Brain morphometry shows effects of long-term musical practice in middle-aged keyboard players
Open accessAbstract
To what extent does musical practice change the structure of the brain? In order to understand how long-lasting musical training changes brain structure, 20 male right-handed, middle-aged professional musicians and 19 matched controls were investigated. Among the musicians, 13 were pianists or organists with intensive practice regimes. The others were either music teachers at schools or string instrumentalists, who had studied the piano at least as a subsidiary subject, and practiced less intensively. The study was based on T1-weighted MR images, which were analyzed using deformation-based morphometry. Cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps of cortical areas and subcortical nuclei as well as myeloarchitectonic maps of fiber tracts were used as regions of interest to compare volume differences in the brains of musicians and controls. In addition, maps of voxel-wise volume differences were computed and analyzed. Musicians showed a significantly better symmetric motor performance as well as a greater capability of controlling hand independence than controls. Structural MRI-data revealed significant volumetric differences between the brains of keyboard players, who practiced intensively and controls in right sensorimotor areas and the corticospinal tract as well as in the entorhinal cortex and the left superior parietal lobule. Moreover, they showed also larger volumes in a comparable set of regions than the less intensively practicing musicians. The structural changes in the sensory and motor systems correspond well to the behavioral results, and can be interpreted in terms of plasticity as a result of intensive motor training. Areas of the superior parietal lobule and the entorhinal cortex might be enlarged in musicians due to their special skills in sight-playing and memorizing of scores. In conclusion, intensive and specific musical training seems to have an impact on brain structure, not only during the sensitive period of childhood but throughout life.
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Cross-sectional studies mainly in musicians suggest that early practice determines brain changes; practice time correlates with degree of brain change, not skill per se.
“Interestingly, several cross-sectional studies, mainly conducted in musicians, suggest that it is (early) practice that determines changes in the brain 24 : proficiency-expressed as practice time-is generally correlated with the degree of brain change, not with the skill of playing the instrument per se. 25”
From Physical exercise keeps the brain connected: biking increases white matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
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Sorted by citations
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- Authors
- Gärtner, H., Minnerop, M., Pieperhoff, P., Schleicher, A., Zilles, K., Altenmüller, E., & Amunts, K.
- Affiliations
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- Hanover University of Music Drama and Media (DE)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 636-636
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3779931
- OpenAlex
- W1998816077
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Diverse Music Education Insights
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Keywords
- musical training, brain morphometry, pianists, organists, motor training, neuroplasticity, sensorimotor areas, corticospinal tract, entorhinal cortex, superior parietal lobule, motor performance, deformation-based morphometry, sight-reading
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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