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Cited by 91Natural Compound Pharmacology StudiesSynthesis of Organic CompoundsDermatology and Skin Diseases

Natural Xanthones and Skin Inflammatory Diseases: Multitargeting Mechanisms of Action and Potential Application

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Gunter, Natalie Vivien, Teh, Soek Sin, Lim, Yang Mooi, Mah, Siau Hui·2020·Frontiers in Pharmacology
DOI 10.3389/fphar.2020.594202PMC PMC7793909
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Abstract

The pathogenesis of skin inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, and skin cancers generally involve the generation of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Exposure of the skin to external aggressors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and xenobiotics induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which subsequently activates immune responses and causes immunological aberrations. Hence, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents were considered to be potential compounds to treat skin inflammatory diseases. A prime example of such compounds is xanthone (xanthene-9-one), a class of natural compounds that possess a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and chemotherapeutic effects. Many studies reported various mechanisms of action by xanthones for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases. These mechanisms of action commonly involve the modulation of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. Other mechanisms of action include the regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, besides immune cell recruitment via modulation of chemokines, activation, and infiltration. Moreover, disease-specific activity contributed by xanthones, such as antibacterial action against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis for acne treatment, and numerous cytotoxic mechanisms involving pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic effects for skin cancer treatment have been extensively elucidated. Furthermore, xanthones have been reported to modulate pathways responsible for mediating oxidative stress and inflammation such as PPAR, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor and prostaglandin cascades. These pathways were also implicated in skin inflammatory diseases. Xanthones including the prenylated α-mangostin (2) and γ-mangostin (3), glucosylated mangiferin (4) and the caged xanthone gambogic acid (8) are potential lead compounds to be further developed into pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases. Future studies on the structure-activity relationships, molecular mechanisms, and applications of xanthones for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases are thus highly recommended.

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  • Oxygenated anthraquinone derivatives of MGF (isobavachalcone, gartanin, glucosylated xanthone) have antimicrobial activity against acne-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis.

    “Oxygenated anthraquinone derivatives of MGF, including isobavachalcone, gartanin and glucosylated xanthone, have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against acne-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis.”

    From Mangiferin in human disease: Multifaceted mechanisms and applications (Review) (2026) · cites this paper as [151]

    The Acne section reports antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis for mangosteen extracts and the xanthones α-mangostin, β-mangostin, and garcicowanone A (page unavailable). It does not report that isobavachalcone, gartanin, or a glucosylated xanthone has that activity, and the Introduction describes the compounds as xanthones rather than anthraquinone derivatives. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Authors
Gunter, N. V., Teh, S. S., Lim, Y. M., & Mah, S. H.
Affiliations
  • Taylor's University (MY)
  • Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MY)
  • Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Sungai Long Campus (MY)
Corresponding author
Mah, Siau Hui
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Pharmacology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2020-12-03
Volume
11
Pages
594202-594202
ISSN
1663-9812 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fphar.2020.594202
PMC
PMC7793909
OpenAlex
W3106724498
Cited by
91
References
147
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 5
FWCI
0.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Pharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Ministry of Higher Education (FRGS/1/2019/STG01/TAYLOR/02/1)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Synthesis of Organic Compounds
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
Keywords
xanthones, inflammatory skin diseases, atopic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, skin cancer, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB signaling, MAPK signaling, chemokines, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, apoptosis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, Nrf2, prostaglandins, mangostin, gambogic acid, structure-activity relationship, natural products

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