Itraconazole Inhibits the Growth of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting HMGCS1/ACSL4 Axis
Open accessAbstract
Background: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common cutaneous cancer with increasing incidence. Itraconazole has been identified as a potential anticancer drug candidate. However, the role of itraconazole in cSCC was still unclear. Our objective is exploring the therapeutic potential of itraconazole in cSCC and investigate its molecular mechanism. Methods: The anti-proliferation effect of itraconazole was tested with CCK-8 assay and clone formation assay. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis rate were detected using flow cytometry and TUNEL assay, respectively. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were used to explore the underlying anti-cancer mechanism. Luciferase reporter assay was used for promoter activity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation were examined. The in vivo efficacy of itraconazole was assessed in a xenograft model. Results: Itraconazole inhibited the cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and blocked cell cycle of cSCC cells. An integrated analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses identified that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1) and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) were significantly upregulated in A431 cells treated with itraconazole. HMGCS1 silencing reversed the antiproliferative activity of itraconazole in A431 cells. Dual-luciferase assay showed that itraconazole could promote HMGCS1 transcription. HMGCS1 silencing abated the expression of ACSL4 in A431 cells. The level of ROS, lipid peroxidation, as well as iron accumulation were increased by itraconazole. Moreover, treatment with itraconazole impeded tumor growth in A431-bearing mice. Conclusion: We proved itraconazole inhibits the growth of cSCC by regulating HMGCS1/ACSL4 axis.
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In A431 cells, HMGCS1 knockdown reversed itraconazole's antiproliferative effects.
“In A431 cells, HMGCS1 knockdown reversed ITZ's antiproliferative effects.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Section 3.4 (Results) reports that HMGCS1 knockdown partly reversed itraconazole-induced inhibition of A431 cell proliferation. The citing sentence omits that qualification and could imply complete reversal, although the paper's abstract also uses the unqualified word “reversed.” (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredItraconazole treatment inhibited the formation of tumors in mice that had A431 genes.
“Furthermore, ITZ treatment inhibited the formation of tumors in mice that had A431 genes.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Results §3.6 reports that itraconazole-treated mice had smaller A431-cell-derived tumors than saline-treated controls. The mice bore A431 cell xenografts, not “A431 genes,” and the experiment measured growth of existing tumors rather than prevention of tumor formation. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredACSL4 and HMGCS1 were markedly increased in A431 cells treated with itraconazole.
“Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1) were shown to be markedly increased in A431 cells treated with ITZ, according to a combined transcriptome and proteomic investigation.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Itraconazole suppresses cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma growth by controlling the HMGCS1/ACSL4 axis.
“This study demonstrated that ITZ suppresses cSCC growth by controlling the HMGCS1/ACSL4 axis.59”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Itraconazole prevented cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells from proliferating, caused apoptosis, and stopped their cell cycle.
“ITZ prevented cSCC cells from proliferating, caused apoptosis, and stopped their cell cycle.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Itraconazole could increase the transcription of HMGCS1.
“The dual-luciferase test demonstrated that ITZ could increase the transcription of HMGCS1.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Itraconazole enhanced the amount of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and iron buildup.
“ITZ enhanced the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and iron buildup.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
In A431 cells, HMGCS1 suppression reduced ACSL4 expression.
“In A431 cells, HMGCS1 suppression reduced ACSL4 expression.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
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- Authors
- Xu, C., Zhuo, Y., Liu, Y., & Chen, H.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CN)
- China Pharmaceutical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Yunyao
- Chen, Hao
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-02-15
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 828983-828983
- ISSN
- 1663-9812 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8886144
- OpenAlex
- W4212836114
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Pharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Government of Jiangsu Province
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20211026, BK20210419)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Research
- Keywords
- itraconazole, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, HMGCS1, ACSL4, anticancer drug repurposing, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation, tumor growth inhibition
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