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Cited by 61Radiation Therapy and DosimetryEffects of Radiation ExposureSpaceflight effects on biology

Issues for Simulation of Galactic Cosmic Ray Exposures for Radiobiological Research at Ground-Based Accelerators

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Kim, Myung-Hee Y., Rusek, Adam, Cucinotta, Francis A.·2015·Frontiers in Oncology
DOI 10.3389/fonc.2015.00122PMC PMC4455530
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Abstract

For radiobiology research on the health risks of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) ground-based accelerators have been used with mono-energetic beams of single high charge, Z and energy, E (HZE) particles. In this paper, we consider the pros and cons of a GCR reference field at a particle accelerator. At the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), we have proposed a GCR simulator, which implements a new rapid switching mode and higher energy beam extraction to 1.5 GeV/u, in order to integrate multiple ions into a single simulation within hours or longer for chronic exposures. After considering the GCR environment and energy limitations of NSRL, we performed extensive simulation studies using the stochastic transport code, GERMcode (GCR Event Risk Model) to define a GCR reference field using 9 HZE particle beam-energy combinations each with a unique absorber thickness to provide fragmentation and 10 or more energies of proton and (4)He beams. The reference field is shown to well represent the charge dependence of GCR dose in several energy bins behind shielding compared to a simulated GCR environment. However, a more significant challenge for space radiobiology research is to consider chronic GCR exposure of up to 3 years in relation to simulations with animal models of human risks. We discuss issues in approaches to map important biological time scales in experimental models using ground-based simulation, with extended exposure of up to a few weeks using chronic or fractionation exposures. A kinetics model of HZE particle hit probabilities suggests that experimental simulations of several weeks will be needed to avoid high fluence rate artifacts, which places limitations on the experiments to be performed. Ultimately risk estimates are limited by theoretical understanding, and focus on improving knowledge of mechanisms and development of experimental models to improve this understanding should remain the highest priority for space radiobiology research.

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  • Computational analyses of accelerator GCR simulations have shown that a large percentage of cells will be hit with 2 or more particles in simulated chronic exposures of a week or less and recommend exposures of several weeks with times approaching 30 days or longer to avoid any high dose-rate artifacts.

    “Computational analyses of accelerator GCR simulations have shown that a large percentage of cells will be hit with 2 or more particles in simulated chronic exposures of a week or less and recommend exposures of several weeks with times approaching 30 days or longer to avoid any high dose-rate artifacts [36,37].”

    From NASA's first ground-based Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulator: Enabling a new era in space radiobiology research (2020) · cites this paper as [36]

  • Other concepts have explored the use of absorbers in the beamline to attenuate and fragment heavy ions as a means to spread both the energy and fragment distribution to approximate the GCR environment found within spacecraft.

    “Other concepts have explored the use of absorbers in the beamline to attenuate and fragment heavy ions as a means to spread both the energy and fragment distribution to approximate the GCR environment found within spacecraft.”

    From NASA's first ground-based Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulator: Enabling a new era in space radiobiology research (2020) · cites this paper as [36]

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Authors
Kim, M.-H. Y., Rusek, A., & Cucinotta, F. A.
Affiliations
  • Wyle (United States) (US)
  • Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
  • University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
Corresponding author
Cucinotta, Francis A.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Oncology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2015-06-04
Volume
5
Pages
122-122
ISSN
2234-943X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fonc.2015.00122
PMC
PMC4455530
OpenAlex
W1489923641
Cited by
61
References
50
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
FWCI
5.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Oncology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
Keywords
galactic cosmic rays, HZE particles, NASA Space Radiation Laboratory, stochastic transport, long-term exposure, fractionation, space radiation biology, radiation risk estimation

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