Are We Face Experts?
Open accessAbstract
According to a widely used theoretical perspective, our everyday experiences lead us to become natural experts at perceiving and recognising human faces. However, there has been considerable debate about this view. We discuss criteria for expertise and show how the debate over face expertise has often missed key points concerning the role and nature of face familiarity. For identity recognition, most of us show only limited expertise with unfamiliar faces. Carefully evaluating the senses in which it is appropriate or inappropriate to assert that we are face experts leads to the conclusion that we are, in effect, familiar face experts.
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Visual processing of faces appears to proceed holistically for the vast majority of people.
“visual processing of faces appears to proceed holistically for the vast majority of people (64, 65).”
From Deepfake detection by human crowds, machines, and machine-informed crowds (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
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“While the CFMT+ uses tightly controlled facial images, our new test was designed to embrace the more real-world natural variability that occurs between different presentations of the same face (Young & Burton, 2018, 2017).”
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“…conditions are used (i.e., unsegmented pictures of faces with different views of the same individual), it is sometimes claimed that people are “bad” or “poor” at individuating unfamiliar faces or even that “human expertise (at individuation) is limited to familiar faces” (Young & Burton, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialRossion, B., & Michel, C. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1023-x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
What can we learn about human individual face recognition from experimental studies in monkeys?
Rossion, B., & Taubert, J. (2018) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2018.03.012 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Getting to Know Someone: Familiarity, Person Recognition, and Identification in the Human Brain
Kovács, G. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01627 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“By now, it is generally acknowledged that there are enormous perceptual differences between unfamiliar and familiar faces as well as great differences in their neural processing (for reviews, see Young & Burton, 2017, 2018; Figure 2.”
BackgroundMethodComputational insights into human perceptual expertise for familiar and unfamiliar face recognition
Blauch, N. M., Behrmann, M., & Plaut, D. C. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104341 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“In this sense, the professional golfer must learn the idiosyncrasies of each course—just as Young and Burton (2018) argue humans must do for novel familiar faces.”
Fellner, M.-C., Gollwitzer, S., Rampp, S., Kreiselmeyr, G., Bush, D., Diehl, B., Axmacher, N., Hamer, H. M., & Hanslmayr, S. (2019) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000403 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“demonstrating the difficulty of memorizing unfamiliar faces [41,44].”
BackgroundIndividual differences and the multidimensional nature of face perception
White, D., & Burton, A. M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00041-3 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationHumans Are Visual Experts at Unfamiliar Face Recognition
Rossion, B. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.03.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Collins, E., Robinson, A. K., & Behrmann, M. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.080 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Getting to Know You: Emerging Neural Representations during Face Familiarization
Ambrus, G., Eick, C. M., Kaiser, D., & Kovács, G. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2466-20.2021 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Given these difficulties, it is not surprising that special brain mechanisms have developed for the identification of familiar faces (Haxby et al., 2000; Calder and Young, 2005; Gobbini and Haxby, 2006, 2007; Duchaine and Yovel, 2015; Ramon and Gobbini, 2018; Young and Burton, 2018; Rapcsak, 2019).”
BackgroundFace morphing attacks: Investigating detection with humans and computers
Kramer, R. S. S., Mireku, M. O., Flack, T. R., & Ritchie, K. L. (2019) · Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-019-0181-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Understanding facial impressions between and within identities
Mileva, M., Young, A. W., Kramer, R. S. S., & Burton, A. M. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.027 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…is a profound difference between the demands of face identity recognition (for which the impact of within-identity image differences needs to be minimised) and the creation of trait impressions (for which within-identity image differences carry a great deal of meaningful information) (Young, 2018).”
InfluentialSelf-citationExplaining face representation in the primate brain using different computational models
Chang, L., Egger, B., Vetter, T. R., & Tsao, D. Y. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.014 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ye, C., Xu, Q., Liu, Q., Cong, F., Saariluoma, P. O., Ristaniemi, T., & Astikainen, P. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.08.009 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Perceptual difficulty modulates the direction of information flow in familiar face recognition
Karimi-Rouzbahani, H., Ramezani, F., Woolgar, A., Rich, A. N., & Ghodrati, M. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117896 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rossion, B. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108278 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wuttke, S. J., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.11.011 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Avarguès-Weber, A., d’Amaro, D., Metzler, M., Finke, V., Baracchi, D., & Dyer, A. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01313 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Humans and other primates have a remarkable ability to detect and visually identify conspecifics on the basis of their faces, which is a crucial capacity in our social interactions (Kanwisher et al., 1997; Pascalis et al., 2002; Wilmer et al., 2010; Young and Burton, 2017).”
BackgroundHsiao, J. H., An, J., Zheng, Y., & Chan, A. B. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104616 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Damasio's error – Prosopagnosia with intact within‐category object recognition
Rossion, B. (2018) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12162 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The neural basis of rapid unfamiliar face individuation with human intracerebral recordings
Jacques, C., Rossion, B., Volfart, A., Brissart, H., Colnat‐Coulbois, S., Maillard, L. G., & Jonas, J. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117174 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Modelling face memory reveals task-generalizable representations
Zhan, J., Garrod, O., van Rijsbergen, N. J., & Schyns, P. G. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0625-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wiese, H., Hobden, G., Siilbek, E., Martignac, V., Flack, T. R., Ritchie, K. L., Young, A. W., & Burton, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0001063 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationDiverse types of expertise in facial recognition
Towler, A., Dunn, J. D., Martínez, S. C., Moreton, R., Eklöf, F., Ruifrok, A. C. C., Kemp, R. I., & White, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28632-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The idea that expertise in face identification is homogeneous across different human observers is prevalent in psychological study of face recognition 35 , and consistent with broader concepts of convergent evolution 36 and Ideal Observer Theory 37 .”
Growns, B., & Martire, K. A. (2020) · Forensic Science International Synergy · doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.05.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The consistency of superior face recognition skills in police officers
Bate, S., Frowd, C. D., Bennetts, R. J., Hasshim, N., Portch, E., Murray, E., & Dudfield, G. (2019) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3525 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…fact, the matching of two unfamiliar faces of the same identity is a notoriously difficult task (e.g., Jenkins, White, Van Montford, & Burton, 2011; Young & Burton, 2017, 2018), even when external features are present and the two images have been collected on the same day (e.g., Bruce et al.,…”
BackgroundResultUnderstanding Professional Expertise in Unfamiliar Face Matching
White, D., Towler, A., & Kemp, R. I. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198837749.003.0004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Face perception loves a challenge: Less information sparks more attraction
Sadr, J., & Krowicki, L. (2019) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2019.01.009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Shoham, A., Grosbard, I. D., Patashnik, O., Cohen‐Or, D., & Yovel, G. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01816-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01816-9 unfamiliar faces 64–67 is not only due to the extensive visual experience with familiar faces 65,68,69 but may also be due to the contribution of visual–semantic experience to the representation of face identity, which is biased for familiar identities…”
InfluentialDzhelyova, M. P., Jacques, C., Dormal, G., Michel, C., Schiltz, C., & Rossion, B. (2019) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2019.1616639 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Although this performance has sometimes been described as being seriously limited or even “ poor ” (e.g., Megreya & Burton, 2006; Young & Burton, 2018), it is in fact remarkable compared to performance at similar tasks of young children, brain-damaged patients with prosopagnosia or other animal…”
ResultFace search in CCTV surveillance
Mileva, M., & Burton, A. M. (2019) · Cognitive Research · doi:10.1186/s41235-019-0193-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationTrait evaluations of faces and voices: Comparing within- and between-person variability.
Lavan, N., Mileva, M., Burton, A. M., Young, A. W., & McGettigan, C. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001019 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural mechanisms of face familiarity and learning in the human amygdala and hippocampus
Cao, R., Wang, J., Brunner, P., Willie, J. T., Li, X., Rutishauser, U., Brandmeir, N. J., & Wang, S. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113520 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“10,26 Given these disparities, it is crucial to note the following limitations associated with interpreting our behavioral and neural findings.”
Yan, X., & Rossion, B. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.016 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wiese, H., Anderson, D., Beierholm, U., Tüttenberg, S. C., Young, A. W., & Burton, A. M. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13950 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationSingle neuron responses underlying face recognition in the human midfusiform face-selective cortex
Quiroga, R. Q., Boscaglia, M., Jonas, J., Rey, H. G., Yan, X., Maillard, L. G., Colnat‐Coulbois, S., Koessler, L., & Rossion, B. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41323-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Humans are familiar with thousands of faces 22 , and familiar faces havea specialstatus, being associatedwithrich semantic networks 22,23,46 .”
BackgroundRossion, B., Jacques, C., & Jonas, J. (2023) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci13020354 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Independent contribution of perceptual experience and social cognition to face recognition
Schwartz, L., & Yovel, G. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.11.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Brysbaert, M. (2024) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-024-00540-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“2 The usefulness of the multitrait multimethod approach can be seen in research on individual differences in face perception (Bobak et al., 2019; Bruce et al., 2018; Rossion, 2014; Young & Burton, 2018; Zhou & Jenkins, 2020).”
MethodConnolly, H. L., Young, A., & Lewis, G. J. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1535425 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…of substantial individual differences in ability has become apparent (Burton, White, & McNeill, 2010; Duchaine & Nakayama, 2006; Lewis, Lefevre, & Young, 2016; Young & Burton, 2017, 2018), allowing the pattern of these differences to be informative concerning the underlying functional architecture.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFeature-by-feature comparison and holistic processing in unfamiliar face matching
Megreya, A. M. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4437 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…2010) and the small or no improvements of face matching ability reported in this experiment and in previous studies (e.g., for a recent review see, Young & Burton, 2018), it seems reasonable to suggest that improving unfamiliar face matching is not an easy task, but it is presumably worthwhile to…”
ResultFacial identity across the lifespan
Mileva, M., Young, A. W., Jenkins, R., & Burton, A. M. (2019) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.101260 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationHolistic word processing is correlated with efficiency in visual word recognition
Ventura, P., Fernandes, T., Pereira, A., Guerreiro, J. C., Farinha‐Fernandes, A., Delgado, J., Ferreira, M. F., Faustino, B., Raposo, I., & Wong, A. C. ‐. (2020) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-020-01988-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Face of Image Reconstruction: Progress, Pitfalls, Prospects
Nestor, A., Lee, A. C. H., Plaut, D. C., & Behrmann, M. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.06.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Our ability to recognize facial identity despite considerable variation in appearance [4], such as that due to changes in viewpoint and expression, suggests that some aspects of representations and the underlying face space topography are invariant to such changes.”
BackgroundPerson knowledge shapes face identity perception
Oh, D., Walker, M., & Freeman, J. B. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104889 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Berger, A. F. F., Fry, R., Bobak, A. K., Juliano, A., & Degutis, J. M. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221076817 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Although some have questioned the degree to which face expertise mechanisms like holistic processing are used when matching unfamiliar faces (e.g., Young & Burton, 2018), better holistic processing abilities, as measured by the part–whole and face inversion effects, have been robustly associated…”
BackgroundYan, X., Zimmermann, F. G. S., & Rossion, B. (2020) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2020.1712344 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…faces, especially in terms of the ability to associate different views of the same face identity: people are generally much better with pictures of familiar than unfamiliar faces (e.g., Bruce, 1982; Jenkins et al., 2011; White, Kemp, Jenkins, Matheson, & Burton, 2014; see Young & Burton, 2018).”
BackgroundThe neural dynamics of familiar face recognition
Wiese, H., Schweinberger, S. R., & Kovács, G. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105943 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Face recognition in police officers: Who fits the bill?
Nador, J., Vomland, M., Thielgen, M. M., & Ramon, M. (2022) · Forensic Science International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.fsir.2022.100267 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Varela, V. P. L., Towler, A., Kemp, R. I., & White, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25268-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Despite the theoretical importance of this exposure in understanding how our perceptual system develops expertise for faces (see 15 ) and the continuing development of this expertise in adulthood 78,79 the amount and quality of perceptual experience people have with faces is currently limited to…”
BackgroundGrowns, B., & Kukucka, J. (2021) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3800 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Connolly, H. L., Young, A. W., & Lewis, G. J. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1901657 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Whilst the Benton test is based entirely on unfamiliar face recognition (Young & Burton, 2018) and there has been debate about the circumstances in which it is useful (Duchaine & Weidenfeld, 2003; Rossion, 2018) it has the advantages of being a widely-used and purely perceptual measure that…”
MethodSelf-citationA neural marker of the human face identity familiarity effect
Yan, X., Volfart, A., & Rossion, B. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40852-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Based on the robustness of the behavioral FIFE observed across different tasks, a number of authors have claimed that fundamentally different representations and processes must be at play for familiar and unfamiliar faces 7,12,16,68 .”
BackgroundSuper‐recognisers: Face recognition performance after variable delay intervals
Davis, J. P., Bretfelean, L. D., Belanova, E., & Thompson, T. (2020) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3712 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Modeling Biological Face Recognition with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
van Dyck, L. E., & Gruber, W. R. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_02040 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…face bias (Johnson et al., 1991; Johnson & Mareschal, 2001), is acquired through experience leading to face expertise (Gauthier & Bukach, 2007; Gauthier & Nelson, 2001; Young & Burton, 2018), or an interaction of both (Srihasam et al., 2012; Srihasam et al., 2014), has sparked heated debates.”
BackgroundWeatherford, D. R., Roberson, D., & Erickson, W. B. (2021) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-021-00288-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Research suggests that although humans possess superior facial recognition skills with familiar faces (e.g., Kramer et al., 2018; Young & Burton, 2018), this expertise does not completely extend to unfamiliar faces (Abudarham et al., 2019; Burton, 2013; Dunn et al., 2018) that would be typical for…”
BackgroundThe neural code for face memoryPreprint
She, L., Benna, M. K., Shi, Y., Fusi, S., & Tsao, D. Y. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435023 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Face Morphing, a Modern Threat to Border Security: Recent Advances and Open Challenges
Pikoulis, E., Ioannou, Z.-M., Paschou, M., & Sakkopoulos, E. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11073207 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
When a stranger becomes a friend: Measuring the neural correlates of real-world face familiarisation
Campbell, A. C., & Tanaka, J. W. (2021) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2021.2002993 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This discrepancy between the highly efficient recognition of familiar faces and the fallibility of unfamiliar face recognition has led some to claim that we are only experts for recognizing faces we know, and not for the generic recognition of any face identity (Young & Burton, 2018).”
BackgroundFace perception: computational insights from phylogeny
Behrmann, M., & Avidan, G. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.01.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Independent of viewpoint, facial expression, and other major transformations, humans recognize large numbers of faces [73], especially familiar faces [14,74].”
BackgroundHeyer, R., Semmler, C., & Hendrickson, A. T. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.06.002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Learning own- and other-race facial identities from natural variability
Tüttenberg, S. C., & Wiese, H. (2019) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021819859840 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of Language on Visual PerceptionPreprint
Lupyan, G., Rahman, R. A., Boroditsky, L., & Clark, A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pztmc · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“For example, consider how much harder it is to read upside-down text [6] or to match a stranger’s versus a friend’s photograph to their actual face [7].”
BackgroundPopova, T., & Wiese, H. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.12.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Farran, E. K., Mares, I., Papasavva, M., Smith, F. W., Ewing, L., & Smith, M. L. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107440 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“It is worth pointing out, however, that there is also a wide range of face-processing ability observed within the typical population: the notion that all adults are similarly ‘face experts’ has been robustly challenged in recent years (see Young and Burton, 2018; Wilmer, 2017).”
BackgroundSchroeger, A., Ficco, L. A., Wuttke, S. J., Kaufmann, J. M., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108654 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Forgetting faces over a week: investigating self-reported face recognition ability and personality
Kramer, R. S. S. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11828 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Although many researchers have argued that we are experts when it comes to perceiving and processing faces (e.g., Diamond & Carey, 1986), more recent evidence suggests that this expertise may be limited to familiar faces only (Young & Burton, 2018).”
White, D., Wayne, T., & Varela, V. P. L. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104966 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ficco, L., Müller, V. I., Kaufmann, J. M., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2022) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12595 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Visual search for complex objects: Set-size effects for faces, words and cars
Hemström, J., Albonico, A., Djouab, S., & Barton, J. J. S. (2019) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2019.06.007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Identity Documents Bias Face Matching
Feng, X., & Burton, A. M. (2019) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006619877821 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Email: mike.burton@york.ac.uk recognition, which is very robust over a large range of settings (Johnston & Edmonds, 2009; Young & Burton, 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFamiliarization increases face individuation measured with fast periodic visual stimulation
Verosky, S. C., Zoner, K. A., Marble, C. W., Sammon, M. M., & Babarinsa, C. O. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107883 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Familiar faces as islands of expertise
Hancock, P. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104765 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The social‐encoding benefit in face recognition is generalized to other‐race faces
Schwartz, L., Cohen, M., Xu, S., Liu, J., & Yovel, G. (2022) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12592 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The face inversion effect or the face upright effect?
Gerlach, C., Kühn, C. D., Mathiassen, A. B., Kristensen, C. L., & Starrfelt, R. (2022) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105335 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rey, L., Desoche, C., Saive, A.-L., Thévenet, M., Garcia, S., Tillmann, B., & Plailly, J. (2023) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2023.2208793 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This expertise, which does not does not presuppose a perfect accuracy in face identi fi - cation and recognition, especially for unfamiliar faces (Bruce, 1982; Young & Burton, 2017, 2018), is fully under-standable comparing face (whether familiar or not) to other types of cues.”
BackgroundThe neuropsychological evaluation of face identity recognition
Volfart, A., & Rossion, B. (2024) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108865 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Despite the parallels (but also differences) often drawn between face and voice recognition (Yovel and Belin, 2013; Young et al., 2020; Jenkins et al., 2021), the human voice is also a largely insufficient, slow and inefficient indicator of identity compared to the face.”
BackgroundDavis, E. E., Matthews, C. M., & Mondloch, C. J. (2020) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12457 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Itz, M. L., Vogt, S., Kaufmann, J. M., Schweinberger, S. R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2021) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2021.06.014 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, J. K. W., Janssen, S. M. J., & Estudillo, A. J. (2022) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/20416695221111409 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Given the accuracy and speed when identifying familiar faces, Carey (1992) suggested that most individuals are qualified as “face experts” for familiar faces (Young & Burton, 2018).”
BackgroundExemplar learning reveals the representational origins of expert category perception
Collins, E., & Behrmann, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1912734117 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The neural dynamics of familiarity-dependent face identity representation.
Kovács, G., Li, C., Ambrus, G., & Burton, A. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14304 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationA narrow band of image dimensions is critical for face recognition.
Andrews, T., Rogers, D., Mileva, M., Watson, D., Wang, A., & Burton, A. M. (2023) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2023.108297 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These findings are relevant to the debate surrounding the difference between unfamiliar and familiar face perception (Young & Burton, 2018a, 2018b, 2021; Rossion, 2018; Sunday & Gauthier, 2018; Blauch, Behrmann & Plaut, 2021a; 2021b; Yovel & Abudarham, 2021).”
Self-citationWiese, H., Schipper, M., Popova, T., Burton, A. M., & Young, A. W. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105625 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationYoung, A. W., & Noyes, E. (2019) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12395 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationBlauch, N. M., Behrmann, M., & Plaut, D. C. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104484 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“A major point of agreement between us and both Young and Burton (2020), and Yovel and Abudarham (2020), hereafter Y&B and Y&A, respectively, is the fact that faces exhibit a large degree of idiosyncratic within-identity variability, which places fundamental constraints on face recognition performance (Young & Burton,…”
BackgroundMethodBenchmarking automation-aided performance in a forensic face matching task.
Bartlett, M. L., Carragher, D., Hancock, P. J. B., & McCarley, J. S. (2024) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104364 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
From concepts to percepts in human and machine face recognition: A reply to Blauch, Behrmann & Plaut
Yovel, G., & Abudarham, N. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104424 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Temporal Dynamics of the Neural Representation of Social Relationships
Dziura, S. L., & Thompson, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2818-19.2020 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Young, A. W., & Burton, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Andrew W.
- Burton, A. Mike
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 100-110
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2774657106
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 19
- FWCI
- 2.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orcid.org
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Research Council (323262)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Face recognition and analysis
- Keywords
- face expertise, face recognition (cognition), face familiarity, personal identification, face perception, familiarity-based recognition
- MeSH terms
- Facial Recognition, Face, Humans, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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