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Cited by 533COVID-19 and Mental HealthHealthcare professionals’ stress and burnoutOccupational Health and Burnout

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The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Health Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study

Open access
Giusti, Emanuele Maria, Pedroli, Elisa, D'Aniello, Guido E., Stramba Badiale, Chiara, Pietrabissa, Giada, Manna, Chiara, Stramba Badiale, Marco, Riva, Giuseppe, Castelnuovo, Gianluca, Molinari, Enrico·2020·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01684PMC PMC7366071
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Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a massive impact on health care systems, increasing the risks of psychological distress in health professionals. This study aims at assessing the prevalence of burnout and psychopathological conditions in health professionals working in a health institution in the Northern Italy, and to assess socio-demographic, work-related and psychological predictors of burnout. Methods: Health professionals working in the hospitals of the Istituto Auxologico Italiano were asked to participate to an online anonymous survey investigating socio-demographic data, COVID-19 emergency-related work and psychological factors, state anxiety, psychological distress, post-traumatic symptoms and burnout. Predictors of the three components of burnout were assessed using elastic net regression models. Results: 330 health professionals participated to the online survey. 235 health professionals (71.2) had scores of state anxiety above the clinical cutoff, 88 (26.8%) had clinical levels of depression, 103 (31.3%) of anxiety, 113 (34.3%) of stress, 121 (36.7%) of post-traumatic stress. Regarding burnout, 107 (35.7%) had moderate and 105 (31.9%) severe levels of emotional exhaustion; 46 (14.0%) had moderate and 40 (12.1%) severe levels of depersonalization; 132 (40.1%) had moderate and 113 (34.3%) severe levels of reduced personal accomplishment. Predictors of all the three components of burnout were work hours, psychological comorbidities, fear of infection and perceived support by friends. Predictors of both emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were female gender, being a nurse, working in the hospital, being in contact with COVID-19 patients. Reduced personal accomplishment only was also predicted by age. Conclusions: Health professionals had high levels of burnout and psychological symptoms during the COVID-19 emergency. Monitoring and timely treatment of these conditions is needed.

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Figure 1 Prevalence of burnout, state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, stress, and post-traumatic symptoms in health professionals participating to the study. MBI-E, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Emotional Exhaustion; MBI-R, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Reduced personal accomplishment; MBI-D, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Depersonalization; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; DASS-D, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21-Depression; DASS-A, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21-Anxiety; DASS-D, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21-Stress; IES, Impact of Event Scale-6.
Figure 1 Prevalence of burnout, state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, stress, and post-traumatic symptoms in health professionals participating to the study. MBI-E, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Emotional Exhaustion; MBI-R, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Reduced personal accomplishment; MBI-D, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Depersonalization; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; DASS-D, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21-Depression; DASS-A, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21-Anxiety; DASS-D, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21-Stress; IES, Impact of Event Scale-6.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Heatmap of the association between socio-demographic, COVID-19-related, and psychological factors and burnout components. Note. Association between categorical variables and burnout were assessed using point-biserial correlation, association between continuous variables and burnout calculating Pearson's r coefficients.
Figure 2 Heatmap of the association between socio-demographic, COVID-19-related, and psychological factors and burnout components. Note. Association between categorical variables and burnout were assessed using point-biserial correlation, association between continuous variables and burnout calculating Pearson's r coefficients.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Pedrabissi, 1989, Verifica della validità dello STAI forma Y di Spielberger. [Verification of the validity of the STAI, Form Y, by Spielberger.], Giunti Organ. Spec., 11
  2. Sirigatti, 1988, Per un adattamento italiano del Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) [Toward an Italian version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)], Boll. di Psicol. Appl., 33
  3. Spielberger, 1983, Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y1 – Y2)
  4. WHO Characterizes COVID-19 as A Pandemic

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Metadata

Authors
Giusti, E. M., Pedroli, E., D'Aniello, G. E., Stramba Badiale, C., Pietrabissa, G., Manna, C., Stramba Badiale, M., Riva, G., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E.
Affiliations
  • Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
  • Università degli Studi eCampus (IT)
Corresponding author
Giusti, Emanuele Maria
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2020-07-10
Volume
11
Pages
1684-1684
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01684
PMC
PMC7366071
OpenAlex
W3042146139
Cited by
533
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 17
FWCI
44.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • IRIS eCampus Telematic University (Università degli Studi eCampus) (submittedVersion)
  • PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
Keywords
COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers, burnout, psychological distress, state anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment, fear of infection, perceived social support, nurses, predictors of burnout, Northern Italy

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