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Cited by 33Innovative Human-Technology InteractionTechnology Use by Older AdultsImpact of Technology on Adolescents

Technology evaluations are associated with psychological need satisfaction across different spheres of experience: an application of the METUX scales

Open access
Burnell, Ryan, Peters, Dorian, Ryan, Richard M., Calvo, Rafael A.·2023·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1092288PMC PMC10232989
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Abstract

Introduction: Digital technologies have the capacity to impact psychological wellbeing in both positive and negative ways. Improving technologies with respect to wellbeing requires nuanced understanding of this impact and reliable ways to measure it. Here, we aim to further this understanding by investigating the relations between psychological needs and people's evaluations of technologies (with respect to satisfaction, usability, and measures of value). Method: Across two studies with 1,521 participants, we improved and validated four scales that were first put forward as part of the METUX model of technology interaction. These scales measure psychological needs in the life, behavior, task, and interface spheres of experience. We applied these scales to four separate technologies (Facebook, TikTok, Blackboard, and Moodle), and examined the relationships between people's need satisfaction and frustration in the four spheres of experience and their overall evaluations of the technologies. Results and discussion: Each of the four scales had good psychometric properties across the four technologies. For each sphere of experience, psychological need satisfaction and frustration were associated with standard measures of usability and user satisfaction, and correlation patterns supported the METUX model and its approach to differentiating spheres of technology experience.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Across two studies, the authors revised and validated four METUX/TENS scales measuring psychological need satisfaction and frustration in the life, behavior, task, and interface spheres of technology experience. Need satisfaction and frustration in each sphere were associated with user evaluations of Facebook, TikTok, Blackboard, and Moodle, supporting the METUX model’s differentiation of spheres.

Key findings

  • The four revised TENS scales showed good psychometric properties across the four technologies. In Study 1, Cronbach’s alphas were >0.75 except autonomy frustration in the behavior and task spheres (0.66 and 0.69); in Study 2, all alphas were >0.75. Shortened 3-item subscales improved fit, e.g., TENS-life CFI rose from 0.87 to 0.96 and RMSEA fell from 0.079 to 0.067, though the shortened interface scale still had a somewhat high RMSEA of 0.104.
  • Need satisfaction and frustration in all four spheres correlated with technology evaluations. For example, interface autonomy satisfaction correlated with star rating, satisfaction, and willingness to recommend at r = 0.45, 0.44, and 0.46; task competence satisfaction at r = 0.45, 0.47, and 0.48; life autonomy satisfaction at r = 0.40, 0.42, and 0.46. Frustration correlations were negative, e.g., interface autonomy frustration at r = −0.38, −0.38, and −0.37. All Table 3 correlations were significant at p < 0.001.
  • Regression analyses showed the strongest sphere varied by technology: behavior satisfaction was the strongest predictor for TikTok (β = 0.30, p < 0.001) and Facebook (β = 0.32, p < 0.01), while interface satisfaction was the strongest and only significant predictor for Blackboard (β = 0.17, p < 0.01) and Moodle (β = 0.30, p < 0.01).
  • A subgroup reported high interface autonomy satisfaction but high life autonomy frustration: 9% of TikTok, 5% of Facebook, 5% of Blackboard, and 3% of Moodle participants. For competence, 10% of Facebook, 7% of TikTok, 3% of Blackboard, and 4% of Moodle participants showed this pattern. Interface competence satisfaction correlated with System Usability Scale scores at r = 0.76, and competence frustration at r = −0.73 (p < 0.001).

Methods

  • Two studies modified and validated four TENS scales from Peters et al. (2018): TENS-Life (38 items), TENS-Behavior (31 items), TENS-Task (31 items), and TENS-Interface (16 items). Items used 7-point Likert scales; satisfaction and frustration were measured separately, and the interface scale excluded relatedness. Study 1 final N = 353; Study 2 final N = 1,221 across Facebook, TikTok, Blackboard, and Moodle. The abstract/general discussion report 1,521 participants across both studies.
  • Study 1 used exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency checks. Study 2 used confirmatory factor analyses (RMSEA, SRMR, CFI, TLI), shortened each subscale to three items, and tested correlations and linear regressions predicting overall technology satisfaction from combined need satisfaction and frustration in each sphere.
  • Technology evaluations included 1–5 star ratings, satisfaction with the technology, willingness to recommend (Net Promoter Score), System Usability Scale, task/behavior experience ratings, perceived usefulness, life improvement, and frequency/hours of use.

Limitations

  • Stated: items must be adapted to each technology, so psychometric properties may change; the cross-sectional design cannot establish causal direction; samples included only current users, excluding people who abandoned technologies; the target technologies did not frustrate needs highly; measures rely on retrospective self-report; and the studies did not directly measure behavioral choices or wellbeing outcomes.
  • Stated: only a small number of regression effects were significant, coefficients were relatively small, and collinearity between satisfaction and frustration measures may complicate interpretation—e.g., behavior frustration showed positive regression betas for TikTok and Facebook despite negative raw correlations (r = −0.28 and −0.27).
  • Evident in the text: the reported total of 1,521 participants does not match the sum of Study 1 final N = 353 and Study 2 final N = 1,221 (1,574), and the Study 2 completed counts (307 + 307 + 321 + 305 = 1,240) minus 12 exclusions also do not equal the stated final N = 1,221.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1092288

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

7 of 14 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    The initial TENS scales did not separate need satisfaction and need frustration.

    “those initial scales did not separate need satisfaction and need frustration”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peters et al., 2018 source

      The Evaluation measures sections describe TENS-Interface and TENS-Task as measuring need satisfaction, while Measures relating to life says TENS-Life can identify autonomy frustrations. Neither those passages nor searches for separate need-satisfaction and need-frustration scales establish whether the initial TENS scales distinguished the two constructs. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    TikTok was rated higher on competence satisfaction than Facebook.

    “TikTok was rated higher on competence satisfaction than Facebook.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Facebook and TikTok were rated substantially higher on relatedness satisfaction than both Blackboard and Moodle.

    “we found that Facebook and TikTok were rated substantially higher on relatedness satisfaction than both Blackboard and Moodle.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Taken together, Study 1 data suggest the adapted scales have good reliability.

    “Taken together, the data from this study suggest that the adapted scales have good reliability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Facebook was rated higher on relatedness satisfaction than TikTok.

    “Facebook was rated higher on relatedness satisfaction than TikTok”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 26
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The psychometric properties of the initial TENS scales remain unclear; the researchers demonstrated acceptable internal consistency but did not evaluate factor structure or test predictive and convergent validity.

    “The researchers demonstrated that the scales had acceptable internal consistency, but due to the limitations of sample size they did not evaluate the factor structure of the scales or test the predictive and convergent validity of the scales.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peters et al., 2018 source

      The Conclusions describe the new measures as initial iterations requiring more thorough validation and refinement, supporting the claim that their psychometric properties were not fully established. The Evaluation measures sections refer to validation data in Appendix 5, but the passages in our copy do not establish acceptable internal consistency or say that sample size prevented tests of factor structure, predictive validity, or convergent validity. (LLM, conf=0.79)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    One important prediction of the METUX model is that a technology can satisfy psychological needs in one sphere but fail to satisfy that need in other spheres.

    “One important prediction of the METUX model is that a technology can satisfy psychological needs in one sphere (e.g., in the sphere of the interface), but at the same time failing to satisfy that need in other spheres.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peters et al., 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Peters et al. introduced an initial set of four scales known as the Technology-based Experience of Need Satisfaction scales (TENS).

    “Peters et al. introduced an initial set of four scales known as the Technology-based Experience of Need Satisfaction scales (TENS).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peters et al., 2018 source

      The Evaluation measures sections introduce three TENS instruments: TENS-Interface, TENS-Task, and TENS-Life. The fourth instrument introduced alongside them is ACTA, identified in “Measures for technology adoption” as Autonomy and Competence in Technology Adoption—not a TENS scale. Thus the paper introduces four instruments, but not four TENS scales. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs is associated with sustained engagement and wellbeing, while frustration of these needs is associated with disengagement and ill-being.

    “The satisfaction of these three needs is associated with sustained engagement and wellbeing, while frustration of these needs is associated with disengagement and ill-being (Vansteenkiste and Ryan, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vansteenkiste and Ryan, 2013 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The METUX model suggests that technologies can affect psychological needs across different spheres of experience.

    “The model for Motivation, Engagement and Thriving in User Experience (METUX; Peters et al., 2018) suggests that technologies can affect psychological needs across the different spheres of experience.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peters et al., 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The findings provide empirical support for the METUX model of technology interactions and highlight the importance of measuring psychological needs across different spheres of experience.

    “our findings provide empirical support for the METUX model of technology interactions and highlight the importance of measuring psychological needs across different spheres of experience”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peters et al., 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Study 1, across all four scales, items loaded as expected in exploratory factor analysis, with one exception: for sharing photos on Facebook, some competence satisfaction and competence frustration items loaded together on the same factor.

    “Across all four scales, items loaded as expected, with one exception: for the task of sharing photos on Facebook some of the competence satisfaction and competence frustration loaded together (with opposite valence) on the same factor.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Shortening each subscale to three items improved internal consistency while still capturing most of the variance explained by the full scales.

    “Inspection of the reliability analyses revealed that shortening each subscale to three items would improve internal consistency while still capturing most of the variance explained by the full scales.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The shortened scales had excellent internal consistency and good confirmatory factor analysis fit.

    “As the right-hand side of Table 2 shows, these scales had excellent internal consistency. Moreover, when we conducted confirmatory factor analyses using the same approach as we had used with the full versions of the scales, the models again demonstrated a good fit”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The RMSEA for the interface scale was somewhat high, suggesting there might be some room to improve the reliability of this scale.

    “The RMSEA for the interface scale was somewhat high (although the CFI, TLI, and SRMR were still acceptable), suggesting there might be some room to improve the reliability of this scale.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Study 1, Cronbach's alphas were excellent (>0.75) across subscales, except autonomy frustration in the behavior and task spheres, which showed only acceptable internal consistency (0.66 and 0.69).

    “We found that the Cronbach's alphas were excellent across the board (>0.75), with only a couple of exceptions—the autonomy frustration subscales in the behavior and task spheres, which showed only acceptable internal consistency (0.66 and 0.69, respectively; see the Supplementary material for a detailed breakdown).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only a small number of effects were significant for each technology and the regression coefficients were relatively small.

    “only a small number of effects were significant for each technology and that the regression coefficients were relatively small.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A sizeable minority of participants reported high need satisfaction in the interface sphere, but high need frustration in the life sphere.

    “we found that a sizeable minority of participants reported high need satisfaction in the interface sphere, but high need frustration in the life sphere.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No significant associations were found between people's need ratings and their reports of how often they do the behavior, nor with their agreement that the behavior is time well spent.

    “We did not find any significant associations between people's need ratings and their reports of how often they do the behavior, nor with their agreement that the behavior is time well spent”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The scales had good measurement properties across two markedly different categories of technology, suggesting the scales could be used across a range of domains.

    “the scales had good measurement properties across two markedly different categories of technology, suggesting the scales could be used across a range of domains.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For TikTok, but not Facebook, need frustration in the life sphere predicted overall satisfaction such that higher frustration was associated with lower overall satisfaction.

    “For TikTok, but not Facebook, need frustration in the life sphere predicted overall satisfaction such that higher frustration was associated with lower overall satisfaction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Across all four spheres, need satisfaction was associated with higher star ratings, higher satisfaction with the technology, and greater willingness to recommend the technology to others.

    “Across all four spheres, we found that need satisfaction was associated with higher star ratings, higher satisfaction with the technology, and greater willingness to recommend the technology to others.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Across all four spheres, need frustration was associated with lower star ratings, lower satisfaction with the technology, and lower willingness to recommend the technology to others.

    “By contrast, need frustration was associated with lower star ratings, lower satisfaction, and lower willingness to recommend the technology to others.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Study 2, 10% of Facebook participants, 7% of TikTok participants, 3% of Blackboard participants, and 4% of Moodle participants reported high competence satisfaction in the interface sphere and high competence frustration in the life sphere.

    “10% of Facebook participants reported high satisfaction in the interface sphere but high frustration at the life, along with 7% of TikTok participants, 3% of Blackboard participants and 4% of Moodle participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Study 2, 9% of TikTok participants, 5% of Facebook participants, 5% of Blackboard participants, and 3% of Moodle participants reported high autonomy satisfaction in the interface sphere and high autonomy frustration in the life sphere.

    “9% of TikTok participants fell into this subgroup, along with 5% of Facebook participants, 5% of Blackboard participants, 3% of Moodle participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Understanding the complex and sometimes contradictory effects of technologies on psychological needs requires understanding need satisfaction and frustration at all spheres of experience.

    “the complex and sometimes contradictory effects of technologies on psychological needs require that we understand need satisfaction and frustration at all these spheres of experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    People choose to use social media apps, whereas they are typically forced to use digital learning platforms by their institution, a factor that has a bearing on need satisfaction and other outcomes.

    “whereas people choose to use social media apps, they are typically forced to use digital learning platforms by their institution—a factor which has been shown to have a bearing on need satisfaction and other outcomes within other contexts (Ryan and Deci, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ryan and Deci, 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Digital technologies have the capacity to impact psychological wellbeing in both positive and negative ways.

    “Digital technologies have the capacity to impact psychological wellbeing in both positive and negative ways.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Poondej and Lerdpornkulrat, 2019 source
    • cites Wells et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    In Study 1, 355 participants completed the study; 2 were excluded for failing both attention checks, leaving a final sample of 353.

    “In total, 355 participants completed the study (147 who use Facebook and a further 210 who use virtual learning platforms). We excluded 2 participants who failed both attention checks, leaving us with a final sample of 353”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    For Study 2, the sample size target was approximately 300 participants per technology, following MacCallum et al. (1999) and Schönbrodt and Perugini (2013).

    “We therefore followed the recommendations of MacCallum et al. (1999) and Schönbrodt and Perugini (2013) and aimed to collect data from ~300 participants using each technology.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites MacCallum et al., 1999 source
    • cites Schönbrodt and Perugini, 2013 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Digital learning platforms are particularly likely to affect competence.

    “digital learning platforms (such as Blackboard and Moodle), which are particularly likely to affect competence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The exception in the Task scale for sharing photos on Facebook could be interpreted as evidence that the Task scale does not adequately separate competence satisfaction and frustration, but items loaded as expected on all three other tasks, showing the data generally fit the expected factor structure.

    “This pattern could be interpreted as evidence that the Task scale does not adequately separate the two constructs. However, the items for these two factors loaded as expected on all three other tasks, which shows the data generally fit with the expected factor structure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    In Study 2, 307 Facebook users, 307 TikTok users, 321 Blackboard users, and 305 Moodle users completed the study; 12 were excluded for failing both attention checks, leaving a final sample of 1,221.

    “In total, 307 who use Facebook, 307 who use TikTok, 321 who use Blackboard, and 305 who use Moodle completed the study online. We excluded 12 participants who failed both attention checks, leaving us with a final sample of 1,221”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Both studies were pre-registered.

    “Both studies were pre-registered.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. Study 2 · plain
      “This study was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/wn2m7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    For Study 1, the sample size target was 300 participants, following MacCallum et al. (1999).

    “Following the recommendations of MacCallum et al. (1999) regarding sample size for factor analyses, we aimed to collect data from 300 participants (150 participants who use Facebook and 150 participants who use virtual learning platforms).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites MacCallum et al., 1999 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Social media apps have the potential to both satisfy and frustrate psychological needs, particularly autonomy and relatedness.

    “social media apps—was selected because these technologies are widely used and have the potential to both satisfy and frustrate psychological needs—particularly autonomy and relatedness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Frequency of use is likely divergent from positive and negative experiences and likely driven by other factors.

    “Therefore, it seems likely that frequency of use is divergent from these positive and negative experiences, and likely driven by other factors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The studies were not able to directly measure people's behavioral choices regarding technology usage, nor the effects of the technologies on people's wellbeing.

    “In these studies, we were not able to directly measure people's behavioral choices regarding technology usage, nor the effects of the technologies on people's wellbeing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study applied measurements to users who had already adopted these technologies.

    “we applied measurements to users who had already adopted these technologies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The data suggest the modified TENS scales presented herein are a practical and flexible way of measuring need satisfaction across different spheres.

    “our data suggest the modified TENS scales presented herein are a practical and flexible way of doing so.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Because items need to be slightly modified to fit the technology of interest, the psychometric properties of the scales may change across different technologies.

    “because items need to be slightly modified to fit the technology of interest, the psychometric properties of the scales may change across different technologies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Taken together, the relative importance of the different spheres varies from technology to technology, and the spheres tap into different aspects of need satisfaction and frustration.

    “Taken together, these findings show that the relative importance of the different spheres varies from technology to technology, and that the spheres are tapping into different aspects of need satisfaction and frustration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A key limitation of the scales is that they rely on retrospective self-report.

    “a key limitation of the scales is that they rely on retrospective self-report.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
38 of 38

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a lack of empirical data on how psychological need satisfaction and frustration at different spheres of user experience are related to common technology outcome measures such as user satisfaction and time spent using the technology.

    “There remains, however, a lack of empirical data on how psychological need satisfaction and frustration at these different spheres of user experience are related to common technology outcome measures such as user satisfaction, and time spent using the technology.”
1 of 1

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Study 2 exclusions do not produce the stated final sample

    Minor

    The four group counts sum to 1,240. Excluding 12 would leave 1,228 participants, not 1,221.

  • Interface scale is said to have both four and six subscales

    Minor

    Excluding the two relatedness subscales leaves four Interface subscales, contradicting the statement that each TENS scale has six.

  • Facebook's largest regression weight is for frustration, not satisfaction

    Minor

    The text calls behavior-sphere need satisfaction the strongest predictor for Facebook, but Table 4 gives behavior frustration a larger absolute beta weight (0.36 versus 0.32).

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Rudinger, 2020, Beyond access: Technology, blindness, & self-determination (Doctoral dissertation)

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Burnell, R., Peters, D., Ryan, R. M., & Calvo, R. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • Ewha Womans University (KR)
  • Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Burnell, Ryan
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2023-05-18
Volume
14
Pages
1092288-1092288
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1092288
PMC
PMC10232989
OpenAlex
W4377158062
Cited by
33
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8
FWCI
5.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
  • Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Leverhulme Trust
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Technology Use by Older Adults
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Keywords
psychological need satisfaction, technology evaluation, user satisfaction, usability, frustration, scale validation, digital technologies, psychological well-being, Facebook, TikTok, virtual learning environments, Moodle, Blackboard

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