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Cited by 69Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionHuman Behavior and MotivationMotivation and Self-Concept in Sports

Expanding the Map of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations Using Network Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling: Examining Four New Aspirations

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Martela, Frank, Bradshaw, Emma L., Ryan, Richard M.·2019·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02174PMC PMC6797628
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Abstract

Life goals or aspirations can be distinguished as intrinsic or extrinsic, with different implications for well-being. In this study we used network analysis to reexamine this intrinsic-extrinsic distinction, illustrating how novel candidate aspirations can be mapped along this dimension using innovative methods. We identify four previously unexamined life aspirations, predicting that aspiring for power and social adherence would group with extrinsic goals, whereas aspiring for self-expression and mastery would group with intrinsic goals. In two samples (n = 196; n = 346) we analyze both the original life-goal variables and these novel aspirations using factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, circumplex modeling, and a network analysis using a graphical least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (glasso) to estimate the network structure of aspirations using EBIC. Replicating past intrinsic-extrinsic distinctions, all four methods further classified power and social adherence as extrinsic goals, and self-expression and mastery as intrinsic goals. The intrinsic-extrinsic distinction was also clearly visible in the network analysis. Finally, consistent with hypotheses, power and social adherence were unrelated to wellness indicators, whereas self-expression and mastery correlated positively with well-being indicators and negatively with ill-being indicators, supporting their hypothesized nature as extrinsic and intrinsic, respectively.

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  • A desire for power may signal that one feels 'caged' and is attempting to compensate for a lack of autonomy.

    “Similarly, a desire for power (Hofer and Bush 2019;Winter 1973) may signal that one feels 'caged' and, hence, is attempting to compensate for a lack of autonomy (Martela et al. 2019).”

    From Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions (2020) · cites this paper as Martela et al. 2019

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Williams K. D. (2009). “ Ostracism: a temporal need-threat model,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 41 ed. Zanna M. (New York, NY: Academic Press), 275– 314.

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Authors
Martela, F., Bradshaw, E. L., & Ryan, R. M.
Affiliations
  • Aalto University (FI)
  • Australian Catholic University (AU)
  • University of Rochester (US)
Corresponding author
Martela, Frank
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2019-10-11
Volume
10
Pages
2174-2174
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02174
PMC
PMC6797628
OpenAlex
W2979791312
Cited by
69
References
70
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2
FWCI
6.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Keywords
life aspirations, intrinsic goals, extrinsic goals, power, self-expression, mastery, well-being, ill-being, goal structure

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