The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
Open accessAbstract
Background: Cannabidiol is being pursued as a therapeutic treatment for multiple conditions, usually by oral delivery. Animal studies suggest oral bioavailability is low, but literature in humans is not sufficient. The aim of this review was to collate published data in this area. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE (including MEDLINE) was conducted to retrieve all articles reporting pharmacokinetic data of CBD in humans. Results: Of 792 articles retireved, 24 included pharmacokinetic parameters in humans. The half-life of cannabidiol was reported between 1.4-10.9 hours after oromucosal spray, 2-5 days after chronic oral administration, 24 hours after i.v., and 31 hours after smoking. Bioavailability following smoking was 31% however no other studies attempted to report the absolute bioavailability of CBD following other routes in humans, despite i.v formulations being available. The area-under-the-curve and Cmax increase in dose-dependent manners and are reached quicker following smoking/inhalation compared to oral/oromucosal routes. Cmax is increased during fed states and in lipid formulations. Tmax is reached between 0-4 hours. Conclusions: This review highlights the paucity in data and some discrepancy in the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol, despite its widespread use in humans. Analysis and understanding of properties such as bioavailability and half-life is critical to future therapeutic success, and robust data from a variety of formulations is required.
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Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554
Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome
Devinsky, O., Cross, J. H., Laux, L., Marsh, E., Miller, I., Nabbout, R., Scheffer, I. E., Thiele, E. A., & Wright, S. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1611618 · Cited by 1,711
Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics
Huestis, M. A. (2007) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790152 · Cited by 1,102
Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome
Devinsky, O., Patel, A. D., Cross, J. H., Villanueva, V., Wirrell, E. C., Privitera, M., Greenwood, S. M., Roberts, C., Checketts, D., VanLandingham, K. E., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1714631 · Cited by 1,015
Thiele, E. A., Marsh, E. D., French, J. A., Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska, M., Benbadis, S. R., Joshi, C., Lyons, P. D., Taylor, A., Roberts, C., Sommerville, K., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30136-3 · Cited by 905
Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent
Machado Bergamaschi, M., Helena Costa Queiroz, R., Waldo Zuardi, A., & Alexandre S. Crippa, J. (2011) · Current Drug Safety · doi:10.2174/157488611798280924 · Cited by 558 · cited 1×
“CBD has attracted significant interest due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-necrotic protective effects, as well as displaying a favorable safety and tolerability profile in humans (Bergamaschi et al., 2011), making it a promising candidate in many therapeutic avenues including epilepsy, Alzheimer’s d…”
BackgroundCrippa, J. A. S., Derenusson, G. N., Ferrari, T. B., Wichert-Ana, L., Duran, F. L., Martin-Santos, R., Simões, M. V., Bhattacharyya, S., Fusar-Poli, P., Atakan, Z., et al. (2011) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110379283 · Cited by 535
Chagas, M. H. N., Zuardi, A. W., Tumas, V., Pena-Pereira, M. A., Sobreira, E. T., Bergamaschi, M. M., dos Santos, A. C., Teixeira, A. L., Hallak, J. E., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114550355 · Cited by 365 · cited 1×
“CBD is also being pursued in clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease, Crohn’s disease, society anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia (Crippa et al., 2011; Leweke et al., 2012; Chagas et al., 2014; Naftali et al., 2017), showing promise in these areas.”
BackgroundHaney, M., Malcolm, R. J., Babalonis, S., Nuzzo, P. A., Cooper, Z. D., Bedi, G., Gray, K. M., McRae-Clark, A., Lofwall, M. R., Sparenborg, S., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.367 · Cited by 206
Cited by
Cannabidiol: pharmacology and therapeutic targets
Britch, S. C., Babalonis, S., & Walsh, S. L. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05712-8 · Cited by 307
García-Gutiérrez, M. S., Navarrete, F., Gasparyan, A., Austrich-Olivares, A., Sala, F., & Manzanares, J. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10111575 · Cited by 306
de Faria, S. M., de Morais Fabrício, D., Tumas, V., Castro, P. C., Ponti, M. A., Hallak, J. E., Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J. A. S., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119895536 · Cited by 140
Patricio, F., Morales-Andrade, A. A., Patricio-Martínez, A., & Limón, I. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.595635 · Cited by 129
Déléaval, M., Burri, H., & Bakelants, E. (2022) · HeartRhythm Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.hrcr.2022.03.018 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Millar, S. A., Stone, N. L., Yates, A. S., & O'Sullivan, S. E.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-11-26
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 1365-1365
- ISSN
- 1663-9812 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2902043534
- Cited by
- 560
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 7.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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