou, K. (2026) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000728 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Globally, the prevalence of malnutrition with co-morbidities ranges from 39% to 53% (Bian et al., 2023).”
InfluentialPrognostic impact of glim-defined malnutrition and phase angle in patients with digestive tumors
González‐Pacheco, M., López‐Pereira, C., Gramage-Viñets, A., Lara-Barea, A., Fernández‐Jiménez, R., & Vílchez-López, F. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1836804 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Similar findings have been described in previous studies applying GLIM criteria in cancer populations, where stratification by severity grades does not always translate into proportional differences in mortality (9, 10, 27).”
Incorporating GLIM criteria to operationalize the malnutrition‐based chronic disease framework
Russell, L. A., Patel, J. J., Mundi, M., Stoppe, C., & Mechanick, J. I. (2026) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.70130 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“31 32 – 38 The GLIM assessment tool incorporates disease burden and influences of undernutrition on one's primary disease, high-lighting the advanced state at diagnosis.”
Fukushima, N., Masuda, T., Tsuboi, K., Yuda, M., Takahashi, K., Yano, F., & Eto, K. (2026) · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2026.113225 · Cited by 1
Guha, P., Abbagouni, M., Ashok, M., Mishra, R., Kendre, T., Rana, G., Sen, A., Pandey, K., & Dhingra, S. (2026) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102253 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The relationship between malnutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia according to the GLIM and MNA-SF
Aydin, A. E., Seydi, K. A., Gozen, F., & Bulut, E. A. (2025) · Irish Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s11845-025-04190-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A multifaceted index for assessing micronutrient malnutrition in population health research
Saif, S., & Badar, R. (2025) · Academia Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.20935/acadnutr7941 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chao, C.-T. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2024.04.024 · Cited by 1
Santero, S., Bolpagni, F., Boussetta, S., Coperchini, F., Biino, G., Madini, N., Rizzo, C. R., Magri, F., Rotondi, M., Vincenti, A., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1927628
Belaid, H. E., Carvalho, J. G. D., & Gagliano, M. (2026) · Reports · doi:10.3390/reports9040356
“[2,6].”
Orsini, F., Novella, A., & Pasina, L. (2026) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.70451
Ishida, S., Imai, R., KITAJI, Y., MIYANO, S., & Kawano, Y. (2026) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.70170
Risk factors associated with malnutrition in elderly patients with chronic heart failure
Long, J., Deng, L., Zhang, J., Liu, S., & Zhou, K. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000049680
“[4] In older heart failure populations, nutritional risk scores such as the Controlling Nutritional Status score and related indices have demonstrated prognostic value for all-cause mortality and rehospitalization, underscoring the clinical relevance of systematic nutritional assessment in this…”
Self-citationZhang, X., Shen, Y., Wang, B., & Chen, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1786526
“Bellanti et al. (34) argued that GLIM criteria (Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition) should replace screening tools like NRS-2002 (35).”
Risk factors for malnutrition and its impact on prognosis in patients with severe pneumonia
Qin, Y.-Y., Jiang, R., Wu, Y.-Z., Liu, F., & Yang, C. Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1787876
Koyuncu, B. N., Yilmaz, M., & Köseoğlu, F. D. (2026) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-026-10817-5
Lemberger, S., Gehrke, I., Roigk, P., Schröer, W., Speer, R., Heppner, H.-J., Singler, K., Willschrei, P., Wirth, R., & Volkert, D. (2026) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100878
“…reported differences in prevalence rates when using different screening tools [10], discrepant results of applying the GLIM criteria in all patients or only in those identified as at risk of malnutrition or malnourished by prior screening were recently highlighted in a systematic review [11].”
Yürüyen, M., Geçmez, G., Güven, H. N. D., Deniz, H., Yıldırım, H. G., Yücel, M. H., Erişmiş, B., Yılmaz, D., Polat, Ö., & Hurşitoğlu, M. (2026) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.70117
“39 In the present study, the GLIM criteria were used to diagnose malnutrition in accordance with the two ‐ step approach and applied to patients who were identified as at risk for malnutrition based on the NRS ‐ 2002 screening.”
Mangelernährung und Tumorkachexie in Zeiten der oralen Tumortherapien – eine neue Herausforderung
Klein, M., & Arends, J. (2025) · Aktuelle Ernãhrungsmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-2706-6758
“Nicht selten gibt es bereits bei Erst-diagnose Zeichen einer unzureichenden Nahrungsaufnahme im Sinne einer Mangelernährung bis hin zur Tumorkachexie [1, 2].”
Sánchez-Cabrero, D., Rubio, J., Esteve, J. D., Guzmán-Gómez, L., Guzmán-Rolo, G., Grande, C., Aguilar, A. M., Pérez-Wert, P., Pertejo, A., Sulo, S. S., et al. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17223697
Belay, A. E., Asemahagn, M. A., Belay, K. E., Tesega, A. E., Mekonnen, G. B., Tsehay, Y. T., Mamo, S. T., Messelu, M. A., Demile, T. A., Netsere, H. B., et al. (2025) · Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-025-00794-6
- Authors
- Bian, W., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Chang, L., Deng, L., Li, Y., Jiang, H., & Zhou, P.
- Affiliations
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Jiang, Hua
- Zhou, Ping
- Venue
- Frontiers in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-07-04
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 1174945-1174945
- ISSN
- 2296-861X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10352804
- OpenAlex
- W4383103383
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- malnutrition, malnutrition prevalence, nutritional risk screening, NRS-2002, Mini Nutritional Assessment, hospitalized adults, cancer patients, critically ill patients, diagnostic accuracy, nutritional assessment tools, chronic disease, children and adolescents
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