Does holistic processing require a large brain? insights from honeybees and wasps in fine visual recognition tasks.
Open accessAbstract
The expertise of humans for recognizing faces is largely based on holistic processing mechanism, a sophisticated cognitive process that develops with visual experience. The various visual features of a face are thus glued together and treated by the brain as a unique stimulus, facilitating robust recognition. Holistic processing is known to facilitate fine discrimination of highly similar visual stimuli, and involves specialized brain areas in humans and other primates. Although holistic processing is most typically employed with face stimuli, subjects can also learn to apply similar image analysis mechanisms when gaining expertise in discriminating novel visual objects, like becoming experts in recognizing birds or cars. Here we ask if holistic processing with expertise might be a mechanism employed by the comparatively miniature brains of insects. We thus test whether honeybees (Apis mellifera) and/or wasps (Vespula vulgaris) can use holistic-like processing with experience to recognize images of human faces, or Navon-like parameterized-stimuli. These insect species are excellent visual learners and have previously shown ability to discriminate human face stimuli using configural type processing. Freely-flying bees and wasps were consequently confronted with classical tests for holistic processing, the part-whole effect and the composite-face effect. Both species could learn similar faces from a standard face recognition test used for humans, and their performance in transfer tests was consistent with holistic processing as defined for studies on humans. Tests with parameterized stimuli also revealed a capacity of honeybees, but not wasps, to process complex visual information in a holistic way, suggesting that such sophisticated visual processing may be far more spread within the animal kingdom than previously thought, although may depend on ecological constraints.
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Large brains may not be required to generate complex behavior, and brain mosaicism and circuitry rather than overall size may be important.
“Large brains may not be required to generate complex behavior, and brain mosaicism and circuitry-rather than overall size-may be important (Healy andRowe, 2007, 2013;Chittka and Niven, 2009;Avarguès-Weber et al., 2018;Logan et al., 2018;Godfrey and Gronenberg, 2019).”
From When and Why Did Human Brains Decrease in Size? A New Change-Point Analysis and Insights From Brain Evolution in Ants (2021) · cites this paper as Avarguès-Weber et al., 2018
The Discussion (page not supplied) says large brains may not be necessary to process seemingly complex stimuli such as faces, and reports holistic-like visual processing in bees and wasps. It hypothesizes a role for mushroom bodies, but does not establish that brain mosaicism or circuitry matters more than overall brain size. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Lacombrade, M., Doblas-Bajo, M., Rocher, N., Navarro, E., Lubat, C., Vogelweith, F., Thiéry, D., & Lihoreau, M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527296
Vanneau, T., Quiquempoix, M., Erkel, M.-C., Drogou, C., Trignol, A., Sauvet, F., Léger, D., Gomez-Mérino, D., & Chennaoui, M. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0433-23.2023
Face processing in animal models: Implications for autism spectrum disorderPreprint
Sgadó, P., Pross, A., Lamanna, J., & Adiletta, A. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/fyk75
The role of facial cues in identifying conspecifics in goats
Langbein, J., Eggert, A., & Siebert, K. (2026) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2026.106953
Functional multiple intelligences: the diversity and adaptive value of social insect cognition
Traniello, J. F. A., d’Ettorre, P., & Avarguès‐Weber, A. (2026) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123678
Why statistical learning researchers should study nonhuman animals
Tosatto, L., & Avarguès‐Weber, A. (2026) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2026.103261
- Authors
- Avarguès-Weber, A., d’Amaro, D., Metzler, M., Finke, V., Baracchi, D., & Dyer, A. G.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Monash University (AU)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-07-31
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 1313-1313
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6079261
- OpenAlex
- W2887557768
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fondation Fyssen (DP0878968, DP0987989)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
- Australian Research Council
- Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
- U.S. Air Force
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- holistic processing, face recognition (cognition), Apis mellifera, wasps, Vespula vulgaris, configural processing, composite face effect, visual expertise, comparative cognition, transfer of learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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