Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak
Open accessAbstract
Public health measures were decisive in controlling the SARS epidemic in 2003. Isolation is the separation of ill persons from non-infected persons. Quarantine is movement restriction, often with fever surveillance, of contacts when it is not evident whether they have been infected but are not yet symptomatic or have not been infected. Community containment includes measures that range from increasing social distancing to community-wide quarantine. Whether these measures will be sufficient to control 2019-nCoV depends on addressing some unanswered questions.
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Regarding quarantine history, there were three references, two of which mentioned the outbreak of plague in Italy in the 14th century as the origin of the term.
“Regarding the first research question and definition of quarantine, there were three references to quarantine history, two of which mentioned the outbreak of plague in Italy in the 14th century as the origin of the term.”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In one case, the waiting time was 30 days for the ship and 40 days for the passengers.
“Inonecase,itwasstatedthatthetimeof waiting was 30 days for the ship and 40 days for the passengers (6, 11).”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Quarantine was successfully implemented as an effective measure during the SARS epidemic in 2003 and has been recognized as an important component of pandemic influenza programs.
“Quarantine was successfully implemented as an effective measure during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS)epidemicin2003,andithasbeenrecognized as an important component of pandemic influenza programs (6).”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Quarantine is one of the oldest and most effective means of controlling the spread of communicable diseases.
“Quarantine is said to be one of the oldest and most effective means of controlling the spread of communicable diseases.”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In one study, social distance included closing schools, office buildings, public markets, and canceling any public gathering.
“In one study, reference was made to the social distance, which included closing schools, office buildings, public markets, and canceling any public gathering (6).”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
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Priyadarsini, S. L., & Suresh, M. (2020) · International Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1080/20479700.2020.1755804 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) and its natural environmental impacts
Rupani, P. F., Nilashi, M., Abumalloh, R. A., Asadi, S., Samad, S., & Wang, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-020-02910-x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“To reduce disease spread, they established many quarantine rules, cut and reduced local business travels, closed schools, colleges, and universities (Wilder-Smith and Freedman 2020).”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 lockdown policy on homicide, suicide, and motor vehicle deaths in Peru.
Calderon-Anyosa, R. J., & Kaufman, J. S. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.20150193 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Effects of Covid-19 outbreak on environment and renewable energy sector
Eroğlu, H. (2020) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00837-4 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Chen, K., Li, T., Gong, F., Zhang, J., & Li, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00668 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“Furthermore, during the acute phase of the disease, patients were quarantined in hospital wards and followed strict control measures (19).”
BackgroundLovrić, R., Farčić, N., Mikšić, Š., & Včev, A. (2020) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci10070188 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“In modern times, social media can be valuable [35], but also a very risky way of informing [11].”
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The reproduction number of COVID-19 and its correlation with public health interventions
Linka, K., Peirlinck, M., & Ellen Kuhl, A. (2020) · Computational Mechanics · doi:10.1007/s00466-020-01880-8 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
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“Chinese measures included closure of schools, office buildings, and public markets; events were cancelled, and gatherings discouraged [5].”
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Timmons, K., Cooper, A., Bozek, E., & Braund, H. (2021) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-021-01207-z · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 12th, 2020 (Viner, 2020); upon this declaration, nations world-wide began instituting temporary school closures (Wang et al., 2020) as a part of community-based public health measures (Wilder-Smith & Freedmann, 2020).”
BackgroundWhat drives unverified information sharing and cyberchondria during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Laato, S., Islam, A. K. M. N., Islam, M. N., & Whelan, E. (2020) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · Cited by 190 · see citing works
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The Immediate Impact of COVID-19 on Law Enforcement in the United States
Jennings, W. G., & Perez, N. M. (2020) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09536-2 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the importance of urban green spaces to the public
Noszczyk, T., Gorzelany, J., Kukulska‐Kozieł, A., & Hernik, J. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105925 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
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Studies of Novel Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Global Analysis of Literature
Tran, B., Ha, G. H., Nguyen, L., Vu, G., Hoang, M. T., Le, H., Latkin, C., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. C. M. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.3390/ijerph17114095 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“Although such measures have sdemonstrated their effectiveness, for optimal public health as well as economic outcomes, further investigation into their implementation within specific contextual factors should be prioritized.(46) Moreover, continued medical training for healthcare workers 47 and preventive measures for…”
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“In dealing with the outbreak, China has been adopting the way of tailoring interventions into local settings, from quickly finding each infected person, tracing close contacts and placing them under quarantine, to promoting basic hygiene measures to the public, such as frequent hand washing, cancelling public gatherin…”
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Predictors of mortality in patients with COVID-19–a systematic review
Mehraeen, E., Karimi, A., Barzegary, A., Vahedi, F., Afsahi, A. M., Dadras, O., Badie, B. M., SeyedAlinaghi, S., & Jahanfar, S. (2020) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101226 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Managing Resident Workforce and Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Schwartz, A., Wilson, J. M., Boden, S. D., Moore, T. J., Bradbury, T. L., & Fletcher, N. D. (2020) · JBJS Open Access · doi:10.2106/jbjs.oa.20.00045 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The global community needs to swiftly ramp up the response to contain COVID-19
Fisher, D. A., & Wilder‐Smith, A. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30679-6 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationAre high-density districts more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic?
Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., Sharifi, A., & Moradpour, N. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102911 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Coronavirus Anxiety Scale Short Form: Turkish Validity and Reliability Study
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Ocampo, L. A., & Yamagishi, K. D. (2020) · Socio-Economic Planning Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.seps.2020.100911 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“In the absence of antiviral drugs and vaccine, China focused on traditional public health outbreak response mechanisms of identifying cases, testing, isolation, contact tracing, social distancing, quarantine, and community containment [4,10,12].”
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“In the event of epidemics, the tools at hand to stop the transmission of the disease are isolation, quarantine, social distancing (Conti, 2017; Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020), and Community Containment (Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020).”
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Understanding the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone–SARS-CoV axis: a comprehensive review
Ingraham, N. E., Barakat, A., Reilkoff, R. A., Bezdicek, T. L., Schacker, T. W., Chipman, J. G., Tignanelli, C. J., & Puskarich, M. A. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00912-2020 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“pandemic.[32] Given the rapid spread of SARS-COV2 and the significant morbidity and mortality associated with infection, it behooves the medical community to evaluate and leverage novel treatments for efficacy, especially if they are already available and have an established safety profile.”
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- Authors
- Wilder-Smith, A., & Freedman, D. O.
- Affiliations
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- University of Alabama (US)
- ORCID
- Freedman, D O
- Venue
- Journal of Travel Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-02-13
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1195-1982 (ISSN-L)
- 1708-8305
- PMC
- PMC7107565
- OpenAlex
- W3006533361
- Cited by
- 2,727
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 489 · 2021: 870 · 2020: 833 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 99.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Travel Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, isolation, quarantine, social distancing, fever surveillance, contact tracing, SARS, epidemic control, public health measures
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, China, Humans, Patient Isolation, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Health, Quarantine, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Vulnerable Populations, Pandemics
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