Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research

Ajzen, Icek; Fishbein, Martin

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888

Cited by 7,611Behavioral Health and InterventionsSocial and Intergroup PsychologyEnvironmental Education and Sustainability

Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research

Ajzen, Icek, Fishbein, Martin·1977·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888

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Abstract

Research on the relation between attitude and behavior is examined in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and time elements. A review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude-behavior relations dre obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities. This conclusion is compared with the rather pessimistic assessment of the utility of the attitude concept found in much contemporary social psychological literature.

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General dispositions tend to be poor predictors of behavior in specific situations.
“Much has been made of the fact that general dispositions tend to be poor predictors of behavior in specific situations.”
From The theory of planned behavior (1991) · cites this paper as Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977
For accurate prediction, measures of intention and perceived behavioral control must correspond to or be compatible with the behavior to be predicted.
“First, the measures of intention and of perceived behavioral control must correspond to (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977) or be compatible with (Ajzen, 1988) the behavior that is to be predicted.”
From The theory of planned behavior (1991) · cites this paper as Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977
Attitude is a strong predictor of behavior and is associated with behavioral intention to consume a variety of foods, including functional foods.
“Commonly, attitude is a strong predictor of behavior (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977) and is associated with behavioral intention to consume a variety of foods (Cook, Kerr, & Moore, 2002;Patch, Tapsell, & Williams, 2005;Verbeke, 2005), including functional foods (Hung, de Kok, & Verbeke, 2016;O'Connor & White, 2010).”
From Relationships between functional food consumption and individual traits and values: A segmentation approach (2021) · cites this paper as Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977

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Sagi, P. C., Olmsted, D. W., & Atelsek, F. J. (1955) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043272 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Verbal Attitudes, Overt Acts, and the Influence of Social Constraint in Interracial Behavior
DeFriese, G. H., & Ford, W. S. (1969) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/799957 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Helping and refusal to help: A test of balance and reactance theories
Goodstadt, M. S. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(71)90023-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effects of threat and attraction on interpersonal bargaining
Tornatzky, L. G., & Geiwitz, P. J. (1968) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03342442 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Validity of Direct and Indirect Questions in Measuring Job Satisfaction
Weitz, J., & Nuckols, R. C. (1953) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1953.tb01512.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Interactive effects of new valence and attraction on communicator behavior.
Rosen, S., Johnson, R. D., Johnson, M. J., & Tesser, A. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035101 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Drinking Attitudes and Drinking Behavior: An Exploratory Study
Veevers, J. E. (1971) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1971.9918549 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Racial Attitudes and the Action of Negro- and White-Background Figures as Factors in Petition-Signing
Himelstein, P., & Moore, J. C. (1963) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1963.9919484 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
On Nursing Behavior
Potter, H. W., & Klein, H. R. (1957) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1957.11023074 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Comparison of three morale measures: a survey, pooled group judgments, and self-evaluations.
Webb, W. B., & Hollander, E. P. (1956) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048264 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Toward Prediction of Attitude-Action Discrepancy
Tarter, D. E. (1969) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2574528 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Impact of Attitude on Behavior: Attitude-Social Support Interaction
Liska, A. E. (1974) · The Pacific Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/1388599 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Relative Effectiveness of Four Attitude Assessment Techniques in Predicting a Criterion
Kamenetzky, J., Burgess, G. G., & Rowan, T. C. (1956) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316445601600203 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Attitude-Behavior Consistency as a Function of Generality Equivalence between Attitude and Behavior Objects
Liska, A. E. (1974) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1974.9924820 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Verbal conditioning as a function of race of the experimenter and prejudice of the subject
Smith, E. W. L., & Dixon, T. R. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(68)90057-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Penalty and interpersonal attraction as factors influencing the decision to help another person
Epstein, Y. M., & Hornstein, H. A. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(69)90053-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Attitudes and action: The effects of behavioral intent and perceived effectiveness of acts
Rosen, B., & Komorita, S. S. (1971) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00036.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Conforming behavior of black and white children.
Schneider, F. W. (1970) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030048 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Correlates of Civil-Rights Participation
Carr, L., & Roberts, S. O. (1965) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1965.9922277 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Validation of an attitude scale as a device for predicting behavior.
Holman, P. A. (1956) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047848 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Prejudice Versus Discrimination: An Empirical Example and Theoretical Extension
Warner, L. G., & Dennis, R. M. (1970) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/48.4.473 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Dimensions of Communicative Attitudes
Bostrom, R. N. (1970) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00894.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Open occupancy—What whites say, what they do
DeFriese, G. H., & Ford, W. S. (1968) · Society · doi:10.1007/bf03180450 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Relationship between Verbal Expressions of Behavioral Intention and Overt Behavior
Silverman, B. I., & Cochrane, R. (1971) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1971.9918520 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Belief and Behavior as Determinants of Attitude
Bruvold, W. H. (1973) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1973.9712569 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
How “Open” are Multiple-Dwelling Units?
McGrew, J. M. (1967) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1967.9922318 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Attitude-Belief and Attitude-Behavior Consistency
Bruvold, W. H. (1972) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1972.9918680 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Who volunteers for companionship with mental patients? A study of attitude‐belief‐intention relationships1
Fischer, E. H. (1971) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00062.x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Simultaneous presentation of two event patterns in binary choice behavior
Gambino, B., & Myers, J. L. (1970) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03335667 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Measuring Attitudes and Behavior toward Ecologically Significant Products
Winters, L. C. (1971) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1971.29.3.893 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587 · see citing works
“First, the measures of intention and of perceived behavioral control must correspond to (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977) or be compatible with (Ajzen, 1988) the behavior that is to be predicted.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I. (1985) · Action Control · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2 · Cited by 19,057 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822 · see citing works
Understanding Information Systems Continuance: An Expectation-Confirmation Model1
Bhattacherjee, A. (2001) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3250921 · Cited by 8,767 · see citing works
“This scale was appropriate because affect such as satisfaction is best measured along bipolar evaluative dimensions (e.g., good/bad) (Ajzen and Fishbein 1977).”
Influential
Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control
Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(86)90045-4 · Cited by 5,718 · see citing works
Self-citation
CONSEQUENCES OF INDIVIDUALS' FIT AT WORK: A META‐ANALYSIS OF PERSON–JOB, PERSON–ORGANIZATION, PERSON–GROUP, AND PERSON–SUPERVISOR FIT
Kristof‐Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., & Johnson, E. C. (2005) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00672.x · Cited by 5,560 · see citing works
Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior.
Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54 · Cited by 3,480 · see citing works
An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model
Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2003) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016 · Cited by 3,508 · see citing works
“In psychology and sociology, the definition of motivation is directed toward emotional and cognitive motives (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977) or internal and external motives (Gnoth, 1997).”
Background
A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation
Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60317-2 · Cited by 3,367 · see citing works
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015575 · Cited by 3,257 · see citing works
“Ajzen and Fishbein (1977) identified a moderating role of similarity between verbal descriptions of attitude and behavior measures (i.e., correspondence between the measures ) on magnitude of attitude– behavior correlations.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Communication and Persuasion · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4964-1_1 · Cited by 3,202 · see citing works
Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Vallerand, R. J. (1997) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60019-2 · Cited by 3,198 · see citing works
WHY PEOPLE STAY: USING JOB EMBEDDEDNESS TO PREDICT VOLUNTARY TURNOVER.
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069391 · Cited by 2,914 · see citing works
Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years?
Lewicka, M. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001 · Cited by 2,633 · see citing works
“Place attachment, understood as an attitude (Jorgensen & Stedman, 2006) is only one link in the long chain of causal factors (Ajzen & Fishbein,1977) that lead to speci ﬁ c behaviors.”
Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives.
van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.504 · Cited by 2,714 · see citing works
What drives a successful e-Learning? An empirical investigation of the critical factors influencing learner satisfaction
Sun, P.-C., Tsai, R. J., Finger, G., Chen, Y.-Y., & Yeh, D. (2008) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.11.007 · Cited by 2,726 · see citing works
Do Psychosocial and Study Skill Factors Predict College Outcomes? A Meta-Analysis.
Robbins, S. B., Lauver, K., Le, H., Davis, D., Langley, R., & Carlstrom, A. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.261 · Cited by 2,479 · see citing works
The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta-Analysis of Past Research with Recommendations for Modifications and Future Research
Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. R. (1988) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209170 · Cited by 3,867 · see citing works
A domain‐specific risk‐attitude scale: measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors
Weber, E. U., Blais, A., & Betz, N. E. (2002) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.414 · Cited by 2,936 · see citing works
Predicting green product consumption using theory of planned behavior and reasoned action
Paul, J., Modi, A., & Patel, J. (2016) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.11.006 · Cited by 2,399 · see citing works
“Fundamentally, environmental concern is a direct predictor of specific environmental behaviors, which in turn are predicted by consumer attitudes toward specific behaviors (Weigel, 1983; Ajzen and Fishbein 1977).”
Background
The Self-Regulation of Attitudes, Intentions, and Behavior
Bagozzi, R. P. (1992) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786945 · Cited by 2,187 · see citing works
Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis.
Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530 · Cited by 2,164 · see citing works
“For example, following the principle of correspondence (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977), it may be that traits narrower than the Big Five better predict job satisfaction facets.”
Method
Recent Developments in Role Theory
Biddle, B. J. (1986) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.12.080186.000435 · Cited by 2,358 · see citing works
Reflections on Past Behavior: A Self‐Report Index of Habit Strength <sup>1</sup>
Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.x · Cited by 2,030 · see citing works
Multiple Processes by which Attitudes Guide Behavior: The Mode Model as an Integrative Framework
Fazio, R. H. (1990) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60318-4 · Cited by 2,002 · see citing works
Attitudes and the Attitude-Behavior Relation: Reasoned and Automatic Processes
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2000) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779943000116 · Cited by 2,049 · see citing works
Self-citation
Bad for Practice: A Critique of the Transaction Cost Theory
Ghoshal, S., & Moran, P. (1996) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9602161563 · Cited by 2,407 · see citing works
Privacy and human behavior in the age of information
Acquisti, A., Brandimarte, L., & Loewenstein, G. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa1465 · Cited by 1,879 · see citing works
What do people think they're doing? Action identification and human behavior.
Vallacher, R. R., & Wegner, D. M. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.1.3 · Cited by 1,802 · see citing works
Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis.
Albarracín, D., Johnson, B. T., Fishbein, M., & Muellerleile, P. A. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.142 · Cited by 1,806 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta–Analytic Review
Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2014) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/etap.12095 · Cited by 1,873 · see citing works
“Historically, intentions have been used to describe a self-prediction to engage in a behavior (Ajzen, 1991; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977).”
Background
The development of achievement task values: A theoretical analysis
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1992) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90011-p · Cited by 1,717 · see citing works
Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts
Ap, J. (1992) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3 · Cited by 1,715 · see citing works
How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ?
McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. L. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.690 · Cited by 1,691 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem
Kernis, M. H. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1401_01 · Cited by 1,683 · see citing works
“Some years ago, Ajzen and Fishbein (1977) made a similar point regarding the usefulness of attitudes as predictors of behaviors.”
Goal Achievement: The Role of Intentions
Gollwitzer, P. (1993) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779343000059 · Cited by 1,754 · see citing works
A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures
Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205275613 · Cited by 1,642 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the conceptual correspondence of indicators (cf. Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977) may influence the implicitexplicit relationship, such that correlations may be reduced when the self-report measure is only indirectly rather than directly related to the representation assessed by the implicit…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Multivariate Analysis with Latent Variables: Causal Modeling
Bentler, P. M. (1980) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.31.020180.002223 · Cited by 1,621 · see citing works
ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDE AND ECOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR
Kaiser, F. G., Kast, S. W., & Führer, U. (1999) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1006/jevp.1998.0107 · Cited by 1,576 · see citing works
Attitudes, Traits, and Actions: Dispositional Prediction of Behavior in Personality and Social Psychology
Ajzen, I. (1987) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60411-6 · Cited by 1,534 · see citing works
Self-citation
Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature.
Blasi, A. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.1.1 · Cited by 1,500 · see citing works
Impulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x · Cited by 1,487 · see citing works
“The correspondence principle (e.g., Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977) implies that one can predict behavior more accurately if the specificity of predictor and criterion match.”
Background
Atmospheric qualities of online retailing
Eroglu, S. A., Machleit, K. A., & Davis, L. M. (2001) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(99)00087-9 · Cited by 1,587 · see citing works
“While each of these cognitions can be relevant for online shopping, our model focuses on the attitudinal processes given their documented impact on consumer responses (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1977) and the wide spectrum of managerial implications they afford to retailers (Peter and Olson, 1987).”
Background
Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification
Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167296228002 · Cited by 1,444 · see citing works
How does environmental concern influence specific environmentally related behaviors? A new answer to an old question
Bamberg, S. (2003) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(02)00078-6 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
“Weigel, 1983). This position is in line with the correspondence principle developed by Ajzen and Fishbein (1977) , which postulates that only when the attitudinal and behavioral measures correspond to each other concerning the facets target, action, context and time, should there be a substantial relationshipbetween a…”
Result
Design and Analysis of Simulated Consumer Choice or Allocation Experiments: An Approach Based on Aggregate Data
Louviere, J. J., & Woodworth, G. G. (1983) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378302000403 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
Motivation in second and foreign language learning
Dörnyei, Z. (1998) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s026144480001315x · Cited by 1,388 · see citing works
Exploring Consumer Behavior in Virtual Reality Tourism Using an Extended Stimulus-Organism-Response Model
Kim, M. J., Lee, C., & Jung, T. H. (2018) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287518818915 · Cited by 1,439 · see citing works
“The attitude–behavior relation theory has been well documented in the literature (Ajzen and Fishbein 1977; Glasman and Albarracín 2006), and thus, future studies on VR tourism could apply attitude–behavior– context theory to better understand consumers’ experiences and behavior in the VR tourism…”
Background
The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal?
Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A. P. S., & Kessler, S. R. (2005) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.005 · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works
Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: A study of antecedents and outcomes.
Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., & Sweitzer, V. L. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.374 · Cited by 1,327 · see citing works
“…results could reflect a mismatch between the very broad nature of the independent variables and the very narrow single behavior outcome (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977; Fisher, 1980; Harrison, Newman, & Roth, 2006), the likely meager reliability associated with a single behavioral item (Wanous…”
Background
Predicting dishonest actions using the theory of planned behavior
Beck, L., & Ajzen, I. (1991) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(91)90021-h · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
Self-citation
Carbon lock-in: types, causes, and policy implications
Seto, K. C., Davis, S. J., Mitchell, R. B., Stokes, E. C., Unruh, G., & Ürge-Vorsatz, D. (2016) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085934 · Cited by 1,346 · see citing works
Virtual reality, presence, and attitude change: Empirical evidence from tourism
Tussyadiah, I. P., Wang, D., Jung, T. H., & Dieck, M. C. T. (2017) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.12.003 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
A Critical View of Driver Behavior Models: What Do We Know, What Should We Do?
Michon, J. A. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2173-6_19 · Cited by 1,285 · see citing works
How Important are Job Attitudes? Meta-Analytic Comparisons of Integrative Behavioral Outcomes and Time Sequences
Harrison, D. A., Newman, D. A., & Roth, P. L. (2006) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2006.20786077 · Cited by 1,245 · see citing works
“…arguments (Fisher, 1980; Fisher & Locke, 1992; Hulin, 1991; Roznowski & Hulin, 1992) are based largely on the theories of Fishbein and Ajzen (e.g., Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1974, 1975), who developed the compatibility principle for attitudes to account for their apparently…”
Background
Values: Reviving a Dormant Concept
Hitlin, S., & Piliavin, J. A. (2004) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110640 · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
“This is to be expected, given their ab? stract nature and what we know about the highly mediated, imperfect relationship between attitudes and behavior (Ajzen & Fishbein 1977).”
Background
An Attitude Approach to the Prediction of Entrepreneurship
Robinson, P., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J. C., & Hunt, H. K. (1991) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/104225879101500405 · Cited by 1,217 · see citing works
Direct Experience And Attitude-Behavior Consistency
Fázio, R. H., & Zanna, M. P. (1981) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60372-x · Cited by 1,215 · see citing works
Happiness at Work
Fisher, C. D. (2009) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
“These ﬁndings are consistent with Ajzen and Fishbein’s correspondence principle (Ajzen and Fishbein 1977; see also Fisher 1980), which states that broad attitudes best predict broad aggregate criteria, while more narrow and speciﬁc attitudes may better predict speciﬁc behaviors towards the same…”
Understanding Changes in Belief and Attitude Toward Information Tech Nology Usage: A Theoretical Model and Longitudinal Test1
Bhattacherjee, A., & Premkumar, G. (2004) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148634 · Cited by 1,764 · see citing works
Applicant Attraction to Organizations and Job Choice: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Correlates of Recruiting Outcomes.
Chapman, D. S., Uggerslev, K. L., Carroll, S. A., Piasentin, K. A., & Jones, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.928 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Professional Development in Integrating Technology Into Teaching and Learning: Knowns, Unknowns, and Ways to Pursue Better Questions and Answers
Lawless, K. A., & Pellegrino, J. W. (2007) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654307309921 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
“Ajzen and Fishbein (1977) reported that, although it is not the sole indicator, attitude is a factor in determining behavior, and Kim and Hunter (1993) added that the higher the attitudinal relevance, the stronger the relation between attitude and behavior.”
Background
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS, MEASUREMENT METHODS, AND RESEARCH FINDINGS
Fransson, N., & Gärling, T. (1999) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1006/jevp.1999.0141 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Psychological status of the script concept.
Abelson, R. P. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.7.715 · Cited by 1,743 · see citing works
Microcomputer Playfulness: Development of a Measure With Workplace Implications
Webster, J., & Martocchio, J. J. (1992) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249576 · Cited by 1,107 · see citing works
Attitudes and the Prediction of Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature
Kraus, S. J. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295211007 · Cited by 1,613 · see citing works
Forming attitudes that predict future behavior: A meta-analysis of the attitude-behavior relation.
Glasman, L. R., & Albarracín, D. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.778 · Cited by 1,459 · see citing works
“Both primary research and meta-analyses have revealed that attitudes predict behavior better when measures of attitudes and behaviors correspond in target, context, time, and action ( Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977, 1980; Kim & Hunter, 1993; Kraus, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluential
Entrepreneurial Motivations: What Do We Still Need to Know?
Carsrud, A. L., & Brännback, M. E. (2010) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-627x.2010.00312.x · Cited by 1,086 · see citing works
“Whereas Ajzen and Fishbein (1977) treat action as a single performance, Bagozzi (1992) prefers to view action as an attempt, or a sequence of attempts, to reach the final performance.”
Background
The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior
Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M., Lohmann, S., & Albarracín, D. (2018) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · doi:10.4324/9781315178103-5 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sustained helping without obligation: Motivation, longevity of service, and perceived attitude change among AIDS volunteers.
Omoto, A. M., & Snyder, M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.68.4.671 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well Are We Doing?
Sutton, S. R. (1998) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01679.x · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Intention, perceived control, and weight loss: An application of the theory of planned behavior.
Schifter, D., & Ajzen, I. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.49.3.843 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Self-citation
Tourism motivation and expectation formation
Gnoth, J. (1997) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/s0160-7383(97)80002-3 · Cited by 1,020 · see citing works
Models of attitude-behavior relations.
Bentler, P. M., & Speckart, G. (1979) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.86.5.452 · Cited by 990 · see citing works
CURRENT RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Markovsky, B. (1996) · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Uncertainty–identity theory
Hogg, M. A. (2007) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)39002-8 · Cited by 990 · see citing works
An Empirical Investigation of Some Antecedents of Opportunism in a Marketing Channel
John, G. (1984) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378402100305 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
Love, sex, and power: Considering women's realities in HIV prevention.
Amaro, H. D. L. A. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.50.6.437 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Green Buying: The Influence of Environmental Concern on Consumer Behavior
Mainieri, T., Barnett, E. G., Valdero, T. R., Unipan, J. B., & Oskamp, S. (1997) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224549709595430 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Test anxiety and the hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.4.628 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
The influence of sustainability orientation on entrepreneurial intentions — Investigating the role of business experience
Kuckertz, A., & Wagner, M. (2009) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.09.001 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
“Given that intentions are the single most important predictor of actual behavior (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1977; Souitaris et al., 2007), studying the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions especially among students has garnered considerable attention among entrepreneurship researchers recently…”
Predicting intentions to purchase organic food: The role of affective and moral attitudes in the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Arvola, A., Vassallo, M., Dean, M., Lampila, P., Saba, A., Lähteenmäki, L., & Shepherd, R. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.010 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Attitudes, intentions, and behavior: A test of some key hypotheses
Bagozzi, R. P. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.4.607 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Whites' opposition to busing: Symbolic racism or realistic group conflict?
Bobo, L. D. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.6.1196 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Explaining the Role of User Participation in Information System Use
Hartwick, J., & Barki, H. (1994) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.40.4.440 · Cited by 1,540 · see citing works
The Affective Underpinnings of Job Perceptions and Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review and Integration.
Thoresen, C. J., Kaplan, S. A., Barsky, A. P., Warren, C. R., & de Chermont, K. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.914 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
An evidence-based review of HR Analytics
Marler, J. H., & Boudreau, J. W. (2017) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1244699 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
“…micro organizational behavior, we include the following theoretical frameworks: Technology acceptance models (Marler & Dulebohn, 2005; Marler, Fisher, & Ke, 2009; Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) and the Theory of Reasoned Action or Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977).”
Method
Consumer experiences, attitude and behavioral intention toward online food delivery (OFD) services
Yeo, V. C. S., Goh, S.-K., & Rezaei, S. (2017) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.12.013 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Measuring User Participation, User Involvement, and User Attitude
Barki, H., & Hartwick, J. (1994) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249610 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Extending the technology acceptance model to account for social influence: theoretical bases and empirical validation
Malhotra, Y., & Galletta, D. F. (2003) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.1999.772658 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Using self-congruity and ideal congruity to predict purchase motivation
Sirgy, M. J. (1985) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/0148-2963(85)90026-8 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Student teachers’ thinking processes and ICT integration: Predictors of prospective teaching behaviors with educational technology
Sang, G., Valcke, M., Braak, J. V., & Tondeur, J. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.07.010 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Trying to Consume
Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1990) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208543 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse
van Eemeren, F. H. (2010) · Argumentation in context · doi:10.1075/aic.2 · Cited by 963 · see citing works
Social Identity and Social Emotions: Toward New Conceptualizations of Prejudice
Smith, E. R. (1993) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-088579-7.50017-x · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Values as the Core of Personal Identity: Drawing Links between Two Theories of Self
Hitlin, S. (2003) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1519843 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Theory of planned behaviour
Sutton, S. R. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543579.049 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Relationships between daily affect and pro‐environmental behavior at work: The moderating role of pro‐environmental attitude
Bissing‐Olson, M. J., Iyer, A., Fielding, K. S., & Zacher, H. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1788 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation, and performance.
Erez, A., & Judge, T. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1270 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
“Given support for the concept of construct correspondence (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977), the individual core traits may be particularly useful in predicting specific criteria.”
Background
Algorithmic bias: review, synthesis, and future research directions
Kordzadeh, N., & Ghasemaghaei, M. (2022) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1080/0960085x.2021.1927212 · Cited by 770 · see citing works

Authors: Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M.
Affiliations: University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
ORCID: Ajzen, Icek
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1977-09
Volume: 84
Issue: 5
Pages: 888-918
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
OpenAlex: W1981018178
Cited by: 7,611
References: 151
Citations by year: 2026: 183 · 2025: 314 · 2024: 389 · 2023: 497 · 2022: 423 · 2021: 448 · 2020: 448 · 2019: 399 · 2018: 337 · 2017: 356 · 2016: 311 · 2015: 326 · 2014: 352 · 2013: 236 · 2012: 212
FWCI: 41.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Environmental Education and Sustainability
Keywords: attitude-behavior relationship, attitude theory, social psychology of attitudes

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Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research

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