The Experience of Novelty and the Novelty of Experience

“An interceder reliability check was performed on the emergent themes from two coders independent to the research, resulting in 82 per cent agreement between three coders, which is above the level suggested by Miles and Huberman (1994).”

“Short-term memory is able to store information for only a short period of time and with limited capacity, whereas long-term memory has greater capacity and duration (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968).”

“Novelty in a pleasurable tourism experience is associated with suddenness or unexpectedness and with emotions such delight, surprise, and enjoyment (Ortony et al., 1988; Scherer, 1993; Roseman et al., 1996).”

“The related concept of novelty-seeking is used to understand consumer behavior (Farias et al., 2014), tourists’ typology (Cohen, 1972), and travel motivations (Dann, 1977; Crompton, 1979; Chon, 1989).”

“Following the cognitive processes conceptualized in CAT emotions are elicited after an individual evaluates their experience on a limited number of appraisal dimensions relevant to their personal goals at the time of the experience (Bagozzi et al., 1999; Roseman, 2001; Johnson and Stewart, 2005).”

“However, the concepts have been expensively explained in cognitive and neuroscience (Plutchik, 1980; Meyer et al., 1991; Barto et al., 2013).”

“For instance, in the extant tourism literature on emotional and MTEs (Petrick, 2002; Tung and Ritchie, 2011a; Ma et al., 2017) the words novelty, unexpectedness and surprise are often used interchangeably, and the concepts are not distinguished from one another.”

“Novelty is considered as a motivational precursor of behavior (Berlyne, 1960, 1970; Dunman and Mattila, 2005), and associated with varied, complex, and intense feelings with a potential to achieve peak experiences (Cloninger et al., 1994).”

“Novelty in a pleasurable tourism experience is associated with suddenness or unexpectedness and with emotions such delight, surprise, and enjoyment (Ortony et al., 1988; Scherer, 1993; Roseman et al., 1996).”

“Recent studies on psychological antecedents of MTEs acknowledge novelty as one of the main dimensions underlying experience memorability (Chandralal and Valenzuela, 2013; Kim, 2014).”

“For instance, by implementing novel, unexpected and surprising components for designing tourism experiences and marketing campaigns, tourism practitioners can increase re-visitation, form loyalty and generate tourist’s satisfaction (Chen and Rahman, 2018; Kim, 2018).”

“Novelty-seeking is central in the understanding of tourists’ destination choice (Petrick, 2002) and motivation (Dann, 1977; Crompton, 1979; Chon, 1989; Lee and Crompton, 1992).”

“…(Gnoth and Matteucci, 2014; Prayag et al., 2017; Yoo et al., 2018; Passafaro, 2019), expectations and satisfaction (Tynan and McKechnie, 2009; Kim, 2018), well-being and quality of life (Uysal et al., 2012), as well as emotions and memories (Chandralal and Valenzuela, 2015; Moyle et al.,…”

“The application of cognitive psychology theory to tourism experiences is an emerging area of research (Larsen, 2007; Agapito et al., 2013; Skavronskaya et al., 2017a; Campos et al., 2018; Scott, 2020).”

“The application of cognitive psychology theory to tourism experiences is an emerging area of research (Larsen, 2007; Agapito et al., 2013; Skavronskaya et al., 2017a; Campos et al., 2018; Scott, 2020).”

“Key cognitive appraisal dimensions include outcome desirability or goal congruency, agency, certainty, attention, novelty, unexpectedness, and coping potential (Watson and Spence, 2007).”

“This is consistent with studies in the cognitive psychology and neuroscience literature on autobiographical memory (Radvansky and Zacks, 2011), memory retrieval (Tulving et al., 1996), flashbulb memories (Winograd and Neisser, 1992), as well as the studies on stimulus novelty and orienting response (Kishiyama and Yone…”

“Greater attention to novel experiences increases the amount information that is encoded and stored in memory (Dijksterhuis and Aarts, 2010; Van Kesteren et al., 2012).”

“Tourism is an applied field that adopts theory from parent disciplines, including psychology (Weiler et al., 2012, 2018; Ruhanen et al., 2015).”

“Novelty in a pleasurable tourism experience is associated with suddenness or unexpectedness and with emotions such delight, surprise, and enjoyment (Ortony et al., 1988; Scherer, 1993; Roseman et al., 1996).”

“, 2018; Passafaro, 2019), expectations and satisfaction (Tynan and McKechnie, 2009; Kim, 2018), well-being and quality of life (Uysal et al.”

“is related to emotional arousal through the alleviation of boredom and hedonic and eudemonic well-being (Iso-Ahola and Weissinger, 1990; Filep and Laing, 2019; Vada et al., 2019).”

“However, the creation of memorable experiences requires an understanding of the mental processes which occur at different stages of a tourist experience, including the antecedent and consequent conditions (Knobloch et al., 2017).”

“Retrospection involves detailed reconstruction of an event from memory with an accompanying sense of self (Shiffman et al., 1997; Miller et al., 2010; Sadeh et al., 2014).”

“The application of cognitive psychology theory to tourism experiences is an emerging area of research (Larsen, 2007; Agapito et al., 2013; Skavronskaya et al., 2017a; Campos et al., 2018; Scott, 2020).”

“Additionally, due to the rapid expansion of cutting-edge technologies there is an avenue to further explore, interpret, and implement novelty toMTEs through technologies, such as virtual and augmented reality (Bec et al., 2019).”

“is related to emotional arousal through the alleviation of boredom and hedonic and eudemonic well-being (Iso-Ahola and Weissinger, 1990; Filep and Laing, 2019; Vada et al., 2019).”

“Interview questions designed utilizing core tenants from CAT depicted in previous studies focused on tourism experiences (Hosany, 2012; Ma et al., 2013; Manthiou et al., 2017).”

“Keywords: novelty, tourism experience, cognitive appraisal theory, emotions, memory, psychology INTRODUCTION Experiences are an area of strong academic and practical interest (Kim, 2010; Tung and Ritchie, 2011a; Volo, 2013; Kirillova et al., 2017).”

“CAT provided a theoretical structure to the enquiry and a grounded theory approach was used for analysis, specifically the coding and interpretation of the data (Corbin and Strauss, 1990; Matteucci and Gnoth, 2017).”

“…(Gnoth and Matteucci, 2014; Prayag et al., 2017; Yoo et al., 2018; Passafaro, 2019), expectations and satisfaction (Tynan and McKechnie, 2009; Kim, 2018), well-being and quality of life (Uysal et al., 2012), as well as emotions and memories (Chandralal and Valenzuela, 2015; Moyle et al., 2019).”

“Keywords: novelty, tourism experience, cognitive appraisal theory, emotions, memory, psychology INTRODUCTION Experiences are an area of strong academic and practical interest (Kim, 2010; Tung and Ritchie, 2011a; Volo, 2013; Kirillova et al., 2017).”

“Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 4 February 2020 | Volume 11 | Article 322 Interviews were conducted in Russian, the participants’ native language, to develop rapport with respondents who encouraged to speak openly and in a relaxed and engaged manner (Welch and Piekkari, 2006).”

“Neuropsychological studies suggest that information about novel experiences is encoded and transferred into long-term memory (Tulving et al., 1994; Tulving and Kroll, 1995).”

“Novelty is considered a necessary condition for encoding information in long-term memory (Tulving and Kroll, 1995) and enhances the capacity for interactions between the different memory systems (Henson and Gagnepain, 2010).”

“This finding is consistent with the previous tourism literature on role of emotions and goals in cognitive appraisal process in tourism (Hosany, 2012; Ma et al., 2017; Campos et al., 2018).”

“Although drawing on cognitive psychology the results of these studies are also often interpreted in behavioral terms (Mari and Poggesi, 2013; Manthiou et al., 2017).”

“Analysis of existing studies revealed quantitative methods, often using experimental approaches, dominated conceptually related studies in psychology and tourism (Li et al., 2015; Veal, 2017; Weiler et al., 2018).”

“This research contributes to the tourism field by exploring how theory from cognitive psychology can be utilized to provide a more nuanced understanding of the tourism experience and vice-versa (Tung and Ritchie, 2011a; Kim and Brown, 2012; Kim J. H et al., 2012; Kim K. et al., 2012; Pearce and Packer, 2013; Torland e…”

“An appraisal process is defined as evaluation of an event in the environment (Oatley and Johnson-Laird, 2014).”

“Despite its relevance few studies have applied cognitive psychology to research on tourism experiences (Manthiou et al., 2014; Chandralal and Valenzuela, 2015).”

“is related to emotional arousal through the alleviation of boredom and hedonic and eudemonic well-being (Iso-Ahola and Weissinger, 1990; Filep and Laing, 2019; Vada et al., 2019).”

“Studies have found that emotions are related to increased memorability of a tourism experiences (Bastiaansen et al., 2019; Hosany et al., 2019), but do not provide adequate insights into the theoretical mechanisms by which these concepts are connected (Scott, 2020).”

“Studies have found that emotions are related to increased memorability of a tourism experiences (Bastiaansen et al., 2019; Hosany et al., 2019), but do not provide adequate insights into the theoretical mechanisms by which these concepts are connected (Scott, 2020).”

“Overall, novelty is a complex and subjective phenomenon fundamental for tourism (Mitas and Bastiaansen, 2018) with lack of comprehensive, structured theory (Witt, 2009a,b).”

“For instance, the concept of attention may be used to better understand co-creation and mindful tourist experiences (Campos et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2017).”

“Respondents were selected using convenience sampling (Ali et al., 2014).”

“The related concept of novelty-seeking is used to understand consumer behavior (Farias et al., 2014), tourists’ typology (Cohen, 1972), and travel motivations (Dann, 1977; Crompton, 1979; Chon, 1989).”

“This research contributes to the tourism field by exploring how theory from cognitive psychology can be utilized to provide a more nuanced understanding of the tourism experience and vice-versa (Tung and Ritchie, 2011a; Kim and Brown, 2012; Kim J. H et al., 2012; Kim K. et al., 2012; Pearce and Packer, 2013; Torland e…”

“Episodes of novelty episodes were identified utilizing the criteria of a “first time” occurrence of a particular event or experience during traveling and a mismatch between expectations and actual experience (Meyer et al., 1991).”

“In cognitive psychology CAT is often applied in the context of negative emotions, such as fear or anxiety (So et al., 2016) but more recently to positive emotions (Ma et al.”

“Interestingly, it has been found that positive vivid memories of novel travel experiences are related to nostalgia and intention to revisit a destination (Hwang and Hyun, 2013; Bergs et al., 2019).”

“Previous studies of MTEs have focused on concepts such as motivation (Gnoth and Matteucci, 2014; Prayag et al., 2017; Yoo et al., 2018; Passafaro, 2019), expectations and satisfaction (Tynan and McKechnie, 2009; Kim, 2018), well-being and quality of life (Uysal et al., 2012), as well as emotions…”

“This is consistent with studies in the cognitive psychology and neuroscience literature on autobiographical memory (Radvansky and Zacks, 2011), memory retrieval (Tulving et al., 1996), flashbulb memories (Winograd and Neisser, 1992), as well as the studies on stimulus novelty and orienting response…”

“intertwined with concepts such as interest and goals for the trip which in turn stimulated obsessive thinking about future travel, which is fantasy (Le et al., 2019).”

“Specifically, this research adds value to the studies on mental processes associated with tourism experiences (Ma et al., 2013, 2017; Campos et al., 2016, 2018; Skavronskaya et al., 2019a) and contributes to a better understanding of the role of novelty both an antecedent to, and consequence of, MTEs (Chandralal and V…”

“For instance, in the extant tourism literature on emotional and MTEs (Petrick, 2002; Tung and Ritchie, 2011a; Ma et al., 2017) the words novelty, unexpectedness and surprise are often used interchangeably, and the concepts are not distinguished from one another.”

“Following the cognitive processes conceptualized in CAT emotions are elicited after an individual evaluates their experience on a limited number of appraisal dimensions relevant to their personal goals at the time of the experience (Bagozzi et al., 1999; Roseman, 2001; Johnson and Stewart, 2005).”

“Findings of the present research indicate that novelty may lead to positive as well as negative emotions in the tourism experiences (Kim J. H et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2017).”

“For instance, in the extant tourism literature on emotional and MTEs (Petrick, 2002; Tung and Ritchie, 2011a; Ma et al., 2017) the words novelty, unexpectedness and surprise are often used interchangeably, and the concepts are not distinguished from one another.”

“Retrospection involves detailed reconstruction of an event from memory with an accompanying sense of self (Shiffman et al., 1997; Miller et al., 2010; Sadeh et al., 2014).”

“As a result of unpleasant travel experiences, participants feel disappointment, unexpectedness, fear, horror (Petzer et al., 2012; Weaver et al., 2018).”

“An emotional response is a reaction to the appraisal of an event in terms of the positive or negative fit to a goal or plan based on a limited number of appraisal dimensions (Massara et al., 2010).”

“Strong emotions resulting from a novel experience result in vivid memories, created through the secretion of chemicals including dopamine (Moyle et al., 2019).”

“This research contributes to the tourism field by exploring how theory from cognitive psychology can be utilized to provide a more nuanced understanding of the tourism experience and vice-versa (Tung and Ritchie, 2011a; Kim and Brown, 2012; Kim J. H et al., 2012; Kim K. et al., 2012; Pearce and Packer, 2013; Torland e…”

“However, the neuroscience literature indicates that novelty is independent from emotional valence (Förster et al., 2010), suggesting novelty is connected with both positive and negative emotions in MTEs.”

“Retrospection involves detailed reconstruction of an event from memory with an accompanying sense of self (Shiffman et al., 1997; Miller et al., 2010; Sadeh et al., 2014).”

“Novelty is found to increase attention to a focal stimuli, promote and encode memory and modify goal-directed behavior (Bunzeck et al., 2012).”

“Novel pleasurable events were often associated freedom (Moore et al., 1995) surprise, happiness, excitement, and delight (Ma et al.”

“, 1996), flashbulb memories (Winograd and Neisser, 1992), as well as the studies on stimulus novelty and orienting response (Kishiyama and Yonelinas, 2003).”

“Traditional cognitive psychology uses experimental approaches, often in a laboratory setting and these methods and techniques are available to study internal processes associated with tourism and travels (Li et al., 2015; Hadinejad et al., 2019; Scott, 2020).”

“Long-term consequences of novelty include enhanced memorability and ease of recall (reminiscence) (Webster, 1994; Tung and Ritchie, 2011b).”

“Findings of the present research indicate that novelty may lead to positive as well as negative emotions in the tourism experiences (Kim J. H et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2017).”

“, 2016) but more recently to positive emotions (Ma et al., 2017; Manthiou et al., 2017).”

“Understanding novelty in tourism can increase emotional engagement with tourists at the destination (Michalkó et al., 2015), presenting an opportunity for entrepreneurs to operationalize novelty to engage tourists at a deep and profound level.”

“Novelty has been defined as the extent to which a stimulus is discrepant or familiar for the individual compared to the typical information that a person is possesses (Cohen, 1993; Mak, 2015), or between what is known and what is discovered (Mather, 2013).”

“As a result of unpleasant travel experiences, participants feel disappointment, unexpectedness, fear, horror (Petzer et al., 2012; Weaver et al., 2018).”

“Furthermore, extant tourism studies are largely focused on novelty seeking behavior (Kim and Kim, 2015), rather than novelty as appraisal dimension.”

“Novelty has been defined as the extent to which a stimulus is discrepant or familiar for the individual compared to the typical information that a person is possesses (Cohen, 1993; Mak, 2015), or between what is known and what is discovered (Mather, 2013).”

“Prospection refers to a prototypical biased vision of the future toward pleasurable experiences, and grounded in schemas, stereotypes, personal goals, and other mental representations of what person is typically like (Kane et al., 2012).”

“The application of cognitive psychology theory to tourism experiences is an emerging area of research (Larsen, 2007; Agapito et al., 2013; Skavronskaya et al., 2017a; Campos et al., 2018; Scott, 2020).”

“Interestingly, it has been found that positive vivid memories of novel travel experiences are related to nostalgia and intention to revisit a destination (Hwang and Hyun, 2013; Bergs et al., 2019).”

“…this research adds value to the studies on mental processes associated with tourism experiences (Ma et al., 2013, 2017; Campos et al., 2016, 2018; Skavronskaya et al., 2019a) and contributes to a better understanding of the role of novelty both an antecedent to, and consequence of, MTEs…”

“Tourists’ seek memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) (Scott et al., 2017), which have the propensity to generate destination loyalty (Chen and Rahman, 2018; Zhang H. et al., 2018), increase satisfaction (Kim, 2018) and promote emotional engagement (Michalkó et al., 2015).”

“It is also important for cognitive development and performance (Tournier et al., 2012).”

“H et al., 2012; Kim K. et al., 2012; Pearce and Packer, 2013; Torland et al., 2015; Scott et al., 2017; Moyle et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2020).”

“Analysis of existing studies revealed quantitative methods, often using experimental approaches, dominated conceptually related studies in psychology and tourism (Li et al., 2015; Veal, 2017; Weiler et al., 2018).”

“Novelty is considered as a motivational precursor of behavior (Berlyne, 1960, 1970; Dunman and Mattila, 2005), and associated with varied, complex, and intense feelings with a potential to achieve peak experiences (Cloninger et al., 1994).”

“This research applies cognitive appraisal theory (CAT) (Arnold, 1960; Frijda et al., 1989; Lazarus, 1991; Roseman, 2013) to explore the intricate connection between novelty and the memorability of tourism experiences in order to add value to the extant behavioral studies on the tourism experience…”

“It provides unexpected excitement and enjoyment to visitors and is an essential concept for understanding consumer behavior and motivation for travel [67].”

“Previous application of the CAT to examine goal congruence and emotional valence (Manthiou et al. 2017), memorable tourism experience (Skavronskaya et al., 2020), cognition and emotion elicitation (Skavronskaya et al., 2017), emotions and visitor delight (Jiang, 2020; Ma et al., 2017), unpleasant…”

“Other researchers have segmented novel experiences according to trip-related and event related novelty (Skavronskaya et al., 2020), this paper investigates event related novelty and takes the notion one step further by distinguishing between three levels of trip-related novelty and comparing these.”

“…general (Scott 2020; Skavronskaya et al. 2017) and also in the study of heritage tourism (Little et al. 2022), as a fi eld devoted to the understanding of the mental processes, such as emotion or memory, involved in experiences and interpretations of the world (Skavronskaya, Moyle, and Scott 2020).”

“Secondly, the novelty of technologies, defined as a stimulus that is unknown or unfamiliar to an individual (Skavronskaya et al., 2020), can potentially compromise experimental results.”

“Previous studies also suggest that novel experiences (positiveornegative)notonlyimpactthecustomers ’ memories (Skavronskaya et al., 2020) but also the vividness of their experience recollection (Wei et al., 2019).”

“During this appraisal process unexpectedness may be considered as high novelty and derived by comparing current perceptions with expectations, memories and previous knowledge (Skavronskaya et al., 2020).”

“…and Guiotto Nai Fovino, 2019); within tourism, the role of novelty in the formation of “ memorable tourism experiences ” is sought clari fi ed (Skavronskaya et al., 2020); and in the context of theme parks, the degree of perceived novelty of the parks ’ physical surroundings is investigated…”

“Tourism novelty is associated with nostalgia (Skavronskaya et al., 2020).”

“Novel experiences can set off strong emotions and capture strong attention that most likely increases the memorability associated with the experience (Skavronskaya et al., 2020).”

“This tendency is linked to the high level of well-being experienced in unique and engaging tourist experiences, which prompts tourists to share their positive experiences and seek new experiences (Chen et al. 2021; Skavronskaya et al. 2020).”

“This led to tourist enjoyment and memorable travel experiences (Skavronskaya et al., 2020), and ultimately underpinned their PMs in European destinations.”

“Capitalizing on the idea of rarity associated with these traits, communities have made these locally prolific melanistic squirrels into tourist attrac - tions and they have become an important source of revenue (Skavronskaya et al., 2020a, b).”

“Tourism experiences including elements of novelty have the potential to elicit emotions, are likely remembered and can create transformation (Alahakoon et al., 2021; Hosany et al., 2022; Skavronskaya, Moyle, and Scott, 2020).”

“NOV relates to the event experience (Geus et al., 2016), experience memorability (Skavronskaya et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2012), and destination SAT and loyalty (Toyama and Yamada, 2016, 2012).”

“In this sense, [78] stated that novelty is a cognitive assessment dimension of the ability to improve attention and emotions and, based on lived experiences, to create lasting memories.”

“In terms of prospection, novelty, dreams, desires, goals and intentions are four significant themes, which, once achieved, result in strong emotional responses, both of pleasure and unplea-surable [47].”

“Other studies also mentioned that novelty seeking might be one of the significant reasons for the tourist behavior of switching between tourist destinations, as novelty seeking may reduce or improve the tourist’s satisfaction level (Goo et al., 2022, Skavronskaya et al., 2020).”

“Neste trabalho, buscou-se analisar quais atributos das Experiências de Turismo Memoráveis (ETMs) estão presentes nas online travel reviews de usuários das experiências oferecidas por meio da plataforma Airbnb.”

“The most striking observation to emerge from the analysis was the importance of the novelty dimen-sion, which has been more often associated with (memorable) tourist and not cultural experiences (Lee & Crompton, 1992; Skavronskaya et al., 2020).”

“This finding could be explained by the novelty of the experience (Mitas & Bastiaansen, 2018; Skavronskaya et al., 2020), or perhaps the anticipation of experiencing something that participants normally do not experience (Gilbert, 2009).”

“Experiencing novelty and the appraisal of it was considered intricately connected to the experience of pleasure through flow experience (Skavronskaya, Moyle, and Scott 2020; Skavronskaya et al., 2021).”

“Skavronskaya, Moyle, and Scott (2020a) posit that ‘implementing novel, unexpected and surprising components for designing tourism experiences and marketing campaigns, tourism practitioners can increase re-visitation, form loyalty, and generate tourist’s satisfaction’ (9).”

“According to diffusion of innovation theory and experiential marketing theory, service innovations often stimulate novel experiences through technical features, format changes, or sensory cues, thereby promoting more active consumer behavioral responses (Skavronskaya et al., 2020).”

“Novelty of business challenges was operationalized using measures from (Skavronskaya et al. 2020) examining learners’ perceptions of how new, unexpected, or intellectually stimulating the scenarios presented in the simulation were compared to conventional classroom activities.”

“Novelty is how much an experience is different from expectations, which typically associates with pleasure and delight through a sense of flow, creativity, and mindfulness (Skavronskaya et al., 2020).”

“Existing studies on novelty seeking during vacation have mainly focused on its effects, such as on vacation experiences (e.g., Skavronskaya et al., 2020), vacation preferences (e.g., Weaver et al., 2009), and revisitation intentions (e.g., Jang & Feng, 2007), while research on its antecedents is…”

“Additional pull factors include family reuni fi cation, the allure of novelty, and the opportunity to experience new cultures (Mitas and Bastiaansen 2018; Skavronskaya, Moyle, and Scott 2020).”

“Findings revealed that the travel motivations of self-development, novelty, and stimulation positively influence participation in adventure activities [96].”

“Furthermore, novel experiences often evoke strong emotions and heightened attention, increasing their memorability (skavronskaya et al., 2020).”

“Tourist demand for services and resulting experiences are highly context-dependent (Volchek et al. 2020).”

“OE has also been connected to healthy behaviors and the utilization of preventative healthcare, such as influenza vaccination [23,25].”

“Novelty is similarly described as a graded process corresponding to the extent to which encountered information is discrepant from the expected information that an individual possesses (Skavronskaya et al., 2020).”

“These forms of sensory interaction illustrate the role meaning and novelty play in contributing to how spatial, temporal, and contextual details become formalized and reconstructed over time (Skavronskaya et al., 2020).”

“In cognitive psychology, novelty is regarded as a prerequisite for attention, emotional arousal, memory formation, and behavioural motivation (Skavronskaya, Moyle, and Scott 2020).”

“This positive evaluation could be attributed to the fact that all participants were first-time users of the exoskeleton, and the novelty of this experience likely contributed to their favorable assessments (Skavronskaya et al., 2020).”